单侧磨牙缺失对老年记忆减退大鼠海马结构的影响

为了探讨单侧缺牙对不同学习记忆能力老年大鼠海马结构的影响 ,本研究用 Morris水迷宫筛选出老年记忆减退鼠和老年记忆正常鼠 ,拔除单侧磨牙后 2个月 ,观察其海马结构神经元和胆碱能纤维密度的影响变化。结果显示 :(1)海马 CA1 区锥体细胞密度 :老年记忆减退鼠拔牙组较对照组 (未拔牙 )明显下降 (P<0 .0 1) ;(2 )海马 CA1 区 ACh E阳性纤维密度 :老年记忆减退鼠拔牙组和老年记忆正常鼠拔牙组均较对照组 (未拔牙 )明显下降 (P<0 .0 1)。结果提示 :单侧磨牙缺失可加速老年性学习记忆减退鼠海马结构的损害。     

单侧磨牙缺失对老年学习记忆减退大鼠基底前脑胆碱能系统的影响

目的:探讨单侧缺牙对不同学习记忆能力老年大鼠基底前脑胆碱能系统的影响。方法:用Morris水迷宫筛选出老年记忆减退鼠和老年记忆正常鼠,拔除单侧磨牙后2个月,用免疫组化和组织化学染色观察对其斜角带核垂直支胆碱能神经元和海马CA1区、前额皮质胆碱能纤维密度的影响。结果:斜角带核垂直支ChAT阳性细胞数和海马CA1区、前额皮质AChE阳性纤维密度在老年记忆减退鼠中,拔牙组较对照组(未拔牙)明显下降;海马CA1区AChE阳性纤维密度在老年记忆正常鼠中,拔牙组较对照组明显下降。结论:单侧磨牙缺失可加速老年学习记忆减退鼠基底前脑胆碱能系统的损害。     

老年记忆减退大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞和神经毡线粒体的体视学研究

目的 应用电镜观察老年记忆损害大鼠海马线粒体的形态学改变.方法 青年(3月龄)和老年(26月龄)SD大鼠经Morris水迷宫测试后,以青年鼠平均逃避潜伏期正常值上限的95%和99%上限值为界将老年鼠分为老年记忆正常组和老年记忆减退组.用透射电镜观察海马CA1锥体细胞和神经毡内线粒体的体视学参数.结果 1.与青年大鼠相比,老年记忆正常大鼠海马线粒体数密度(Nv)、比膜面(Sm)、比表面(Ss)下降显著,但体密度(Vv)与青年大鼠相比无显著差异;老年记忆减退大鼠海马线粒体Nv、Ss、Sm、Vv均下降显著,且Vv、Nv的下降与老年记忆正常大鼠间有显著差异;2.老年记忆减退大鼠和老年记忆正常大鼠线粒体平均体积(V)均较青年组明显增加,但两老年组间无差异.讨论 线粒体的形态学参数体现了老年期海马线粒的代偿改变,而线粒体的功能失调可能在老年记忆损害中起重要作用.     

大白鼠与松果体β肾上腺素能受体的老年性变化

目的 研究老年大鼠大脑皮质、海马、小脑皮质和松果体β肾上腺素能受体的变化。方法 选用老年（２０个月）和青年（３个月）ＳＤ大白鼠,以放射配基受体结合分析法测定大鼠大脑皮质、海马、小脑皮和松果体β受体密度、比较２个年龄组上述脑区β受体含量变化及松果体β受体日周期变化。结果 与青年组比较,老年组大脑皮质、海马β受体含量明显降低（Ｐ〈０．０１）,小脑皮质β受体含量变化不明显（Ｐ〉０．０５）,松果体β受体含     

老年记忆减退大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞和神经毡线粒体的视学研究

目的 应用电镜观察老年记忆损害大鼠海马线粒体的开矿学改变。方法 青年（３月龄）和老年（２６月龄）ＳＤ大鼠经Ｍｏｒｒｉｓ水迷宫测试后,以青年鼠平均逃潜伏期正常值上限的９５％和９９％上限值 蚧将老年鼠分为老年记忆正常组和老年记忆减退组。和透射电镜观察海马ＣＡ１锥体细胞和神经毡内线粒本视学参数。结果 １．与青年大鼠相比,老年记忆正常大鼠海马线粒体数密度（Ｎｖ）、比膜面（Ｓｍ）、比表面（Ｓｓ）下降显著,但     

大白鼠脑与松果体β肾上腺素能受体的老年性变化

目的 研究老年大鼠大脑皮质、海马、小脑皮质和松果体β-肾上腺素能受体的变化.方法 选用老年(20个月)和青年(3个月)SD大白鼠,以放射配基受体结合分析法测定大鼠大脑皮质、海马、小脑皮质和松果体β受体密度、比较2个年龄组上述脑区β受体含量变化及松果体β受体日夜周期变化.结果 与青年组比较,老年组大脑皮质、海马β受体含量明显降低(P<0.01),小脑皮质β受体含量变化不明显(P>0.05),松果体β受体含量在青年组白天明显高于夜间,而老年组变化不明显.结论 衰老时大鼠大脑皮质和海马β受体含量减少,松果体β受体含量的日夜周期改变消失.     

老年大鼠空间记忆减退与cNOS基因表达变化

目的：从基因表达角度研究原生型NOS（cNOS,包括神经元型nNOS和内应型eNOS）与老年记忆减退发生的关系。方法：用Morris水迷宫将老年大鼠筛选为记忆正常和记忆减退两组,以老年记忆减退大鼠作为老年记忆减退模型;用半定量反转录一聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR）方法测定nNOS和eNOS的mRNA含量。结果：（1）海马组织中老年记忆正常组和老年记忆减退组较青年组nNOS和eNOSmRNA含量均下降,nNOS以记忆减退组下降更为显著;（2）小脑组织中老年记忆减退组nNOS和eNOSmRNA含量的下降与老年记忆正常组和青年组均有显著差异。（3）额叶组织nNOSmRNA含量三组之间均无显著差异;eNOSmRNA含量老年记忆正常组和老年记忆减退组技青年组均下降,以记忆减退组下降更为显著。结论：老年记忆减退的发生可能与有关脑区cNOS基因表达下降有关。     

脑功复得对改善脑老化作用的基础研究

实验目的:应用脑功复得口服液研究其对老龄大鼠学习记忆及大脑皮质海马突触泡膜素、Tau-蛋白的影响,探讨其延缓脑老化的功效及可能机制。实验方法:应用爬杆主动回避反应(AAR)将动物共分为学习记忆正常组和障碍组,再随机分别设置对照组(普食)和喂药组(5ml/日/鼠,2月)。再进行AAR和多功能箱被动回避反应(PAR)训练,处死动物并进行大脑皮质海马突触体计数、凋亡细胞计数、突触泡膜素免疫组化实验(ICC)及Tau蛋白ICC图像分析。实验结果:老年实验组大鼠AAR习得率较对照组明显提高、消退明显延迟、STL明显延长、大脑皮质海马突触体计数明…     

老年学习记忆减退大鼠海马GABA能神经元树突内线粒体的变化

为进一步探讨ＧＡＢＡ 能神经元与老年学习记忆减退的关系，本研究以老年学习记忆减退大鼠为模型，用免疫电镜结合体视学方法观察了老年学习记忆减退大鼠海马ＣＡ１ 区放射 分子层的ＧＡＢＡ 能神经元树突内线粒体的改变。结果显示，线粒体的面数密度在老年学习记忆损害组明显小于青年组和老年正常组（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）；体密度的绝对值有所减少，但无统计学意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。此外，衰老时较小的树突内线粒体的密度增大，老年学习记忆正常组小直径树突内线粒体面数密度的增加较老年学习记忆损害组更明显。结果提示，衰老过程中，ＧＡＢＡ 阳性树突内线粒体的数目减少，单个线粒体的体积代偿性增大。老年学习记忆减退时，树突结构和功能的内源性代偿能力下降，可能处于一种失代偿状态。     

老年学习记忆减退大鼠的海马GABA能神经元数量变化

为探讨γ-氨基丁酸 (GABA)能神经元在老年脑的改变及其与老年性学习记忆减退间的关系。本研究通过 Morris水迷宫测试将老年大鼠分为学习记忆正常和损害组 ,用免疫细胞化学和体现视学方法定量描述 GABA能神经元的改变。结果显示 ,老年记忆正常和损害组海马本部各区的 GABA能神经元均较年轻组明显减少 ,但正常组和损害组海马之间无显著性差异。齿状回分子层的 GABA阳性神经元的数量仅在老年学习记忆损害组明显减少 ,且 GABA神经元数量与搜寻平台的游泳时间呈负相关 (r=- 0 .91,P<0 .0 1)。提示老年学习记忆能力减退可能与齿状回分子层的 GABA能神经元丢失有关     

Hippocampal and prefrontal cortex contributions to learning and memory: analysis of lesion and aging effects on maze learning in rats

Young adult rats with bilateral lesions to the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex, young operated controls, and normal old rats were tested on two complex mazes in the Hebb-Williams series. Approximately half the animals were previously trained on one of the mazes; the remainder received no previous training. The trained hippocampal rats showed sparing of memory for the general skill of maze learning but poor recall of the specific maze on which they had been previously trained. The opposite pattern was observed in trained prefrontal rats. In contrast, the aged rats' memory for maze-specific and maze-general information was impaired. The results confirmed the importance of the hippocampus for recalling highly specific information and pointed to a possible role for the frontal lobes in learning and remembering nonspecific skill-related information. The generalized deficit of the aged rats indicates that both types of memory were compromised and offers further evidence of frontal lobe and hippocampal dysfunction in normal aging.     

Low glutathione levels in brain regions of aged rats

Glutathione (GSH) was measured in 6 regions of brain and liver of young adult, middle-aged and aged rats. GSH levels were significantly lower in cortex, cerebellum, striatum, thalamus and hippocampus of aged rats, while no changes were observed in liver as compared to young adult rats. On the other hand, lipid peroxidation as measured by thiobarbituric acid-reactive products increased significantly in all the regions of brain examined and in the liver of aged rats. Since GSH plays an important role as a cellular protectant against oxygen radical-mediated injury, decreased levels of GSH in aged rat brain are indicative of the vulnerability of the aged cerebral tissue to oxidative injury.     

Age-related differences in the recovery rate of brain cholinesterases, choline acetyltransferase and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor sites after a subacute intoxication of rats with the anticholinesterase agent, isofluorophate

The recovery rate of brain cholinesterase activity (ChE) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor sites (MAChRs) following a reduction due to a repeated treatment (2 weeks) with the antiChE agent, isofluorophate (diisopropyl fluorophosphate, DFP) was studied in young (3 months) and aged (24 months) male Sprague-Dawley rats. At the end of DFP treatment the inhibition of ChE in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum did not differ between young and aged rats (about 70%); the down-regulation of MAChRs (without changes in affinity) varied from 20 to 40% for various areas of brains of rats belonging to the two age-groups, and was the most pronounced in the cerebral cortex of aged rats. As assessed by factorial analysis of variance (2 ages x 2 recoveries ANOVA) there were age-related differences in the recovery rate of both ChE and MAChRs during 5 weeks from the end of DFP treatment. The impairment of recovery observed in aged rats was present in three brain areas and was the most pronounced in the cerebral cortex. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was not influenced by the age and/or treatment in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus while in the striatum an age-related decline was observed. The overall data appear of interest in relation to the recent use of antiChE organophosphorus compounds in the therapy of age-related memory disorders.     

Muscarinic receptor-mediated GTP-Eu binding in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex is correlated with spatial memory impairment in aged rats

The present study examined muscarinic receptor/G-protein coupling in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex of young and aged Long-Evans rats characterized for spatial learning ability in the Morris water maze. In a highly sensitive time-resolved fluorometry GTP-Eu binding assay, muscarinic-mediated GTP-Eu binding was severely blunted in hippocampus (-32%) and prefrontal cortex (-34%) as a consequence of aging. Furthermore, the magnitude of decreased muscarinic-mediated GTP-Eu binding was significantly correlated with the severity of spatial learning impairment in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of aged rats and was specifically decreased in the subset of aged rats that were spatial learning impaired when compared to the aged unimpaired and the young rats. Western blot data indicated a preservation of the membrane-bound M1 receptor and the Galphaq/11 protein in both brain regions. These data demonstrate that muscarinic signaling is severely impaired as a consequence of normal aging in a manner that is closely associated with age-related cognitive decline.     

A comparison of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer (START) domain-containing 6 on the brain and testes between young and aged rats

The START domain-containing 6 (StarD6) was originally reported to play a role during male germ cell maturation. We have since reported on StarD6 in the developing hypothyroid rat brain. Therefore, we investigated qualitative and quantitative changes of StarD6 in the aging rat brain and testes of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Serum testosterone levels decreased with aging and total protein levels of StarD6 in the testes decreased. While the immunolocalization of StarD6 in the spermatocytes decreased, cytoplasmic localization appeared in the aged testes. Compared with young rats, aged rats showed decreased StarD6 in the cerebrum and cerebellum without changes in immunolocalization in the cortical neurons of the cerebral cortex and Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. Aged rats also showed increases in StarD6 in the hippocampus with changes in its immunolocalization from the Stratum pyramidale to the Stratum radiatum and Stratum lacunosum-moleculare. Taken together, StarD6 decreased with aging in the testes, which implies that StarD6 might play a role in impaired spermatogenesis in the aged rat. StarD6 decreased in the cerebrum and the cerebellum, but slightly increased in the hippocampus, which suggests that StarD6 might also play a role for neurosteroidogenesis in the hippocampus of aged rats.     

老年性学习记忆减退大鼠新皮质和海马结构胆碱能纤维的定量研究

用Ｍｏｒｒｉｓ水迷宫行为检测方法以青年组平均逃避潜伏期９５％和９９％正常值范围上限值为界将老年大鼠分为学习记忆正常组（老年正常组）和学习记忆减退组（老年减退组）,以Ｈｅｄｒｅｅｎ等推荐的ＡＣｈＥ组织化学染色方法结合形态计量方法对各组大鼠的额、枕、内嗅皮质、海马ＣＡ１区多形层、腔隙分子层和齿状回分子层外带的胆碱能纤维密度进行分析,结果显示老年减退组较老年正常组、青年组各层（除枕叶外）ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维数量均明显减少（Ｐ０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）。老年正常组与青年组相比各层阳性纤维数量有所减少,但除海马ＣＡ１区腔隙分子层差异显著外,其余差异均无显著性。相关分析结果表明大鼠各层ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维数量与其平均逃避潜伏期呈负相关关系,与原平台象限游泳距离占总距离百分比呈正相关关系。本研究提示老年性学习记忆能力减退与新皮质、海马结构胆碱能纤维溃变密切相关。     

Plasticity of brain muscarinic receptors in aging rats: the adaptative response to scopolamine and ethanol treatment

Young and aged rats were treated chronically with ethanol or scopolamine. Muscarinic receptors were measured in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum. Following scopolamine treatment muscarinic receptor density in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum of young rats increased by 34, 57 and 27%, respectively; in brains of aged rats the increase was 41% in cerebral cortex, 43% in hippocampus and nil in striatum. Affinity of muscarinic receptors was not changed by scopolamine treatment. Following chronic ethanol administration there was a 48% increase in cortical muscarinic receptor density in young, but not aged rats. The density of muscarinic receptors in hippocampus and striatum of both young and aged rats was not affected by ethanol treatment. Affinity of receptors in hippocampus of aged, ethanol-treated rats was increased compared to age-matched controls. Adaptative responses of the muscarinic receptor/transducer system to neurotransmitter availability are present in both young and aged rats, both the ethanol-induced response is present only in young animals. This suggests differences in the mechanism of action of ethanol and receptor agonists and antagonists in modulating receptor plasticity.     

Glutathione S-transferase isoenzymatic response to aging in rat cerebral cortex and cerebellum

Aging is associated with increased oxidant generation. One mechanism involved in the defense of oxidative products is the family of glutathione transferases (GST). We have analyzed the activity, distribution and expression of GSTP1 and GSTA4 isoenzymes in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of young, adult and aged rats. The total GST activity, measured with the universal substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), increased only with the maturation process; however GSTA4 activity, using the specific substrate 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), did show an age-dependent increase in both brain regions. Cellular location of GSTA4 in astrocytes was not changed except for young cerebral cortex and adult/aged cerebellum that also showed immunoreactivity in layer III pyramidal neurons and Bergman radial glia, respectively. Distribution of GSTP1 was similar among groups and only an increased number of positive oligodendrocytes was found in the Purkinje and granular layer of adult/aged cerebellum. The GSTA4 and GSTP1 expression increased from young to adult/aged brain and GSTA4 even augmented in the aged cerebral cortex. These results suggest a GST isoenzymatic response with aging, but above all with the maturation process.