彩色多普勒超声诊断甲状腺癌的再探讨

目的进一步探讨甲状腺肿块超声显像的灰阶和彩色多普勒特征,寻求鉴别甲状腺良恶性肿块有价值的检测参数及其价值。方法甲状腺癌和良性肿块患者各36例,二维和彩色超声检查重点分析甲状腺肿块内部和边缘回声特点、血流分布特征、阻力指数及血流频谱形态。结果低回声、无包膜、内部微钙化及后方回声衰减四项指标对诊断甲状腺恶性肿块有较重要的意义。Ⅲ级血流信号、多普勒血流高阻或同时存在低阻、频谱多普勒收缩期峰值前移、升降波陡直以及舒张期无血流或出现反向血流等现象为恶性肿块较特异的征象。本组4例较小的恶性肿块内部无或仅有少量血流信号,但周围出现"血流汇聚"现象。结论高频彩色多普勒超声对甲状腺癌的诊断具有重要价值。     

超声复合成像技术在甲状腺癌诊断中的实用价值

目的探讨超声检查在甲状腺癌诊断中的实用价值。方法采用二维超声、彩色多普勒超声及实时复合成像技术,对36例甲状腺癌的53个病灶进行超声检查,并与术后病理结果进行对比。结果甲状腺癌内部回声欠均,可见沙砾样钙化,复合成像技术可较好地显示内部钙化;病灶内可见较丰富彩色血流信号显示,峰值速度较高,阻力指数>0.7,上升支及下降支快速。结论彩色多普勒超声及复合成像技术在甲状腺癌诊断中具有重要价值。     

超声在腮腺实性肿瘤诊断中的价值

目的探讨高频超声及彩色多普勒血流显像对腮腺肿瘤性病变的诊断及鉴别诊断的意义。方法回顾分析我院彩超室检出并经手术病理证实的75例腮腺实性肿瘤，其中良性肿瘤49例，恶性26例。应用高频超声观察肿瘤的形态、边缘及内部回声特点，彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）观察肿瘤内血流信号特点，频谱多普勒测肿瘤血流信号频谱。结果腮腺良性肿瘤多数形态规则、边缘清楚、内部回声均匀，CDFI显示无血流信号或点状、细线状血流信号；恶性肿瘤则多数边界不清，呈不规则浸润状，内部光点分布不均，CDFI多数可显示条状、树枝状分布血流信号，收缩期峰值血流速度较高。结论高频超声及彩色多普勒对腮腺实性肿瘤具有良好的诊断、鉴别诊断价值。     

乳腺肿瘤彩色多普勒超声诊断82例

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在乳腺肿瘤的诊断价值。方法对82例乳腺肿块,以二维超声了解其形态、边界、边缘、内部回声、有无后方衰减及侧方声影等,以彩色多普勒观察肿块内部及周边血流分布。结果乳腺良恶性肿瘤声像图有其各自特点,比较两者在有无包膜、内部回声均匀与否、单发与多发、有无沙砾状钙化、肿块纵横比,是否合并腋窝淋巴结肿大以及收缩期峰值流速、舒张期峰值流速、阻力指数等参数,其差异均有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论超声声像图表现结合彩色多普勒血流特点有助于提高乳腺肿瘤的诊断准确率。     

甲状腺癌的高频及彩色多普勒超声特征

目的探讨高频及彩色多普勒超声在甲状腺癌诊断中的价值.方法对29例经手术病理证实的甲状腺癌患者的高频及彩色多普勒超声声像图进行回顾性分析.结果术前超声检出占位性病变29例,其中超声提示占位性病变性质待定8例,误诊为腺瘤2例.术后病理证实为甲状腺乳头状癌21例,滤泡性癌6例,髓样癌2例.甲状腺癌高频超声声像图特征:呈实质杂乱回声伴微钙化斑16例;呈均匀低回声型边界尚清楚、边缘毛糙8例,其中3例瘤体纵横径比值＞1;3例呈囊实混合型;2例显示不规则晕环的不均匀回声型.彩色多普勒超声:肿块较大者血流较多,微小肿块血流较少或不能显示血流.结论高频及彩色多普勒超声在甲状腺癌诊断中有很好的临床应用价值.     

彩色多普勒超声在甲状腺癌诊断与鉴别诊断中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在甲状腺癌诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾分析甲状腺肿瘤患者64例,其中甲状腺癌33例,甲状腺腺瘤31例,全部经手术病理或组织活检证实。观察并比较分析两种病灶的形态、大小、分布、血流形态、动脉血流速度、阻力指数和血流分级。结果甲状腺癌病灶结节多为单发,内部回声减低或回声不均,沙砾样钙化多见,边界不规则,呈蟹足样或有明显毛刺状,结节后方多有声衰减。甲状腺腺瘤病灶结节内部回声减低,相对均质,囊性变多见,少有沙砾样钙化灶,边界规则并可见声晕。恶性结节血流信号丰富,多见穿入性血流,分布杂乱。良性结节中血流信号多分布于病灶的边缘,较规则,病灶内部血流较少。恶性病灶动脉血流速度高及阻力指数显著高于良性结节。结论彩色多普勒超声在甲状腺恶性结节诊断与鉴别诊断中有重要价值。     

26例微小甲状腺癌的超声诊断分析

目的 :探讨二维及彩色多普勒超声对微小甲状腺癌的诊断价值。方法 :对经手术病理证实的 2 6例微小甲状腺癌的超声诊断结果进行分析。结果 :高频超声对肿块检出率 10 0 %,超声诊断符合率 73 %( 19/ 2 6) ,细粒样钙化和低回声在微小甲状腺癌诊断中的特异性较高。彩色多普勒超声对肿块彩色血流检出率 42 %,而彩色血流丰富程度、收缩期流速增高 ,阻力指数减低 ,缺乏特异性。结论 :高频声像图中的钙化和低回声是诊断微小甲状腺癌的重要指标 ,而彩色血流丰富程度及频谱多普勒中的各项指标 ,尚缺乏有力依据 ,还需进一步探讨     

彩色多普勒超声在乳腺小肿块良恶性鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨乳腺小肿块（直径〈2cm）的超声表现特征及彩色多普勒超声对其良恶性的鉴别诊断价值。方法 64例乳腺小肿块经手术病理证实,其中恶性肿块27例,良性肿块37例。分析乳腺小肿块患者的彩色多普勒超声表现特征,应用彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）观察其血流分布特征,频谱多普勒检测血流参数阻力指数（RI）的大小。结果 乳腺小肿块良性组和恶性组的形态、边界包膜、纵横比及内部有无微小钙化比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。恶性肿块血流分级≥Ⅱ级,RI〉0．7,血流频谱表现为峰值前移,舒张末期无血流信号或可见反向血流;良性肿块血流分级多为0-I级,RI〈0．7,血流频谱表现为以静脉血流频谱为主。9例恶性肿块伴有同侧腋窝淋巴结肿大,2例良性肿块为反应增生肿大。结论 彩色多普勒超声对乳腺小肿块良恶性的鉴别诊断具有重要价值,结合声像图特征和CDFI表现能有效诊断。     

超声诊断乳腺肿块

目的探讨超声对乳腺肿块定性诊断的价值.方法对80例乳腺肿块,以二维超声了解其形态、边界、边缘、内部回声、有无后方衰减及侧方声影等,以彩色多普勒观察肿块内部及周边血流分布.结果良性者28例,多为形态规则、边缘整齐光滑、内部回声均匀、后方回声增强或无声衰减肿块;恶性者52例,形态多不规则,常见分叶、伪足及毛刺,边缘粗糙,界线不清,内部回声不均匀,可见砂粒样钙化灶,后方回声衰减,无侧方声影.恶性肿块血流显示率明显增高,收缩期最高血流速度及阻力指数高于良性肿块.结论超声对乳腺肿块定性诊断具有明确的临床应用价值.     

二维彩色多普勒超声在甲状腺疾病诊断中的应用

目的　应用二维彩色多普勒超声分析了 98例甲状腺疾病 ,旨在提供诊断和鉴别诊断的依据。方法　清晰显示正常人和病人的甲状腺二维声像图 ,然后用彩色多普勒血流显像 (CDFI)观察血流的变化 ,脉冲多普勒引出频谱 ,测其流速和阻力指数。结果　①甲亢组显示甲状腺弥漫性肿大 ,回声增强和强弱不均。CDFI示甲状腺内血流异常丰富 ,象火海样改变。经治疗后 ,腺体内血流减少 ,但仍较正常人增多。②亚甲炎血流分布介于甲亢和结甲之间 ,结甲腺体内血流显示较少。③腺瘤组示瘤体呈高回声、低回声和高低回声不均区 ,边界清楚 ,周围多有弱回声晕 ,瘤体内可见增生、钙化、出血和囊性变。钙化呈弧形强回声 ,CDFI示瘤体周围有彩色血流环绕 ,瘤体较大时可见血管分支进入瘤体中央。④甲状腺癌组显示肿块低回声、高低不均回声区 ,边缘模糊。肿块较小时 ,内部和周边仅有少量血流显示。肿块较大时 ,血流分布增多。癌肿伴有钙化时 ,多呈粟粒状。常伴有颈部淋巴结肿大 ,有的颈部血管可扫见癌栓。结论　将病灶二维图像和血流特征等综合性指标结合起来 ,将大大提高甲状腺疾病诊断的正确性     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。