Peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation]

The results of pretransplantation preparation of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis program before the kidney transplantation at our clinic have been presented. Residual kidney function, and bladder function, respectively, as well as the incidence of the hepatotropic viruses B and C infections and cytotoxic antibodies percentage following blood transfusion have been particularly analyzed. Obtained results have been correlated with those found in 40 patients on hemodialysis and to whom kidneys were transplanted at our clinic. Satisfactory bladder function, the absence of urologic posttransplantation complications, non-existence of hepatotropic viral infections and cytotoxic antibodies resulted in an introduction of a new strategy based on the peritoneal dialysis as the first method of the dialysis treatment prior to kidney transplantation.     

Analysis of a 4-year follow-up of the results of kidney transplantation from living related donors

The aim was to present a four-year experience in living related kidney transplantation. A total of 43 patients (9 females and 34 males) were enrolled in this study. The standard triple immunosuppressive therapy (steroids, azathioprine and cyclosporine) was administered in 19 (44.1%) patients, and in 20 (46.5%) mycophenolate mophetil in daily dose of 2 g instead of azathioprine. In 5 (14.2%) patients with high immunological risk and delayed graft function was administered antithymocite globulin in duration of 7-14 days, prophylactically. In 3 (6.97%) patients graft loss was caused by vascular complications and in 1 (2.32%) by infection as the complication. During the first post-transplantation year acute rejection was noticed in 8 (34.7%) patients and in 3 (37.5%) it was steroid resistant. The graft loss was never caused by acute rejection. Six-months graft survival was noticed in 91.1% patients and one-year graft survival in 88.4% patients. One-year patient survival was 100%. Short term results in living related kidney transplantation are excellent and nowadays, due to improvement in immunosuppressive therapy, the success in this type of kidney transplantation is mainly limited by surgical and infective complications.     

基因水平HLA—DR相容对移植肾急性排斥和存活率的影响

回顾性分析基因水平HLA-DR相容对移植肾急性排斥和存活率的影响。318例接受环孢菌素A治疗的首次尸肾移植,DR分型采用PCR-SSP方法。分析DR相容对早期肾功能、急性排斥与激素治疗和1年存活率的影响。结果显示HLA-DR基因分型均获成功,耗时4h。318例受者中达到0MM者占11.6%、1MM占51.9%、2MM占36.5%,总体排斥率49.1%,1年人/肾存活率94.3%、90.3%。DR相容者,早期肾功能、急性排斥与激素治疗、移植肾存活均明显优于配型差的受者,具有统计学差异。提示基因水平HLA-DR相容对尸肾移植急性排斥和存活率具有重要影响。     

Renography and biopsy-verified acute rejection in renal allotransplanted patients receiving cyclosporin A

Acute impairment of renal function caused by cyclosporin A can be hard to differentiate from acute rejection. Therefore, kidney function after cadaveric allograft transplantation was repeatedly determined by renography in 42 patients receiving either high dose cyclosporin A (32 patients) or azathioprine and prednisone (10 patients) until a graft biopsy showed either acute rejection or no rejection within the first 5 postoperative weeks. The graft function as judged from the renograms was significantly poorer when cyclosporin A was used than when azathioprine and prednisone were the immunosuppressants. In the azathioprine and prednisone group a biopsy showing acute rejection was always preceded by a deterioration in the renogram. In cyclosporin A treated patients a graft biopsy following an early deterioration in the renogram showed acute rejection in only 56% of the biopsies. It was not possible to identify a time course or a function level of the renogram that could predict rejection in these patients. It is concluded that graft biopsies should be used liberally to diagnose rejection during cyclosporin A treatment if surgical complications after transplantation have been ruled out. Radionuclide studies may offer an invaluable aid in determining a nonnephrotoxic initial dose of the drug.     

IL-2R单克隆抗体诱导疗法对移植肾功能延迟恢复的影响

目的探讨IL-2R单克隆抗体诱导疗法对移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)的影响。方法回顾分析183例2004年1月-2006年1月在移植中心行首次同种异体尸肾移植病例,根据是否应用IL-2R单抗诱导疗法,将其分为诱导组79例和对照组104例,分析比较两组患者的DGF发生率,以及两组DGF患者的治疗和随访情况。结果诱导组和对照组间的DGF发生率无显著性差异(17.7%vs23.1%,P>0.05)。但诱导组DGF患者并发急性排斥反应(AR)的发生率明显低于对照组DGF患者(0%vs25%,P<0.05),且诱导组DGF患者的1年移植肾存活率高于对照组DGF患者(92.9%vs62.5%,P<0.05)。结论IL-2R单抗诱导疗法对DGF的预防作用不显著,但可以有效降低DGF期间发生AR的风险,改善DGF患者的移植肾存活情况。     

Renography and biopsy-verified acute rejection in renal allotransplanted patients receiving cyclosporin A

Acute impairment of renal function caused by cyclosporin A can be hard to differentiate from acute rejection. Therefore, kidney function after cadaveric allograft transplantation was repeatedly determined by renography in 42 patients receiving either high dose cyclosporin A (32 patients) or azathioprine and prednisone (10 patients) until a graft biopsy showed either acute rejection or no rejection within the first 5 postoperative weeks. The graft function as judged from the renograms was significantly poorer when cyclosporin A was used than when azathioprine and prednisone were the immunosuppressants. In the azathioprine and prednisone group a biopsy showing acute rejection was always preceded by a deterioration in the renogram. In cyclosporin A treated patients a graft biopsy following an early deterioration in the renogram showed acute rejection in only 56% of the biopsies. It was not possible to identify a time course or a function level of the renogram that could predict rejection in these patients. It is concluded that graft biopsies should be used liberally to diagnose rejection during cyclosporin A treatment if surgical complications after transplantation have been ruled out. Radionuclide studies may offer an invaluable aid in determining a nonnephrotoxic initial dose of the drug.     

Changes in transplanted kidney volume measured by ultrasound

A simple ultrasonic method was used for measuring transplanted kidney volume in 29 patients. Five of these patients developed diabetes mellitus and six women became pregnant following transplantation. Serial measurements were performed over periods of 6-12 months after transplantation. The kidney volume became stable 6 months after transplantation and this volume correlated positively with the renal function. Renal hypertrophy was noted in those transplant patients who developed diabetes mellitus following transplantation and this hypertrophy was associated with improvement in graft function. Transplant volume also rose in acute rejection and returned to normal after appropriate treatment. During pregnancy following transplantation, the transplant volume increased early in pregnancy to return to normal before delivery. This volume increase was also associated with graft function improvement.     

肾移植中抗胸腺细胞球蛋白的应用价值

目的:观察抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(antithymocyte globulin,ATG)预防及治疗肾移植排斥反应的效果。方法:应用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)预防或治疗各种肾移植排斥反应78例。结果:在38例预防性应用ATG者中,有3例发生急性排斥反应;14例难治性急性排斥患者中,12例经ATG治疗后逆转;15例肾小管坏死者中,有14例安全渡过急性肾小管坏死期;6例超急性排斥反应后再次移植中,经ATG治疗后,仍有3例再次发生超急性排斥;5例慢性排斥反应患者经ATG治疗后,连续观察3周,肾功能均未见明显好转。结论:ATG能够有效预防、控制急性排斥反应,并可逆转绝大多数难治性急性排斥反应,但不能预防超急性排斥反应及慢性排斥反应。     

Strahlentherapie im Rahmen der allogenen Nierentransplantation: eine Indikation zur lokalen Bestrahlung?

PURPOSE: In the past decades the indications for local graft irradiation (LGI) in acute renal transplant rejection have been limited and considered unfavorably. Despite major advantages in maintenance immunosuppression and management of acute allograft rejection a minority of patients remains with drug resistant transplant rejection. This subgroup of patients may benefit from LGI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1979 and 1990, eight patients with biopsy-proven acute renal allograft rejection and failure of all other immunosuppressive measures (corticosteroids, ATG, ALG or OKT3) were treated with LGI. Retrospective analysis was conducted for this control group. Radiotherapy was performed with Co-60 up to a median total dose of 6.0 Gy (single doses: 1.5-2.0 Gy). Six of eight patients were dialysis dependent prior to irradiation. In addition a literature review was performed including most important textbooks, electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Science Citations Index), and the internet. RESULTS: Two of eight patients experienced a clinical reversal of rejection and an improvement of renal function: serum creatinine decreased significantly. One patient remained free of dialysis with a functioning graft, the other had a recurrent rejection 2 months later and became dialysis dependent. The literature review showed, that adjuvant LGI has no advantage over conventional immunosuppression. However, in case of a drug refractory allograft rejection LGI restores long-term stable organ function in 13-60% of cases. CONCLUSION: The value of LGI of organ transplants, like renal allografts, is still not clearly defined. As a rescue measure in drug refractory allograft rejection special patients may clinically benefit, when a transplant nephrectomy can be avoided. Further prospective clinical trials are needed for a better assessment of LGI in organ transplantation.     

肝脏移植术后体液性排斥反应的研究进展

体液性排斥反应即抗体介导的排斥反应(AMR),是造成移植物失功的重要因素.针对肾脏移植术后AMR的诊断与治疗,移植专家已经积累了一定经验,但肝脏移植术后AMR近年来才逐渐引起关注.肝脏与肾脏移植术后AMR既有相似也有不同之处,肝脏移植术后AMR包括超急性排斥反应(HAR)、急性排斥反应(AHR)、慢性排斥反应(CHR)及适应状态4种类型.本文对其发生机制及临床诊断要点(临床表现、常用血清学指标以及病理标准等)进行分析,对不同类型肝移植术后AMR的危险因素,以及不同类型肝移植术后AMR的预防和治疗进展进行阐述.     

两种透析方式对常染色体显性多囊肾病预后影响

目的比较血液透析与腹膜透析对进入终末期肾病(ESRD)的常染色体显性多囊肾病(ADPKD)患者预后的影响。方法回顾性分析自1999年3月至2014年8月第二军医大学附属长海医院肾内科收治的43例ADPKD患者的临床资料。根据初始透析方法的不同,将43例患者分为血液腹膜透析组(n=20)及血液透析组(n=23)。随访期间,记录心血管事件发生情况,并对两组患者心血管事件发生率进行比较。以全因死亡为终点事件,绘制生存曲线,采用Kaplan Meier法和LogRank检验对两组患者存活率进行比较。结果本研究共43例患者,最长随访147个月。腹膜透析组心血管事件发生率5.0%(1/20),血液透析组26.1%(6/23),两组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。随访期内,腹膜透析组患者,存活率85.0%(17/20),血液透析组存活率73.9%(17/23),两组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论腹膜透析与血液透析均是ADPKD肾衰竭患者的有效肾替代治疗方法。与腹膜透析比较,血液透析患者心血管事件发生概率较低。     

Intrarenal backflow during retrograde pyelography following kidney transplantation

At the transplantation center of Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen, retrograde pyelography is routinely performed via a ureteral catheter inserted during the operation. Ninety-nine retrograde pyelographies performed within the first days after renal transplantation were reviewed. The clinical records of 30 additional patients who had not been subjected to pyelography were also reviewed. Intrarenal backflow (IRB) was seen in 14 per cent of the pyelograms. Upper urinary tract obstruction (29 cases) was observed with equal frequency in the groups with and without IRB. No relationship was observed between IRB and length of warm and cold ischemia of the graft, urinary tract infection (UTI), donor kidney age and graft function on the day of retrograde pyelography. In 40 per cent of the grafts with irreversible rejection within 60 days after transplantation IRB was found at pyelography in the first days after operation. IRB occurred in only 5 per cent of the kidneys with good long term function. Most frequently IRB was localized to the upper pole but was also observed in other parts of the kidney. IRB may be an early radiographic sign of an impending and irreversible graft rejection. There was no evidence that retrograde pyelography increased the frequency of UTI or the number of episodes of irreversible rejection.     

Evaluation of kidney grafts with 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate within 36 hours after transplantation: A marker of ischemic damage

In order to evaluate renal ischemic damage in transplanted kidneys, renal scintigraphy with ^99mTc-methylene disphosphonate was performed in 30 kidney grafts within 36 h after transplantation. The renal uptake was monitored for 100 s at 10-min intervals during 90 min following injection. Seventeen patients had an average uptake of radioactivity in the kidney on the 60-, 70-, 80-, and 90-min scintigrams expressed as a percentage of the activity present on the 10-min scintigram of 150% or less (low) and 13 patients had an average uptake of radioactivity of above 150% (high). There was no relationship between the average uptake of radioactivity and warm and cold ischemia times (or the combined value: corrected ischemia), maximal function, reversible rejection, and ureteral obstruction. A significant correlation was found between the average uptake of radioactivity in the kidney and onset of function. Seventy-six per cent of the grafts with a low average uptake of radioactivity had an onset of function on or before day 10 after operation (early) whereas only 15% of the kidneys with a high average uptake of radioactivity had an early onset of function. Twelve per cent of the patients with a low average uptake of radioactivity in the kidneys had their grafts removed for various reasons within 2 months after transplantation, whereas 54% with a high average uptake of radioactivity had their grafts removed. It is concluded that ^99mTc-methylene diphosphonate scintigraphy may be useful in the prognostic assessment of graft onset of function and of graft survival.This study was approved by the Committee on Investigations/ Activities involving Human Subjects for the Copenhagen County, Approval no. 164     

Renal cell carcinoma in uremic acquired renal cystic disease: incidence, detection, and management.

Patients with end-stage kidney disease, particularly those treated with dialysis, have an increased risk of renal cell carcinoma. Renal cell carcinoma may also develop in the native kidneys of renal transplant recipients with good graft function many years after transplantation. Recent studies suggest that the incidence of renal carcinoma among dialysis patients is 3-6 times greater than in the general population. However, annual imaging of the native kidneys of all dialysis patients is not justified because it has not been shown to have a significant effect on patient outcome. Screening may, however, be useful in selected patients with good general medical conditions and who have known risk factors for renal carcinoma.     

Dialysis and contrast media

In a previous survey we revealed uncertainty among responders about (a) whether or not to perform hemodialysis in patients with severely reduced renal function who had received contrast medium; and (b) when to perform hemodialysis in patients on regular treatment with hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory dialysis who received contrast medium. Therefore, the Contrast Media Safety Committee of The European Society of Urogenital Radiology decided to review the literature and to issue guidelines. The committee performed a Medline search. Based on this, a report and guidelines were prepared. The report was discussed at the Ninth European Symposium on Urogenital Radiology in Genoa, Italy. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis safely remove both iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast media. The effectiveness of hemodialysis depends on many factors including blood and dialysate flow rate, permeability of dialysis membrane, duration of hemodialysis and molecular size, protein binding, hydrophilicity, and electrical charge of the contrast medium. Generally, several hemodialysis sessions are needed to removal all contrast medium, whereas it takes 3 weeks for continuous ambulatory dialysis to remove the agent completely. There is no need to schedule the dialysis in relation to the injection of iodinated or MR contrast media or the injection of contrast agent in relation to the dialysis program. Hemodialysis does not protect poorly functioning kidneys against contrast-medium-induced nephrotoxicity. Simple guidelines are given. Electronic Publication     

螺内酯在改善血液透析患者心血管功能中的作用

 目的 探讨血液透析治疗过程中应用螺内酯对改善患者心血管功能的效果。方法 选取内蒙古医科大学附属医院2017-01至2018-01接收的慢性肾病患者98例,随机分为观察组与对照组,每组49例。两组均采取维持透析治疗的方法,在透析治疗期间,对照组给予口服安慰剂,观察组则给予口服螺内酯。观察两组患者治疗前后心血管功能变化情况以及相关并发症发生情况。结果 治疗3个月后,观察组患者心功能及血管功能相关指标均改善,同治疗前及对照组治疗后比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。血液透析期间观察组并发症发生率为4.08%,明显低于对照组的18.37%(P<0.05)。结论 血液透析治疗期间,给予患者口服螺内酯可以改善患者的心血管功能,降低透析治疗期间患者并发症发生率,值得推广。     

马兜铃酸肾病尿毒症期维持性血透和肾脏移植的对比分析

目的 了解马兜铃酸肾病尿毒症期维持性血透或行肾移植后泌尿系肿瘤的发生情况及临床特点.方法 回顾调查自2000年3月～2006年12月在温州医学院附属第一医院的38例尿毒症期马兜铃酸肾病患者,在分别接受维持性血透和肾移植后泌尿系肿瘤的发生情况及临床病理特点,以及分析肿瘤发生与透析时间的关联.结果 38例马兜铃酸患者(血透患者15例,肾移植患者23例):随访11～85个月,肾移植患者中泌尿系肿瘤发生率13.0%(3/23)低于血透患者中泌尿系肿瘤发生率46.7%(7/15)(P＜0.05),移植前透析时间与肿瘤的发生无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 肾移植是尿毒症期马兜铃酸肾病患者较好的治疗措施,移植前透析时间与肿瘤的发生无关.     

Acquired cystic disease of the kidneys. Computed tomography and ultrasonography appraisal in patients on peritoneal and hemodialysis

Screening chronic hemodialysis patients (CHD) for acquired cystic disease of the kidneys (ACDK) and its complications (hemorrhage and neoplasm) has become accepted management. We evaluated patients on CHD as well as patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) for ACDK. The kidneys of 80 chronic dialysis patients were examined by CT and real time sonography. Forty-four were hemodialysis and 36 were peritoneal dialysis patients. ACDK was found in more than 90% of both CHD and CPD patients who had been dialyzed longer than three years. Bilateral renal carcinoma was detected in one hemodialysis patient. Our results show that chronic peritoneal dialysis patients are also at risk for ACDK and its associated complications. A similar natural history for the development of ACDK in both forms of dialysis suggests that the same screening precautions should be instituted for chronic peritoneal dialysis patients.     

Value of urinary cytology findings in the diagnosis of acute renal graft rejection

BACKGROUND: Acute rejection of allograft is one of the most serious complications of renal transplantation that requires fast and precise diagnostic approach. In this paper our experience in cytologic urinalysis as a diagnostic method of the acute renal allograft rejection was reviewed. METHODS: The study group included 20 of 56 patients with transplanted kidneys who were assumed for the acute allograft rejection according to allograft dysfunction and/or urine cytology findings. Histological findings confirmed allograft rejection in 4 patients. Urine sediment obtained in cytocentrifuge was air-dried and stained with May-Grunwald-Giemsa. Acute allograft rejection was suspected if in 10 fields under high magnification 15 or more lymphocytes with renal tubular cells were found. RESULTS: Acute transplant rejection occurred in 32.1% patients. In 15 patients clinical findings of the acute renal allograft rejection corresponded with cytological and histological findings (in the cases in which it was performed). Three patients with clinical signs of the acute allograft rejection were without cytological confirmation, and in 2 patients cytological findings pointed to the acute rejection, but allograft dysfunction was of different etiology (acute tubular necrosis, cyclosporine nephrotoxicity). In patients with clinical, cytological and histological findings of the acute allograft rejection urine finding consisted of 58% lymphocytes, 34% neutrophilic leucocytes and 8% monocytes/macrophages on the average. The accuracy of cytologic urinalysis related to clinical and histological finding was 75%. CONCLUSION: Urine cytology as the reliable, noninvasive, fast and simple method is appropriate as the a first diagnostic line of renal allograft dysfunction, as well as for monitoring of the graft function.     

Use of stent grafts to repair hemodialysis graft-related pseudoaneurysms

PURPOSE: To review the author's early experience with stent grafts to repair hemodialysis graft-related pseudoaneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven patients had undergone insertion of a stent graft to repair a pseudoaneurysm arising from a PTFE hemodialysis graft. The study group consists of seven women and four men with a mean age of 50.7 years. The primary indications for stent graft placement were: rapid enlargement of a pseudoaneurysm in four patients, difficulty with cannulating the graft in two patients, high risk of acute rupture in three patients, persistent bleeding from the pseudoaneurysm in one patient, and one was incidentally discovered during diagnostic fistulography. In 10 of the 11 patients, the pseudoaneurysm arose from the arterial limb of a loop-configuration graft. A stent graft was successfully deployed in all patients. The radiological and surgical records were reviewed. RESULTS: The Viabahn endoprosthesis was successfully inserted and deployed in all 11 patients. Six patients underwent subsequent interventions, which ended primary patency at 39 days, 40 days, 63 days, 104 days, 120 days, and 327 days after insertion of the stent graft. However, no additional interventions have been performed in five patients and primary patency continues. In these five patients the interval of continuing primary patency is 55 days, 92 days, 103 days, 139 days, and 196 days. In this small group of patients the primary patency rate is 71% at 3 months and 20% at 6 months. DISCUSSION: Early experience has demonstrated that a stent graft can successfully exclude a pseudoaneurysm from a hemodialysis graft and may prevent further enlargement and decrease the likelihood of rupture. However, in two of these 11 patients, the large pseudoaneurysm remained problematic and required subsequent surgical repair.