血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的临床研究

目的探讨血管内栓塞治疗颅内多发动脉瘤的疗效。方法对78例颅内动脉瘤患者的95个动脉瘤行血管内栓塞治疗,其中前交通动脉瘤21个,大脑中动脉瘤18个,后交通动脉瘤53个,大脑后动脉瘤3个。采用可脱性弹簧圈栓塞颅内动脉瘤45例,颅内支架(LEO支架或Enterprise支架)辅助弹簧圈栓塞宽颈动脉瘤治疗23例,球囊辅助弹簧圈栓塞10例。术后3~12个月进行临床和影像学(CTA或者DSA)随访。结果全部病例栓塞成功。23枚支架到位满意。79个动脉瘤完全闭塞,13个闭塞95%以上,3个闭塞95%以下。并发症5例,其中术中动脉瘤破裂3例,脑血管痉挛2例。结论血管内栓塞是治疗颅内动脉瘤的一种可靠有效方法。     

血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤45例临床分析

目的 探讨血管内治疗颅内动脉瘤的手术技巧及并发症的防治与预后.方法 采用血管内栓塞治疗45例(47个动脉瘤),其中后交通动脉瘤29个,前交通动脉瘤12个,大脑中动脉瘤 5个,大脑后动脉瘤 1个.采用电解可脱性弹簧圈栓塞颅内动脉瘤34例,球囊辅助瘤颈重塑型技术栓塞治疗8例,支架辅助瘤颈重塑型技术栓塞治疗5例,双微导管技术...     

血管内治疗颅内微小动脉瘤

目的探讨血管内治疗颅内微小动脉瘤(直径≤3.0mm)的技巧及其临床效果。方法回顾性分析血管内治疗的133例颅内微小动脉瘤患者的临床资料。共138个动脉瘤,其中57个动脉瘤行单纯弹簧圈栓塞治疗;81个宽颈动脉瘤中,74个使用支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗,7个以支架覆盖瘤颈(1例为双支架套叠置放)。结果成功进行弹簧圈栓塞治疗动脉瘤131个,成功率为94.93%;弹簧圈和动脉瘤平均体积分别为(6.77±5.08)mm3和(9.71±4.43)mm3,平均弹簧圈栓塞容积比为(31.96±14.02)%。按Raymond分级方法,术后即刻造影示动脉瘤完全栓塞119个(86.23%),瘤颈残留12个(8.70%),瘤腔残留7个(5.07%)。术中发生并发症16例(11.59%),其中出血性卒中11例,缺血性卒中5例。术后30d根据GOS评分评定预后,1级,4例;2级,13例;3级,11例;4级,42例;5级,63例。56例患者术后随访6～24个月,平均7.11月,无动脉瘤再次破裂出血。结论颅内微小动脉瘤单纯使用弹簧圈或结合颅内支架栓塞是较好的治疗方法。     

血管内介入治疗破裂前交通动脉动脉瘤的疗效分析

目的 探讨血管内介入治疗破裂前交通动脉动脉瘤的安全性、有效性和可行性。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年1月血管内介入治疗的87例破裂前交通动脉动脉瘤的临床资料。75例应用支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞;7例前交通动脉A1和A2夹角角度问题无法置入支架,仅单纯弹簧圈栓塞;5例微小动脉瘤反复调试,均无法将弹簧圈稳定释放,应用LVIS支架贴覆。结果 术后即刻造影显示,Roymond分级Ⅰ级53例,Ⅱ级23例,Ⅲ级11例;治疗有效率为87.4%（76/87）。出院时,76例预后良好（GOS评分4~5分）,11例预后不良（GOS评分1~3分）。87例出院后随访6个月~2年,动脉瘤再次破裂3例,造影显示弹簧圈均逸出致载瘤动脉,经微导管推送,并继续致密填塞;改良Rankin评分0~2分76例,3~6分11例。结论 血管内介入治疗破裂前交通动脉动脉瘤安全有效,应注意长期随访     

介入栓塞治疗颅内破裂微小动脉瘤临床分析

目的探讨介入栓塞治疗颅内破裂微小动脉瘤(直径≤3 mm)的疗效和技术要点。方法选取2013-01—2019-04济宁医学院附属医院35例颅内破裂微小动脉瘤行介入栓塞治疗的患者,采用3D-DSA选择工作角度测量动脉瘤大小(前后径、上下径、最大径、瘤颈和载瘤动脉的弯曲角度)。随访脑血管造影3～20个月(平均6个月)。结果对所有35个微小动脉瘤成功实施了弹簧圈栓塞,其中30例采用支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞,5例单纯弹簧圈栓塞。术中均未破裂出血,发生脑栓塞事件2例,术中弹簧圈不能完全填入1例。术后即刻造影示完全栓塞28个,次全栓塞5个,部分栓塞2个。术后半年复查造影,27例复查DSA,动脉瘤完全闭塞22例,不完全闭塞5例。结论介入栓塞是治疗颅内破裂微小动脉瘤有效手段,治疗关键是准确的术前评估和术中精细操作。     

相对宽颈的颅内破裂微小动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的 探讨相对宽颈的颅内破裂微小动脉瘤(动脉瘤最长径≤3 mm且动脉瘤颈/瘤体宽径I>3/4)血管内治疗的町行性和安全性.方法 回顾分析24例27个相对宽颈的颅内破裂微小动脉瘤的临床、影像、血管内治疗和随访资料.结果 27个动脉瘤中24个用弹簧圈栓塞,3个仅在载瘤动脉内放置支架.前者有4个动脉瘤100%栓塞,13个90%,6个80%,1个80%以下.2例术后出现一过性轻偏瘫.所有患者临床随访平均51个月(1-94个月)无再出血,6例7个动脉瘤在术后6-38个月复查血管造影,未见再生长.结论 相对宽颈的颅内破裂微小动脉瘤的血管内治疗,技术上可行,操作相对安全,初步结果有效.     

大脑前动脉A_1段动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的探讨大脑前动脉A_1段动脉瘤的血管内治疗方法及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2013年4月至2017年2月采用血管内方法治疗的25例大脑前动脉A_1段动脉瘤的临床资料,15例采用单纯弹簧圈栓塞,5例采用支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞,1例A_1段宽颈动脉瘤合并烟雾综合征予以球囊辅助栓塞,1例微小动脉瘤使用2枚enterprise支架重叠释放置入,3例行弹簧圈闭塞载瘤动脉。结果术后即刻造影显示:Raymond分级Ⅰ级19例,Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲ级1例;无弹簧圈突入载瘤血管、术中动脉瘤破裂及支架内血栓形成等并发症。出院时,改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分0分17例,1分5例,2分1例,4分2例。16例术后临床和影像学随访3~24个月,未出现再出血和脑缺血并发症,m RS评分0分11例,1分3例,2分1例;2例复发,均为单纯弹簧圈填塞的动脉瘤,继续行支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞,术后无并发症。结论血管内方法治疗大脑前动脉A_1段动脉瘤安全有效,为保证成功栓塞,需要结合各种辅助技术和方法,其远期疗效需要进一步随访。     

儿童颅内动脉瘤血管内治疗

目的 报道儿童颅内动脉瘤血管内治疗的特征和血管内治疗的结果.方法 2002-2006年收治29例儿童动脉瘤患者(年龄<19岁);其中14例蛛网膜下腔出血,10例意外发现,2例脑神经麻痹,3例神经功能障碍.动脉瘤的位置:10个椎动脉动脉瘤,5个大脑中动脉瘤,4个大脑后动脉瘤,3个基底动脉动脉瘤,3个前交通动脉瘤,1个小脑后下动脉瘤,2个大脑前动脉瘤,1个颈内动脉动脉瘤.结果 7例动脉瘤行动脉瘤囊内弹簧圈栓塞,17例载瘤动脉闭塞(9例使用球囊闭塞载瘤动脉,8例使用弹簧圈载瘤动脉闭塞).1例椎动脉瘤病人全脑血管造影后4 d动脉瘤白发血栓形成.4例行支架或者支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤(其中2例基底动脉瘤患者死亡,2例动脉瘤栓塞后复发并再次给予栓塞治疗).平均随访20.7个月,93.1%的病人GOS评分4分或5分.结论 儿童颅内动脉瘤在发病特点上,男性比女性多见,好发部位是椎动脉、大脑后动脉和人脑中动脉.对于梭形动脉瘤行载瘤动脉闭寒是一种安全有效的治疗方法.基底动脉主十的梭形动脉瘤治疗困难而且死亡率高.     

电解可脱性弹簧圈治疗颅内动脉瘤

目的总结电解可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的手术适应证、手术时机的选择、并发症及其防治经验。方法2004年10月至2007年12月我们采用电解可脱性弹簧圈栓塞20例（共22个）颅内动脉瘤。其中前交通动脉瘤10个,后交通动脉瘤6个,大脑中动脉瘤3个,大脑后动脉瘤1个,小脑上动脉瘤1个,小脑后下动脉瘤1个。按Hunt—Hess分级,Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级7例,Ⅲ级4例,Ⅳ级2例,Ⅴ级1例。结果本组100％栓塞者10例,95％栓塞者5例,90％栓塞者4例,1例栓塞50％时出现术中出血而中止手术。出现并发症3例,其中术中动脉瘤破裂1例,致密填塞时出现血管小分支闭塞1例,多发性动脉瘤漏诊1例。本组死亡1例,短暂性神经功能缺失1例。栓塞后3～24个月血管造影随访5例,未见复发;电话或信函随访8例,均未再出血,并恢复正常生活及工作。结论采用电解可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤安全、有效、微创。正确处理术中并发症、熟悉动脉瘤和载瘤动脉的解剖关系、提高栓塞技术有助于减少并发症,提高治愈率。     

双微导管技术栓塞复杂颅内动脉瘤

研究背景尽管球囊或支架辅助栓塞技术已在临床广泛应用,但是对于结构复杂的颅内动脉瘤如相对宽颈的微小动脉瘤或宽颈分叶状、有重要分支血管自瘤颈部或体部发出的动脉瘤,微弹簧圈栓塞治疗仍是一种挑战。本研究旨在评价双微导管技术栓塞结构复杂颅内动脉瘤的可行性和临床疗效。方法与结果 33例复杂颅内动脉瘤位于前交通动脉(7例)、后交通动脉(14例)、眼动脉段(3例)、脉络膜前动脉(3例)、小脑后下动脉起始部(3例)、大脑中动脉分叉部(2例)和基底动脉顶端(1例)。动脉瘤颈宽/体宽平均为0.80±0.21(0.53～1.33)、体宽/高度为1.12±0.37(0.55～2.12)和高度/颈宽为1.26±0.41(0.65～2.96);瘤颈直径≥4mm者7例、颈宽≥高度者9例、颈宽≥体宽者8例;微小动脉瘤(最大径≤3mm)9例,有重要分支血管自瘤颈发出者13例。均采用双微导管技术施行微弹簧圈栓塞治疗,并且获得成功,其中动脉瘤致密填塞19例、瘤颈残留14例,术后脑血管造影检查12例弹簧圈襻突出于瘤颈之外,但均不影响血流。出院时改良Rankin量表评分2分者3例、0～1分者30例;仅1例患者术后1年行脑血管造影检查显示瘤颈微弹簧圈少许压缩,且动脉瘤瘤颈呈"狗耳朵"样再通显影。结论双微导管技术栓塞颅内复杂动脉瘤可行、安全、有效。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.