Lipid patterns and fibrinogen levels of smokers and non-smokers

Hypercholesterolaemia, smoking and elevated levels of fibrinogen are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study was to determine whether smoking indirectly affects the other risk factors, namely cholesterol and fibrinogen levels. Serum lipid patterns and fibrinogen levels were determined in 67 cigarette or beedi smokers and 51 non-smokers in the age group 18 to 50 years. Serum thiocyanate levels were measured as an indirect indicator or smoking exposure. Smokers had significantly higher serum thiocyanate levels than non-smokers. The serum total cholesterol levels in smokers was significantly higher than in non-smokers, but there was no association with the degree of smoking. In contrast, smokers had significantly elevated fibrinogen levels which were positively related to thiocyanate levels, indicating that plasma fibrinogen levels increase in smoking exposure. These results suggest that smoking may increase the risk of CVD by elevating plasma fibrinogen levels.     

Lung function in an Australian population: 2. Spirometric performance and cigarette-smoking habits.

The FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC% in 12016 females and 18 359 males were related to cigarette-smoking habits. Over all, non-smokers had significantly better lung function than cigarette smokers. Ex-smokers of either sex had significantly higher FEV1 and FEV1/FVC% than cigarette smokers, but the FVC values were higher only in females. With consumption in excess of 10 cigarettes per day, deterioration in lung function was manifest in both sexes, but was greater in males than females. The mean chronological age of males who smoked from 30 to 50 cigarettes per day was 12.9 years and 9.6 years less than would have been predicted on the basis of their FEV1 and FVC values respectively. The corresponding values in women were 9.3 years and 7.9 years respectively. Additionally, the deterioration in lung function with increasing age was greater in cigarette smokers than in non-smokers.     

Passive smoking: Absorption by non-smokers of carbon monoxide from room-air polluted by tobacco smoke

Twenty subjects spent a mean of 78 min seated in an unventilated smoke-filled room of approximately 43 m³ (15 × 12 × 8 ft). The smoke was produced by burning and smoking eighty cigarettes and two cigars. The average ambient carbon monoxide (CO) concentration was 38 ppm. Blood samples taken before and after the exposure showed an increase in carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) in all subjects without exception (P<0·001). The COHb of the twelve non-smokers increased from a mean of 1·6% to 2·6% (P<0·001), while the six cigarette smokers, all inhalers, besides having significantly higher initial levels (P<0·001) also showed a greater increase from a mean of 5·9% to 9·6% (P<0·001). The two cigar smokers, one an inhaler, the other a non-inhaler, showed respective COHb changes similar to the cigarette smokers and non-smokers. The mean increase of 1% COHb among the non-smokers was similar to the mean increase for the smokers of 0·7% for each cigarette smoked, suggesting that the amount of CO which the non-smokers absorbed by passive smoking was about the same as would be expected if they had actively smoked and inhaled one cigarette.     

吸烟者血清内皮抑素水平的临床意义

目的 探讨吸烟者血清血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)和内皮抑素(endostatin)水平的变化及其临床意义.方法 采用病例对照方法设计,对伴和不伴肺癌的164例吸烟者测定血清VEGF和endostatin水平,将20例不吸烟健康人作为正常对照组.结果 吸烟伴肺癌组(82例)血清VEGF水平明显高于吸烟无肺癌组(82例)及正常对照组(均P＜0.01);吸烟无肺癌组高于正常对照组(P＜0.05).吸烟伴肺癌组血清endostatin水平明显高于正常对照组(P＜0.01),但与吸烟无肺癌组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);吸烟无肺癌组高于正常对照组(P＜0.05).吸烟伴肺癌组血清endostatin/VEGF比值明显低于吸烟无肺癌组和正常对照组(均P＜0.01),但吸烟无肺癌组与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).吸烟伴肺癌组和吸烟无肺癌组VEGF与endostatin均呈正相关(均P＜0.01).结论 吸烟可能导致endostatin/VEGF失衡而致癌.endostatin/VEGF比值可能是吸烟者早期诊断肺癌的指标之一,吸烟者应定期检测血清VEGF、endostatin水平及endostatin/VEGF比值.     

吸烟导致闭合性损伤手指发生动脉危象的诊断及救治

目的探讨吸烟所致闭合性手指损伤后发生动脉危象的早期诊断及救治措施。方法2005年1月—2008年12月,接诊闭合性手指损伤患者56例（70指）吸烟后出现伤指疼痛加剧、麻木、指腹张力低下、颜色苍白,利用高频脉冲超声多普勒血流仪（PUDVP）观察伤指血流灌注情况,并与同期未吸烟患者伤指血流灌注进行了比较。结果32例36指被诊断发生动脉危象,动脉危象发生率吸烟组明显高于未吸烟组,伤指动脉血流最大速度、指动脉血流量及手指末节温度吸烟组明显低于未吸烟组,动脉危象非手术方法治疗有效率吸烟组明显低于未吸烟组,手术探查指动脉血栓发生率吸烟组明显高于未吸烟组,指动脉痉挛发生率未吸烟组高于吸烟组。结论对吸烟的闭合性手指损伤患者应密切观察伤指的血运及感觉变化,指动脉危象发生后应采取积极救治措施。     

Transfer factor in smokers and non-smokers after smoking two cigarettes

Impairments of lung functionality as long-term effects of cigarette smoking have been well established. To our knowledge, no study on acute recovery patterns in any important lung function index after smoking a very limited number of cigarettes has ever been reported. The present study reports recovery patterns of lung transfer factor (TF) and related parameters in smokers and non-smokers who smoked two Camel cigarettes. Lung transfer factor and other indices were determined by the single breath-holding technique. From our results, the TF and related indices of healthy Malaysians are similar to previously published normals of comparable age. On smoking two cigarettes, male smokers began to recover from the 30th minute; male non-smokers had not begun recovery even by the 50th minute. Extrapolation of the recovery curves suggests that a "safer" interval between cigarettes for male smokers is about 114 minutes.     

北京某社区35岁以上居民吸烟与牙周健康状况关系的调查

目的 在北京某社区人群中调查吸烟对牙周健康状况的影响。方法 牙周组织健康状况通过自觉症状和临床指标来评价。对北京某社区35岁以上人群进行问卷调查(一般情况、吸烟情况及刷牙出血等牙周自我评价),记录其探诊深度(probing depth,PD)、出血指数(bleeding index,BI)、临床附着丧失(attachment loss,AL)、菌斑指数及缺牙数,最终974名个体纳入统计分析。按吸烟与否分组,对牙周自我评价及临床指标进行分析。结果 吸烟者主述刷牙出血与非吸烟者相比显著减少,而自觉牙齿松动则显著增多(P<0.05);吸烟者与非吸烟者自觉牙龈肿胀与口腔异味情况差异无统计学意义。Logistic回归分析调整混杂因素后得到吸烟者中有刷牙出血的为非吸烟者的0.565倍,自觉牙齿松动为非吸烟者的1.572倍,PD均值大于3 mm,AL均值大于3 mm及缺牙数大于8颗的风险分别为非吸烟者的2.129倍、1.698倍和1.933倍(P<0.05)。结论 北京该社区人群中,吸烟者与非吸烟者相比虽然自觉刷牙出血更少,但BI均值差异无统计学意义,吸烟者自觉牙齿松动更多,临床检查中吸烟者比非吸烟者牙周组织破坏更加严重     

Smoke exposure in pipe and cigar smokers. Serum thiocyanate measures

Pipe or cigar smoking traditionally has been considered a less risky alternative to cigarette smoking. Some surveys and experimental studies have suggested, however, that former cigarette smokers who switch to cigars and/or pipe (CP) are more likely to inhale then CP users who never smoked cigarettes; but this relationship has not been consistently noted. To clarify smoke-exposure levels from CP smoking, smoking histories and serum thiocyanate (SCN) levels were studied in 9,106 adults aged 25 to 74 years in population-based surveys of seven upper Midwestern communities. Analyses of the 306 male CP smokers indicated a significantly higher SCN level in the ex-cigarette-smoking CP users vs the CP users who never smoked cigarettes. Serum thiocyanate levels of both CP groups were significantly higher than those of nonsmokers and lower than cigarette-only smokers. However, the number of pipe bowls or cigars smoked per day was also significantly related to SCN levels, and this could account for much of the association between SCN and previous cigarette smoking status. Individuals currently smoking four or more pipe bowls or four or more cigars per day had an elevated smoke exposure equivalent to about ten cigarettes per day, whether or not they previously smoked cigarettes. Because of these findings and because former cigarette smokers were more likely to report heavy CP usage, cigarette smokers should be advised to quit rather than to switch to a pipe or cigar.     

The effect of smoking on cognition as measured by Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CATNAB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasma levels

Objectives:To establish an association between cigarette smoking, cognition, and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in healthy young adults.Methods:This was an ex post facto analytic cross-sectional study conducted between March and November 2018. Participants were 73 healthy males (31 smokers and 42 non-smokers), 17-33 years old. The cognitive function of the participants was assessed through the Cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery (CANTAB). Blood samples were taken to measure the plasma levels of BDNF and the results were compared to identify the association between smoking related variables and cognitive test scores and plasma BDNF levels. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:Smokers performed significantly worse than non-smokers in the multitasking test, including reaction time and rapid visual information processing. However, no significant association was observed between smoking related variables and cognitive test scores. The only significant positive correlation was found between plasma BDNF levels and the number of cigarettes smoked per day (r=0.480, p=0.024). No correlation was observed between other smoking related variables and plasma BDNF levels.Conclusion:Plasma BDNF level is positively related to the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Young smokers have significantly impaired sustained attention and less ability to manage conflicting information as compared to age-matched non-smokers.     

吸烟与8-异构前列腺素F2α的相关性研究

目的探讨吸烟对健康男性血清中8．异构前列腺素F2α（8一iso—PGF2α）水平的影响。方法随机选取300例健康男性体检者,分为非吸烟组114例、轻度吸烟组56例、中度吸烟组78例及重度吸烟组52例,应用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测其血清中8-iso．PGF2。水平。结果非吸烟组和轻、中、重度吸烟组血清8一iso-PGF2α水平分别为106．3±37．6pg／mL和215．9±97．1、378．2±136．3、544．0±227．4pg／mL,各组间差异均具有显著性（P〈0．05）,且吸烟者血清8一iso—PGF2α水平与吸烟指数呈正相关（r=0．342,P〈0．05）。后期回访发现部分吸烟组患者戒烟后血清中8一iso-PGF2α水平明显低于戒烟前（P〈0．05）。结论吸烟可使血清中8一iso—PGF2α水平升高,且吸烟量与8一iso-PGF3α水平升高相关。     

Cigarette smoking and risk of premature stroke in men and women

A case-control study was carried out of the relation between cigarette smoking and hypertension and stroke. A total of 132 cases of stroke (79 in men, 53 in women) identified as a part of a population based register were compared with 1586 controls (1017 men, 569 women) from a survey of cardiovascular risk factors conducted in the same population. Cigarette smokers had a threefold increase in the risk of stroke compared with current non-smokers. This association remained significant after adjusting for hypertension. Those who both smoked and had hypertension had an increased risk of stroke of almost 20-fold compared with those who neither smoked nor had hypertension. Overall, in this population roughly 37% of stroke events may be attributed to cigarette smoking and 36% to hypertension.     

Effects of smoking and lead exposure on proximal tubular integrity among Egyptian industrial workers

BACKGROUND: The hazards of occupational lead exposure are well documented. Tissue damage produced by lead is slow and progressive. The renal system is one of the systems primarily affected by lead. The present study aimed to evaluate renal proximal tubular functional and structural integrity among lead-exposed and cigarette-smoking male Egyptian workers. This study was extended to investigate the effect of lead exposure and cigarette smoking on urinary excretion of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). METHODS: Participants included in the present study were 156 male workers grouped as follows: i) 75 lead non-exposed workers subgrouped into G1 that consisted of 36 non-smokers (age, 39.08+/-6.65 years) and G2, which included 39 smokers (age, 43.87+/-9.93 years); ii) 45 lead-exposed workers (work duration <20 years) subgrouped into G3 that consisted of 25 non-smokers (age, 37.40+/-3.76 years) and G4, which included 20 smokers (age, 38.40+/-4.95 years), and iii) 36 lead-exposed workers (work duration > or =20 years) subgrouped into G5 that consisted of 16 non-smokers (age, 45.94+/-4.19 years) and G6 which included 20 smokers (age, 45.70+/-2.25 years). Functional integrity of proximal tubules was studied by determining urinary level of low-molecular-weight protein alpha1-microglobulin (alpha1M), and structural integrity was investigated by measuring urinary activities of the lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and the cytoplasmic enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST). Urinary concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, and creatinine were also determined. RESULTS: Data of the present investigation showed increased urinary excretion of all measured urinary parameters among lead-exposed workers in comparison with non-exposed workers whether they were non-smokers or smokers (G3 vs. G1, G5 vs. G1, G4 vs. G2, and G6 vs. G2), with greater elevation among lead-exposed smokers than among lead-exposed non-smokers (G4 vs. G3, G6 vs. G5). In addition, there was a greater increase in levels of all urinary parameters among workers with work duration > or =20 years than in those with <20 years' work duration (G6 vs. G4, G5 vs. G3). CONCLUSIONS: Lead exposure in Egyptian workers causes damage to renal proximal tubules and results in its dysfunction. Cigarette smoking has a nephrotoxic effect and also is synergistic to lead nephrotoxicity on urinary excretion of GST and NAG, as well as Pb.     

Elevation of blood viscosity, aggregation of red cells, haematocrit values and fibrinogen levels with cigarette smokers.

A study of blood viscosity factors was carried out on male smokers and non-smokers (125 volunteers) in the age group 45 to 55 years. The smoker's group exhibited elevated haematocrit values, fibrinogen levels and blood viscosity (P less than 0-025), and increased aggregation of red cells and plasma viscosity (P less than 0-005). Especially in the dependence of aggregation of red cells on the level of fibrinogen, the smokers of blood group O showed higher values than smokers of blood group A (P less than 0-01). Elevation of blood viscosity factors and functions in smokers suggests that pathways to ischaemia and thrombosis, to which smokers are more prone than non-smokers, may move through the blood high-viscosity syndromes.     

Rhabdomyolysis: an overview and study of outcomes in smoking and non-smoking patients at WVU hospitals

The purpose of this study was to review the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of cases of rhabdomyolysis at West Virginia University Hospitals. Another goal was to determine if smokers had worse outcomes than non-smokers. Rhabdomyolysis was defined as a fivefold or greater elevation above the upper limit of normal in creatine kinase (CK) levels with a muscle/brain (MB) fraction of < 5% in patients with a known risk factor for this disorder. During the 12 years from 1989 to 2001, 69 patients met our study criteria. The most common causes were infection and trauma. Of the 69 patients, 32% developed acute renal failure (ARF) which is defined as an elevation in creatinine to 2.0 mg/dL or greater. Although all patients received intravenous fluids (IVF), many did not receive other treatments such as sodium bicarbonate, furosemide, and mannitol. There was no significant difference in peak serum creatinine or creatine kinase (CK) levels between smokers and non-smokers. Eleven of the 13 patients required dialysis (p = 0.031), 17 of the 22 had ARF (p = 0.026), and all nine patients who died were smokers (p = 0.008). Thus, smokers with rhabdomyolysis have higher morbidity and mortality rates than non-smokers.     

Abstention from cigarette smoking improves cerebral perfusion among elderly chronic smokers

A cross-sectional study of cerebral blood flow (CBF) levels in 268 neurologically normal volunteers contrasting nonsmokers, smokers who quit, and current cigarette smokers indicated that subjects who quit smoking had significantly higher cerebral perfusion levels than subjects who had continued to smoke but remained lower than subjects without a history of cigarette smoking. All subjects were matched for age and sex, and smoking groups were matched for duration and amount of smoking. A prospective study of 11 subjects who were able to stop smoking in which CBF levels were available both antecedent to and following cessation of the habit indicated that significant gains occurred in cerebral perfusion levels within one year following cessation of smoking. A control group of 22 subjects who continued to smoke (matched for age, sex, duration of smoking, and duration of time between baseline and follow-up) showed no change in CBF values. A correlation between magnitude of CBF change and duration of cessation of cigarette smoking demonstrated a significant linear increase in CBF during the one-year period. These results suggest that elderly individuals who have smoked for three to four decades can benefit substantially by abstaining from cigarette smoking and that significant improvement in cerebral circulation occurs within a relatively short period.     

吸烟对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血清D二聚体的影响

目的了解慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的吸烟量和其血清D二聚体水平的动态变化,探讨吸烟对COPD患者凝血功能的影响。方法 142例COPD急性加重期(AECOPD)患者依据吸烟量分为3组:不吸烟组、轻度吸烟组和中重度吸烟组,检测AECOPD患者治疗前后血清D二聚体水平。结果 COPD急性加重后,D二聚体水平明显升高(P<0.01),且无论是COPD还是AECOPD,D二聚体水平都随着吸烟量的递增而升高(P<0.01)。结论 COPD患者急性加重后凝血功能可进一步受损,而吸烟则是加速这一不良过程的重要因素。     

散结镇痛胶囊对子宫内膜异位症患者肝细胞生长因子的影响

目的：探讨散结镇痛胶囊对子宫内膜异位症患者肝细胞生长因子的影响。方法将132例子宫内膜异位症患者随机分成观察组和对照组,各66例。对照组患者给予孕三烯酮胶囊治疗,观察组患者给予散结镇痛胶囊治疗。比较两组患者的疗效,疼痛评分,泌乳素（ PRL）、雌二醇（E2）、癌抗原125（CA125）、脂联素、肝细胞生长因子、天冬氨酸转氨酶（ AST）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）水平。结果治疗后,观察组患者治疗有效率明显高于对照组（P <0.05）,观察组患者的各项疼痛评分均显著低于对照组（P <0.05）;观察组患者的 PRL 及 E2水平均明显低于对照组（P <0.05）;观察组患者的脂联素水平显著高于对照组,而肝细胞生长因子水平明显低于对照组（P <0.05）;观察组患者的 AST 及 ALT 水平均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。结论散结镇痛胶囊能够有效减轻子宫内膜异位症患者的疼痛,改善内分泌紊乱,调节脂联素和肝细胞生长因子的表达,促进患者康复。     

Low-level cigarette smoking and longitudinal change in serum cholesterol among adolescents. The Berlin-Bremen Study

The current study was conducted to determine if smokers and nonsmokers differ in serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) before smoking initiation and if a decline in HDL-C levels could be detected among adolescents during the first two years of smoking. Changes in HDL-C levels and smoking were observed longitudinally in 1983, 1984, and 1985 among 691 seventh and eighth graders (age range, 12 to 14 years) from two German cities; 82% were nonsmokers at baseline. For these baseline nonsmokers, no differences in baseline HDL-C concentrations were found between those who became smokers and those who remained nonsmokers. In contrast, those who became light (one to 39 cigarettes per week) or moderate (greater than or equal to 40 cigarettes per week) smokers by one or two years after the initial examination evidenced lower mean HDL-C concentrations relative to persistent nonsmokers at follow-up, constituting a decrement of -0.016 mmol/L [SE = .035] (-0.6 mg/dL) [SE = 1.4] for light smokers and -0.114 mmol/L [SE = .064] (-4.4 mg/dL) [SE = 2.5] for moderate smokers. These findings suggest that short-term exposure to cigarette smoke at low levels may have atherogenic consequences.     

Lower leptin levels in young non-obese male smokers than non-smokers

Since the effect of smoking on plasma leptin has been divergent in clinical trials, which might have occurred due to selection of heterogeneous study populations, we investigated whether there is such an association in a group of healthy, non-obese, young male adults.

A total of 54 smokers (mean age: 21.18±1.62; body mass index (BMI): 19.60±0.85) and 26 non-smokers (mean age 21.69±3.0; BMI: 21.59±1.39) with similar daily physical activities and diet and without any documented disease were enrolled, and their plasma leptin levels were determined for the comparison between the two groups.

The mean BMI and plasma leptin of smokers were significantly lower than in non-smokers. Plasma leptin in the smokers group correlated inversely with BMI and the amount of daily smoking. Below BMI 20 kg/m² and between 20.0 and 20.9 kg/m² the plasma leptin levels in smokers were significantly lower when compared to non-smokers.

Plasma leptin is decreased in healthy, young non-obese male smokers independently of the amount of body fat. High amount of smoking is associated with lower serum leptin as well.     

Another smoking hazard: raised serum IgE concentration and increased risk of occupational allergy

Individual smoking histories of a general population sample and of two groups of workers exposed to occupational allergens were related to serum IgE concentrations and results of radioallergosorbent and prick tests in the workers. The geometric mean IgE concentration was higher in smokers than in non-smokers. The distribution of serum IgE values in the two groups showed an apparent difference, with a bimodal appearance in the smokers. Evidence of sensitisation against occupational allergens was more common in workers who smoked. The adjuvant effect of smoking on IgE antibody production might be due to damage to airways mucosa and supports the mucosal theory of atopy.