替米沙坦、安体舒通及两者合用对心肌梗死后非心力衰竭大鼠作用的对比研究

目的　评价醛固酮受体拮抗剂安体舒通和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂替米沙坦对心肌梗死 (AMI)不伴有心功能异常大鼠的作用和相关激素表达的影响。方法　SD大鼠心肌梗死模型建立 2 4h后 ,随机分为 4组 :AMI组、替米沙坦组 (10mg·kg-1·d-1)、安体舒通组 (2 0mg·kg-1·d-1)和合用组 ,并以假手术组为对照。 6w后 ,心脏超声、血流动力学、形态学检测心功能和心室重塑过程 ,并检测血浆、心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮和TNF -α水平。结果　各组心肌梗死面积差异没有显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ,替米沙坦组和合用组显著降低LVEDP并增加了LVESP ,安体舒通组仅仅减少了LVEDP ,各组CVF表达均显著下降 (P <0 0 5 ,0 0 1) ,合用组没有进一步的下降。AMI组心肌醛固酮和AngⅡ表达分别增加 3 3和 2 1倍 ,替米沙坦组和合用组表达显著下降 ,(P <0 0 5 ,0 0 1)。结论　AMI后组织特异性的激活RAS系统 ,替米沙坦干预可以改善心室重塑 ,抑制心肌RAS的表达 ,与安体舒通合用没有协同作用。     

卡维地洛、福辛普利及其合用对急性心肌梗死大鼠左室重塑的影响

本研究通过卡维地洛、福辛普利单剂治疗与联合应用对大鼠急性心肌梗死 (AMI)左室重塑作用的比较探讨二者联合应用对防治AMI左室重塑的影响。1 材料与方法 :取体重 ( 2 2 0± 2 0 )g的Wistar雄性大鼠(第三军医大学动物中心提供 ) ,采用Pfeffer等的手术方法 ,在乙醚麻醉下 ,结扎冠状动脉左前降支 ,同时设立假手术组。术后 2 4h将存活大鼠随机分为 :⑴AMI对照组 (n =10 ) ;⑵卡维地洛组 ( 1mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 ,n =10 ) ;⑶福辛普利组 ( 10mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 ,n =10 ) ;⑷二药合用组 (卡维地洛 1mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 ,福辛普利 10mg·kg- 1 ·d-…     

氯沙坦或卡托普利对自发性高血压大鼠心脏纤维化的干预研究

目的　探讨在不同水平阻断肾素 -血管紧张素系统 (RAS)对高血压心肌纤维化的影响。方法　 2 9只自发性高血压大鼠 (SHR)随机分成 (1)SHR对照组 (n =15 ) ;(2 )氯沙坦组 (n =7,30mg·kg-1·d-1) ;(3)卡托普利组 (n =7,10 0mg·kg-1·d-1) ;(4)WKY(n =12 )为非高血压组。治疗组每日灌胃给药 ,对照组蒸馏水灌胃 15周后 ,获取标本。结果　 1.SHR心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngⅡ )和醛固酮 (Ald)浓度、羟脯氨酸和Ⅰ /Ⅲ型胶原比值较同龄WKY大鼠明显增高 (P <0 0 1) ,而心肌胶原单体 /二聚体 (α/ β)比值和基质金属蛋白酶 - 1(MMPs- 1)活力降低 (P <0 0 1) ,且随病程而进一步升高或降低。 2 .经氯沙坦或卡托普利干预后 ,心肌AngⅡ、Ald浓度、心肌羟脯氨酸和Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原比值有不同程度的降低 (P <0 0 1) ,而心肌胶原单体 /二聚体 (α/ β)比值和MMPs- 1活性升高 (P <0 0 1) ,逆转了心肌纤维化。3.氯沙坦在改善胶原表型、胶原可溶性及提高MMPs- 1活性优于卡托普利。结论　不同水平阻断肾素血管紧张素系统对纤维化逆转不仅减少胶原含量 ,还改善表型和交联的异常     

氯沙坦、依那普利及其合用对腹主动脉缩窄型高血压大鼠的影响

目的　探讨依那普利、氯沙坦及其合用对腹主动脉缩窄型高血压大鼠血压、心肌肥厚程度和心肌组织丝裂原活化蛋白激酶 (MAPK)的活性及表达的影响。方法　采用腹主动脉缩窄型高血压大鼠模型 ,然后将动物随机分为 7组 (n均 =6 )。分别为氯沙坦 (10 mg· kg- 1 · d- 1 )组 ,氯沙坦 (30 mg· kg- 1 · d- 1 )组 ,依那普利 (4mg· kg- 1 · d- 1 )组 ,依那普利 (12 mg· kg- 1· d- 1 )组 ,依那普利合用氯沙坦 (4m g· kg- 1· d- 1和 10 m g· kg- 1· d- 1 )组和安慰剂组。以假手术组作对照。给药 5周后测定左心室重量与体重比值、平滑肌肌动蛋白表达和 MAPK蛋白表达变化。结果　与假手术组比较 ,大鼠腹主动脉缩窄术后 6周血压明显升高 ,心肌组织发生明显肥厚 ,平滑肌肌动蛋白和 MAPK蛋白表达增高 (P<0 .0 1)。与安慰剂组比较 ,氯沙坦、依那普利及其合用可降低平均动脉血压 ,减轻心肌肥厚 ,同时降低平滑肌肌动蛋白和 MAPK蛋白表达 (P<0 .0 1) ,且氯沙坦、依那普利的作用呈剂量依赖性。与单用氯沙坦或依那普利比较 ,氯沙坦和依那普利合用可进一步降低平均动脉血压、减轻心肌肥厚和 MAPK蛋白表达 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　 MAPK是介导高血压心肌肥厚的重要信号分子。氯沙坦、依那普利均能减轻心肌肥厚和 MAPK蛋白?     

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活型受体α和γ配体对左心室压力超负荷大鼠心肌胶原重塑的影响

目的探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活型受体a和γ(PPARα和PPARγ)的配体非诺贝特、吡格列酮对左心室压力超负荷大鼠左心室肥厚过程中心肌胶原重塑的影响.方法雄性Wistar大鼠腹主动脉缩窄复制压力超负荷模型,术后48 h存活的40只随机分为手术组(CAA组)、非诺贝特组(F组,非诺贝特30 mg·kg-1·d-1)、吡格列酮组(P组,吡格列酮3 mg·kg-1·d-1)及非诺贝特和吡格列酮合用组(F加P组,非诺贝特30 mg·kg-l·d-1和吡格列酮3 mg·kg-1·d-1).以假手术组(SH组)为对照,在给药处理8周后观察左室质量指数(LVMI)以及心肌胶原容积分数(CVF),并采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测左心室心肌Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原mRNA的表达水平.结果与SH组比较,CAA组的LVMI、CVF及Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原mRNA表达均明显增高(P＜0.05),F组、P组及F加P组的上述指标低于CAA组(P＜0.05);F组、P组及F加P组间各指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论PPARα和γ信号通路激活能抑制压力超负荷大鼠的心肌胶原重塑.     

基质金属蛋白酶对大鼠心肌梗死后心室重塑的影响

目的　探讨大鼠心肌梗死后心肌间质基质金属蛋白酶 (MMPs)活性和心室重塑的关系及药物氯沙坦干预的影响。方法　Sprague Dawley(SD)大鼠 82只 ,随机分为对照组 (n =10 )、心肌梗死组 (MI组 ,n =36 )和氯沙坦组 (n =36 )。氯沙坦组予氯沙坦 5 0mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃 ,第 2周开始与MI组予异丙肾上腺素。酶谱法测定各组不同时间MMPs活性 ,氯胺T法测定胶原含量 ,免疫组化法测定I/III胶原比例 ,电镜观察心肌超微结构。结果　心肌梗死组MMP 2、MMP 9活性在各周时间点明显升高 ,胶原含量和I/III胶原比例随后升高。而氯沙坦组MMPs活性、胶原含量和I/III胶原比例较MI组显著降低。结论　大鼠心梗后间质内MMPs活性升高 ,继发胶原含量增加 ,I/III胶原比例升高 ,是心室重塑的重要原因。氯沙坦对MMPs活性的影响可能是其干预心梗后心室重塑的机制之一。     

缬沙坦对大鼠急性心肌梗死后左室重塑的影响

目的研究缬沙坦对大鼠急性心肌梗死(AMI)后左室重塑的影响。方法将冠脉结扎术后24 h的SD大鼠随机分为心梗组、缬沙坦小剂量组(10 mg·kg-1·d-1)和缬沙坦大剂量组 (30 mg·kg-1·d-1)组,另设假手术组。灌胃给药四周后测定以下指标:(1)左心功能;(2)体重 (BW)、左心室重量(LVM)及左室重量指数(LVMI);(3)心肌梗死面积;(4)左室非梗死区胶原容积分数(CVF。)。结果各心梗组间的心肌梗死面积无显著差别(P>0．05)。与假手术组相比,心梗组左室舒张末压(LVEDP)、INM、LVMI及CVF明显增大,左室收缩压(LVSP)和心室内压最大变化速率 (±dp／dtmax)明显降低(P均<0．01)。与心梗组相比,大剂量缬沙坦可使LVEDP明显降低,±dp／ dtmax明显升高(P<0．01),小剂量缬沙坦对心梗大鼠心功能影响不明显。两种剂量缬沙坦都可明显降低心梗大鼠LVM、LVMI及左室非梗死区CVF,且大剂量缬沙坦较小剂量更显著。结论缬沙坦能够抑制大鼠AMI后的左室肥厚及非梗死区胶原沉积,改善AMI后的左室重塑。     

缬沙坦、苯那普利对自发性高血压大鼠心脏和肾脏AT1受体、AT2受体表达的影响

目的 观察缬沙坦、苯那普利对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心脏和肾脏AT1受体(AT1R),AT2受体(AT2R)表达的影响.方法 12周龄雄性SHR 24只,随机分为空白对照组(蒸馏水灌胃,SHRc)、苯那普利组(10 mg·kg-1·d-1,SHRb)、小剂量缬沙坦组(10 mg·kg-1·d-1,SHRsv)和大剂量缬沙坦组(30 mg·kg-1·d-1,SHmv),每组6只.采用免疫组织化学方法.结果 苯那普利、缬沙坦干预明显降低SHR的血压、心体比和LVMT(P＜0.05),苯那普利干预3个月后SHR心脏、肾脏AT1R的表达均有轻度下降,但不如缬沙坦组明显,其中sHRlv组更显著,缬沙坦干预3个月后明显提高了AT2R在SHR心脏、肾脏中的表达水平(P＜0.05),SHRlv组较sHRsv组更显著,sHRb组无明显改变.结论 苯那普利治疗可下调SHR心脏和肾脏AT1R的表达水平,而对AT2R的表达无明显影响.缬沙坦治疗降低了上述器官组织中AT1R的表达水平,增加了ARR的表达水平,且AT2R表达的上调与血压下降及靶器官保护有关.     

卡维地洛和美托洛尔对大鼠急性心肌梗死后胶原重构影响的对比研究

目的　对比研究非选择性 β受体阻滞剂卡维地洛及选择性 β1 受体阻滞剂美托洛尔对大鼠心肌梗死后胶原的影响 ,以了解卡维地洛改善心室重构及心功能的机制。方法　将梗死后 4 8h存活大鼠分为心肌梗死对照组、美托洛尔组 (15mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 )、低剂量卡维地洛组 (1mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 )和高剂量卡维地洛组 (10mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 )。另设假手术组。给药 6周后 ,测量血流动力学参数及心功能。取血测量血浆内皮素及血管紧张素Ⅱ。测量心肌梗死区及非梗死区的总间质胶原容积分数 (ICVF)及Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的ICVF。结果　美托洛尔及卡维地洛均可减低左心室舒张末压、增加左心室内压最大上升和下降速率 ,以高剂量卡维地洛组效果最好。与心肌梗死对照组比较 ,高剂量的卡维地洛可减轻心肌非梗死区尤其是右心室的ICVF及Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的ICVF。低剂量卡维地洛及美托洛尔对间质胶原影响不明显。结论　卡维地洛可抑制非梗死区胶原增生 ,减少心肌纤维化 ,而美托洛尔无此作用。卡维地洛对心肌纤维化的抑制可能较美托洛尔能更好地改善心肌梗死后心室重构及心功能     

辛伐他汀对心肌梗死大鼠Smad7表达与心室重塑影响

目的:探讨辛伐他汀对大鼠心肌梗死(MI)后心室重构的作用及对心肌Smad7表达的影响.方法:建立大鼠MI模型,24 h后存活大鼠随机分成MI组(n=9)、辛伐他汀20 mg组(20 mg·kg-1·d-1,Sim2组, n=10)和40 mg组(40 mg·kg-1·d-1, Sim4组, n=9), 另设假手术组(Sham组, n=10).4周后观察血脂水平、心室重量指数、天狼猩红染色分析左室非梗死区胶原容积分数、苏木精-伊红染色及电镜观察心肌组织病理改变,并用免疫组化染色和RT-PCR检测Smad7在非梗死区的表达.结果:各组血脂水平差异无统计学意义, MI组左心室重量指数增加, 非梗死区Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型胶原容积分数及Ⅰ/Ⅲ比值均增加.与MI组相比,Sim组左室重量指数降低, 非梗死区Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型胶原容积分数及Ⅰ/Ⅲ比值下降, 但仍高于Sham组, 心肌组织病理结构改善.与MI组比较, Sim组Smad7表达增加.结论:辛伐他汀能有效地减轻MI后的心肌损伤和纤维化重构, 其机制与其调脂作用无关, 可能与促进Smad7的表达有关.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.