HPLC-ELSD法测定短葶山麦冬中短葶山麦冬皂苷C的含量

目的:建立短葶山麦冬中短葶山麦冬皂苷C的含量测定方法,并对其块根和须根中短葶山麦冬皂苷C的含量进行了测定。方法:采用HPLC-ELSD法,使用Phenomenex C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-水,梯度洗脱(0~15min,乙腈20%→30%;15~16 min,乙腈30%→48%;16~40 min,乙腈48%),流速1 mL.min-1,柱温30℃,漂移管温度105℃,氮气流速2.4 L.min-1。结果:短葶山麦冬皂苷C进样量在1.04~8.34μg范围内线性良好(r=0.9998);平均回收率(n=6)为95.8%;RSD为1.5%。结论:本方法简便,准确,可用于短葶山麦冬中短葶山麦冬皂苷C的定量分析。须根中的短葶山麦冬皂苷C含量明显高于块根。     

香草醛比色法测定葱白提取物中总皂苷含量

［摘要］目的建立一种较为简单的测定葱白提取物中甾体总皂苷含量的方法。方法以薯蓣皂苷元作为对照品，通过正交实验对香草醛比色法实验条件进行优化，确定比色条件为挥干溶剂后加0.5%香草醛 冰醋酸0.2 mL和高氯酸1.0 mL，于80 ℃水浴30 min。结果测得葱白提取物中总皂苷含量为11.50%，平均加样回收率为101.30%，RSD为2.08%（n＝6）。结论采用香草醛显色法测定葱白提取物中总皂苷含量操作简便，结果可靠。     

短葶山麦冬皂苷C药理作用研究进展

短葶山麦冬皂苷C是短葶山麦冬的主要活性成分之一,现代药理研究表明短葶山麦冬皂苷C有着广泛的药理活性如抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗血栓、心肌保护、免疫调节等。短葶山麦冬皂苷C对短葶山麦冬的进一步研究开发有着重要的学术价值。     

短葶山麦冬多糖和皂苷成分的研究进展

对近年来研究短葶山麦冬的文献进行了回顾分析,对其主要的多糖、皂苷类成分的化学结构、药理活性、提取分离和含量测定等进行了总结,发现短葶山麦冬有广泛的研究价值和应用前景。     

比色法测定桔梗中桔梗总皂苷的含量

目的建立桔梗中桔梗总皂苷的含量测定方法。方法以香草醛．高氯酸为显色剂，桔梗皂苷D为对照品，采用比色法测定。结果比色法测定的线性范围为0．096～0．672mg，相关系数为0．99997，平均加样回收率为96．8％（RSD=3．87％，n=9）。结论本法测定准确，重复性好，可用于桔梗药材中桔梗总皂苷的含量测定。     

参麦注射液皂苷类活性成分ASE提取工艺的评价和优化研究

目的 通过对温度、压力和溶剂的考察,优化加速溶剂萃取法(ASE)提取制备参麦注射液中皂苷类活性成分的关键参数.方法 取处方比例混合的红参和麦冬药材粉末,置ASE提取罐中,根据Box-Beckhen中心组合设计(CCD)法,选择出一系列提取温度、提取时间、溶剂(乙醇)比例等参数,根据参数进行提取,所得提取液直接进HPLC分析,对供试品中的人参皂苷Rb1,人参皂苷Rd,山麦冬皂苷B和短葶山麦冬皂苷C进行含量测定,已上述四个皂苷类成分的总量为考察指标,对ASE提取关键参数进行优化;同时,将最优结果 与市售参麦注射液中上述成分含量进行比较,对比ASE与传统提取工艺的差异.结果提取温度在105℃,提取时间55min,采用70%乙醇为溶剂时,四个皂苷类成分的总产量最高,故选为最优ASE参数;ASE法相较传统提取方法,人参皂苷Rb1产量提升5.13%,人参皂苷Rd提升11.67%,山麦冬皂苷B和短葶山麦冬皂苷C分别提升9.52%和17.43%.结论 ASE法较传统方法能够更好提高参麦注射液中主要活性成分的产量,同时具有快速、高效、高度自动化的特点.     

三七总皂苷含量测定及提取工艺优选

目的 比较不同对照品对三七总皂苷含量测定的影响和优选提取工艺.方法 分别以人参二醇和三七皂苷R1作对照品,比色法测定均匀设计法安排的各组试验的三七总皂苷含量,同时优选溶剂种类、溶剂用量、乙醇浓度、回流时间、三七药材粒度的三七总皂苷提取工艺条件.结果 以人参二醇和三七皂苷R1为对照品,比色法测定三七皂苷总含量相近,组间无明显差异.结论 比色法测定三七总皂苷含量,可以用人参二醇或三七皂苷R1作对照品,优选的三七总皂苷提取工艺,对大生产工艺参数的选择提供较为可靠的实验数据.     

怀牛膝中总皂苷含量测定

目的 建立怀牛膝中总皂苷含量测定方法.方法 采用高氯酸-香草醛比色法,其原理是怀牛膝中总皂苷与该显色剂反应后,可在相应波长处(544 nm)进行测量.结果 比色法所测定的线形范围为0.2～1.2 mg,相关系数r=0.998 4.平均回收率96.0%,RSD＝3.23%.结论 本法简便、准确,可用于怀牛膝总皂苷含量测定.     

优化参麦注射液人参总皂苷含量测定方法

目的 优化参麦注射液人参总皂苷的含量测定方法.方法 采用冰醋酸-高氯酸为显色剂,用紫外分光光度法测定人参总皂苷的含量.结果 确定了大孔树脂清洗、样品洗脱及紫外显色反应条件,通过重复性精密度、加样回收率试验证明优化方法准确可靠,精密度从大于5.0%控制到小于3.0%,回收率达到98.9%.结论 优化检验方法后,能更精确地测定含量.     

比色法测定保健食品中的总皂苷

目的建立保健食品中总皂苷的含量测定方法。方法以香草醛-高氯酸为显色剂,采用比色法测定。结果比色法测定的线性范围为0.036～0.251mg,相关系数r=0.9994;在不同保健食品中的平均加样回收率均在95.0%～104.4%,RSD≤3%(n=6)。结论本法简便、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于不同类型保健食品中总皂苷的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.