侧块螺钉置入治疗颈椎骨折对颈椎曲度的影响★

目的：恢复颈椎的生理曲度对维持颈椎的远期稳定性及恢复颈椎本身的生物力学环境有重要意义。将侧块螺钉内固定系统应用于颈椎骨折，探讨其对颈椎曲度的远期影响。 方法：①回顾分析河北医科大学第三医院脊柱外科于2002-06/2004-08应用后路侧块螺钉置入治疗颈椎骨折不稳或骨折脱位的78例患者。78例患者中67例（85.9%）获得随访。其中1个节段固定9例，2个节段固定14例，3个节段固定25例，4个节段固定14例，5个节段固定5例。②固定材料：Sofamor公司的Axis颈椎后路固定系统。板及螺钉为钛合金材料，具有MRI兼容性。钛板按孔径分为11、13和15 mm 3种不同规格。螺钉分松质骨螺钉和皮质骨螺钉。松质骨螺钉有直径3.5 mm和4.0 mm、长度 6~24 mm两种规格，皮质骨螺钉直径4.0 mm、长度26~54 mm。③患者分别在术后3个月、12个月、24个月进行随访，每一次随访均拍颈椎正、侧位X射线片，部分患者行颈椎动力位X射线检查，分析患者颈椎生理曲度的改变情况。 结果：①颈椎生理曲度：67例中有65例从术后到随访结束时生理曲度的改变平均为 2°( 0°~6°)。有2例术后3个月固定失败，生理曲度丢失。②并发症：5例患者术后有并发症，其中1例单侧C5神经根损伤（患者是屈曲牵张损伤），3例患者伤口浅表感染，1例糖尿病患者深部伤口感染。③材料与组织的生物相容性反应：术中所用材料均为钛合金体内植入物，与人体组织的生物相容性好，到随访结束时，无血液、免疫、组织等反应，无囊膜形成及细胞质的转变；亦无钛合金腐蚀、磨损等材料反应的发生。 结论：颈椎外伤患者应用后路侧块螺钉可以有效矫正并保持颈椎的生理曲度，并发症少。     

一期前后路联合手术治疗多节段颈椎间盘突出合并后纵韧带骨化症

背景：多节段颈椎间盘突出合并后纵韧带骨化症会对患者产生严重的脊髓损伤,手术治疗方案目前仍存在争议。采取一期前后路的手术方式治疗能否达到满意效果尚不清楚。 目的：观察采取一期前后路联合手术治疗多节段颈椎间盘突出合并后纵韧带骨化症的临床疗效。 方法：选择武汉同济医院骨科收治的颈椎多节段颈椎间盘突出合并后纵韧带骨化症患者17例,男11例,女6例,年龄42~74岁,平均51.5岁;均采用一期前后路联合手术治疗。术前X射线,CT或MRI检查提示颈椎被多个节段的颈椎间盘突出和骨化的后纵韧带压迫。术后定期复查X射线观察融合率和稳定性及并发症发生情况。 结果与结论：术后伤口均一期愈合情况,全体病例术后随访6~36个月,平均24.5个月。JOA术后6个月评分为(12.88±2.47)分,较术前(6.41±1.28)分明显提高(P < 0.05)。JOA评分改善率为：优5例,良7例,可4例,优良率71%。全体病例植骨在三四个月后均获得融合,颈椎间隙高度及生理曲度恢复满意,未出现内固定断裂、松动及脱出等并发症。提示对于治疗多节段颈椎间盘突出合并后纵韧带骨化症,一期前后路联合手术能早期彻底地减压并重建脊柱的即刻稳定性,是安全有效的手术方式。     

不同椎间植入物内固定方式治疗长节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的比较

背景：颈椎长节段后纵韧带骨化症的治疗方法目前各界尚存争议,无指导性的标准方案。 目的：对比分析不同路径椎间植入物内固定治疗长节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的效果。 方法：随访35例长节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症伴重度脊髓型颈椎病患者,前路内固定组10例患者采用颈前路椎体次全切、骨化灶切除或部分切除、椎间植骨融合内固定;后路内固定组16例患者采用颈后路单开门减压椎管成形、椎体侧块内固定;后路无内固定组9例患者采用后路单开门减压椎管成形。 结果与结论：患者均获随访,随访时间为6~24个月。治疗后12个月JOA评分改善率前路内固定组、后路内固定组、后路无内固定组分别为79.59%,83.01%及60.35%。治疗后前路内固定组1例患者并发脑脊液漏;后路无内固定组3例患者治疗后症状改善不明显;后路内固定组治疗效果好,无并发症。表明后路椎管成形经椎弓根钉内固定治疗长节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症具有减压完全、安全有效、长期效果佳的特点,是治疗该病的一种较好方法。     

不同手术方式治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的疗效观察

目的探讨不同手术方式对多节段脊髓型颈椎病的治疗效果。方法选取因多节段脊髓型颈椎病在我院行首次颈椎后路手术的84例患者为研究对象。根据手术方式的不同分为3组,A组行颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术,B组行颈椎后路全椎板切除术,C组行颈椎后路全椎板切除侧块螺钉内固定术,比较3种手术方式患者术前、术后JOA评分、VAS评分,分析颈椎后路3种手术方式对多节段脊髓型颈椎病的临床疗效。结果 3组术后3个月、末次随访JOA评分与术前相比,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);术后3个月神经功能改善组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);末次随访神经功能改善组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。3组术后3个月、末次随访VAS评分与术前相比,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);术后3个月VAS评分组间相比,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);末次随访VAS评分组间相比,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术、颈椎后路全椎板切除术、颈椎后路全椎板切除侧块螺钉内固定术等3种术式治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病短期预后较好,但颈椎后路全椎板切除侧块螺钉内固定术在远期改善患者神经功能、降低颈肩痛的发生风险方面具有显著优势,是颈椎后路治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病理想的手术方式。     

多节段脊髓型颈椎病后路显微减压及融合术的疗效观察

目的 探讨多节段脊髓型颈椎病（CSM）后路显微减压及内固定融合术的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2014年3月至2017年12月采用后路减压并内固定植骨融合术治疗的32例多节段CSM的临床资料。结果 术后随访3~12个月,平均（28.7±8.2）个月。术后3个月[（14.76±2.4）分]、术后6个月[（15.3 ±2.1）分]、术后12个月[（15.48±2.3）分]改良日本骨科协会量表评分较术前[（11.24±2.8）分]均显著改善（P<0.05）。32例术后均复查颈椎CT和MRI平扫,显示置钉位置满意,脊髓减压良好,减压上下缘无明显压迫点。32例中,仅1例术中出现大出血,出血量约为3 000 ml;其余31例失血量不超过200 ml。术后出现C5神经根麻痹1例,3个月后症状好转;出现轴性疼痛、肌肉间隙积液各1例。结论 后路长节段显微减压术是治疗多节段CSM的有效方式,规范手术操作有利于减少并发症。     

不稳定Hangman骨折颈椎前后路融合金属植入物内固定方式的对比

背景：对于Hangman骨折,采用颈前路融合钢板置入内固定和后路C2椎弓根、C3侧块钉棒置入内固定,目前存在争议。 目的：比较颈前路融合钢板置入内固定和后路C2椎弓根、C3侧块钉棒置入内固定治疗Hangman骨折的临床效果。 方法：将26例Hangman骨折患者按随机数字表法分为2组,分别行颈前路减压植骨钛合金钢板置入内固定与后路C2椎弓根、C3侧块钉棒置入内固定治疗。 结果与结论：与后路C2椎弓根、C3侧块钉棒置入内固定治疗比较,颈前路减压植骨钛合金钢板置入内固定治疗手术时间更短,术中出血与术后引流量更少(P < 0.05)。两组术中、术后并发症差异无显著性意义。提示与颈椎后路手术内固定相比,颈椎前路融合植入物内固定手术治疗Hangman骨折手术时间短,术中出血量少,术后颈椎功能恢复良好。     

无神经症状单节段胸腰椎爆裂型骨折行后路短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定置入186例

背景：胸腰椎骨折治疗方法众多,但是对于无神经症状的爆裂型骨折,采用简单的手术方法治疗,是否在减少创伤的同时能够取得较好的疗效,从而避免手术的扩大化尚不清楚。 目的：观察采用单纯后路短节段椎弓根螺钉系统置入治疗无神经症状的单节段胸腰椎爆裂型骨折的疗效。 方法：选择2003-09/2008-01苏州大学附属第一医院骨科收治的无神经症状单节段胸腰椎爆裂型骨折患者186例,男152例,女34例,年龄18~65岁。均采用单纯后路短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定置入治疗,椎管内骨块占位采用间接复位。于置入前、置入后及置入后1年余取内固定前摄以伤椎为中心的X射线正侧位片和CT,对X射线平片和CT进行测量,统计伤椎前缘高度、伤椎横截面积内骨块的占有率。 结果与结论：伤椎前缘置入前高度平均为正常的42%,术后为98%,内固定取出术前伤椎前缘高度为正常高度的98%。伤椎横截面积内骨块占有率,术前平均为34%,术后平均为13%,内固定取出术前为8%。提示应用后路短节段椎弓根螺钉系统治疗无神经症状的胸腰椎爆裂型骨折,能够提供脊柱足够的稳定性,有效恢复椎体高度、生理弧度和椎管容积。     

Bryan人工颈椎间盘置换治疗脊髓型颈椎病8例

回顾性分析2007-05/2008-07南通大学第二附属医院脊柱外科和上海长征医院骨科收治的脊髓型颈椎病患者8例,男2例,女6例;年龄36~58岁,病程8~24个月;病变节段：均为单节段,C4~5 5例,C5~6 3例。全部患者均采用Bryan人工颈椎间盘置换,置换后3个月行JOA评分,摄置换节段前屈后伸位、左右侧屈位X射线平片,观察假体置入后的稳定性及置换颈椎节段的活动度。结果显示置换过程中和置换后未出现神经和血管损伤的并发症,平均置换时间135 min。8例患者均进行门诊随访,随访时间3~13个月,所有患者置换后症状明显缓解。JOA评分由置换前平均8.9分(6~12分)增加到置换后第3个月平均15.2分(12~17分)。置换后3个月置换节段前屈后伸活动范围平均5.3°(4.3°~6.1°);左右侧屈活动范围分别为平均3.4°(2.8°~4.3°)和3.5°(2.9°~4.3°)。假体无偏移或下沉。末次随访未发现置换节段异位骨化、假体松动、下沉或颈椎生理曲度的改变。提示Bryan人工椎间盘置换治疗脊髓型颈椎病近期临床效果良好,能维持颈椎正常的活动范围和生理曲度。     

单侧椎弓根螺钉置入并椎间融合对邻近椎间盘节段退变的影响

背景：坚强内固定和良好融合存在严重缺陷和不足。目前还未见临床应用单侧椎弓根螺钉固定结合椎间cage植骨融合治疗腰椎退变性疾病对邻近节段退变影响的相关报道。 目的：回顾分析单侧椎弓根螺钉固定结合椎间cage植骨融合治疗部分腰椎退变性疾病后对固定融合邻近上下节段退变的影响。 方法：2006-03/2009-12对收治的部分腰椎管狭窄症、腰椎失稳及腰椎间盘脱出症患者22例,进行了单侧椎弓根螺钉固定加椎间cage植骨融合,术中不显露对侧。在固定融合后3,6,12,20个月及取出内固定钉棒后3,6个月,随访X射线片及MRI。针对X射线片运用角平分线法测量固定融合邻近上位椎间隙高度变化,MRI测量椎间盘髓核退变情况。 结果与结论：所有病例获得随访,患者椎管狭窄症状及神经根性症状消失,并且在随访期间内没有新的临床症状出现。固定融合前、固定融合后3,6,12,20个月邻近节段上位椎间隙高度分别为(7.420±0.035 4),(7.426 6±0.036 9),(7.453 3±0.036 9),(7.516 6±0.036 9),(7.430 8±0.036 9) mm,结果表明,腰椎单侧固定融合后邻近节段椎间隙高度无明显变化(P > 0.05)。MRI测量结果显示,固定融合邻近上位椎间盘髓核信号在T2加权像无明显退变。提示单侧椎弓根螺钉固定结合椎间融合治疗部分腰椎退变性疾病能有效预防固定融合邻近上下节段退变。     

椎弓根螺钉置入内固定与单纯椎管减压治疗退行性腰椎滑脱的比较

背景：随着脊柱内固定和脊柱融合技术的发展,脊柱融合已成为腰椎退行性滑脱症毫无争议的“金标准”。同时,邻近节段退行性变的问题引起人们越来越多的关注。 目的：观察椎弓根螺钉内固定置入植骨融合治疗退行性腰椎滑脱的临床疗效、手术节段稳定性及其对相邻节段的影响,并与单纯椎管加压进行对比。 方法：选择天津医科大学总医院骨科收治的退行性腰椎滑脱患者38例,排除失访3例,余35例中采用椎弓根固定后外侧融合21例,单纯椎管减压14例。单纯椎管加压组用咬骨钳咬除黄韧带和椎板解除神经根后方的压迫,用骨凿凿除向前滑脱的椎体后缘与下位相邻椎体后缘形成的相对性突起;椎弓根螺钉固定植骨融合组按Wein-stein 法定位椎弓根钉进针,拧入椎弓根螺钉,根据受压情况进行椎板减压。按Oswestry功能障碍指数综合评价临床疗效,观察过伸、过屈位时的水平位移及角移位,采用UCLA系统来评价邻近节段退变情况。 结果与结论：35例患者随访时间1年。椎弓根螺钉固定植骨融合组优良率显著高于单纯椎管加压组(P < 0.05)。椎弓根螺钉固定植骨融合对腰椎稳定性影响不大,邻近节段退变置入前和置入后1年无明显变化。单纯椎管加压对腰椎稳定性影响显著,同时治疗前和治疗后1年邻近节段退变无明显变化。提示椎弓根螺钉内固定置入植骨融合治疗退行性腰椎滑脱疗效满意,对腰椎稳定性影响小,并且置入后早期对椎间盘的邻近节段影响不大。     

Surgery for dural ossification in association with cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament via an anterior approach

STUDY DESIGN: Direct removal of an ossified mass via an anterior approach carries good decompression, to one- or two-level ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) of the cervical spine. Ossification occasionally involves not only the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) but also the underlying dura mater. Defect of the dura mater by resection of the dural ossification (DO) can cause cerebrospinal fluid leakage or neural injury. The technique of resection of OPLL with floating of DO provides satisfactory decompression and avoids dural defect or neural injury in OPLL associated with DO. METHODS: Four patients developed cervical myelopathy. Radiological examination revealed cord compression due to OPLL associated with DO. RESULTS: All patients underwent anterior procedures. After the necessary discectomies and corpectomies, OPLL was resected using a high-speed drill with a 4-mm steel burr and then with a 4-mm diamond burr. When the OPLL became paper-thin, it was separated from the dura mater using a microdissector and a Kerrison rongeur. There was a thin layer of the nonossified degenerated PLL between the residual OPLL and DO. Meticulous dissection of the residual OPLL over the DO was performed without removing the DO at this layer. Fixation was performed with a titanium cylindrical cage. CONCLUSION: This technical note describes the successful decompression of the spinal cord by removing OPLL only, and avoidance of dural defect or neural injury in cases of OPLL associated with DO.     

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤3种金属置入物疗效观察

背景：近年来,随着解剖学、影像学、外科技术的发展及国内外学者研究的深入,无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的相关治疗取得了长足进步。 目的：观察前路重建脊柱稳定、后路减压+侧块固定、前路重建脊柱稳定+后路减压治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的效果。 方法：回顾性分析2003-10/2005-12解放军广州军区广州总医院脊柱外科收治的无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤患者27例,男22例,女5例,均伤后7 d内入院,并行手术治疗。根据患者的损伤情况采用3种方式,前路减压重建脊柱稳定,后路单开门+侧块固定,前路重建脊柱稳定+后路减压。疗效评价标准采用Frankel分级及JOA评分计算改善率。 结果与结论：全部患者均获得随访,随访时间6~33个月,平均18个月。影像学复查提示减压充分,内固定固定良好,未见松动滑脱、断裂等现象,融合节段1年后均获得良好骨性融合。27例患者出院时神经系统症状均有不同程度改善。除1例Frankel A级患者无明显恢复外,其余均恢复1~4级。置入后JOA评分较置入前有明显改善,其中前路减压重建脊柱稳定组改善率为50%,后路单开门+侧块固定组改善率为53%,前路重建脊柱稳定+后路减压组改善率为51%。所有病例置入中未出现血管、神经损伤等并发症,随访中亦无并发症发生。提示根据无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的不同特点,采取合理方式,可获得较好疗效。     

解剖及CT三维重建模拟条件下的颈椎管前方单开门扩大术：设计与可行性

背景：对来源于脊髓前方压迫重、压迫节段长的颈椎病,从前侧入路对脊髓直接减压,手术效果确切,但手术风险大、难度高临床往往采用颈后入路。目前文献检索,在国内外尚未发现关于颈椎管前路入路单开门式椎管扩大成形的相关文献报道。 目的：设计椎管前方单开门扩大减压术并分析该方案的解剖学基础。 方法：选20具人颈椎C3~7干燥标本,共100个椎体,用卡尺测量每一椎体的钩突尖与横突孔内侧壁间距、双侧钩突尖间距及椎体矢状径。另选用3具经甲醛浸泡的成人尸体标本,模拟手术操作并用德国西门子公司seneation10 CT进行螺旋扫描观察。椎体前侧开槽,保留椎体后壁,用自制起重式拉勾缓慢将三边开槽的椎体后壁边分离并吊起,切除椎体后壁和后纵韧带,后纵韧带与硬脊膜粘连严重不能分离者,在椎体后壁术侧边缘打孔用丝线固定于非术侧椎体上。 结果与结论：尸体标本模拟手术操作进行顺利,螺旋CT扫描示骨窗减压好。测量结果显示,钩突尖与椎动脉孔间距、钩突尖间距、椎体矢状径从C3~7逐渐增大,分别为(3.0±0.2)~(3.9±0.5) mm,(20.2±1.9)~(26.3±1.7) mm,(14.2±1.3)~(17.4±1.9) mm。提示颈椎管前方单开门扩大减压是治疗严重的来自颈脊髓前方的致压物如后纵韧带骨化、骨质增生、骨化的椎间盘等颈椎病安全、可行、有效的方案。     

Combined upper cervical canal stenosis and cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament resulting in myelopathy: A case series and literature review

Combined upper cervical canal stenosis and cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is an under-recognized disorder. The objective of the present study was to investigate the radiological manifestations and surgical outcomes of this disease combination. Between May 2011 and July 2014, we studied the radiological manifestations of 18 cases of combined upper cervical canal stenosis and cervical OPLL. Appropriate decompression procedures were performed and the clinical outcomes were evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS) and the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scoring system. Radiological outcomes, including the space available for the spinal cord (SAC) at the cephalad-adjacent level, occupying ratio of OPLL, and cervical sagittal alignment, were measured. We found that the etiologies of upper cervical canal stenosis included craniovertebral junction deformity, atlantoaxial subluxation, and OPLL extending to the C2 level. The radiological features of OPLL varied. Postoperatively, all patients showed evidence of improvement in their VAS and JOA scores. The radiological results were satisfactory in terms of the SAC at the cephalad-adjacent level, occupying ratio of OPLL, and cervical alignment. We found that the radiological manifestations of combined upper cervical canal stenosis and cervical OPLL varied among patients. Satisfactory results can be achieved by applying appropriate decompression techniques.     

Extensive cervical laminoplasty for patients with long segment OPLL in the cervical spine: an alternative to the anterior approach.

We investigated treatment of long segment cervical OPLL by posterior decompression using a laminoplasty technique. Our aim was to both decompress the spinal cord and also to preserve neck motion. There were 38 patients treated by this posterior approach. Twenty-eight patients underwent C1-C7 expanding laminoplasty, 4 patients underwent C1-T1 expanding laminoplasty, and 6 patients C2-C7 expanding laminoplasty. The transverse width of the open-door laminoplasty was sufficient to achieve decompression of not only the spinal cord but also the nerve root outlets at each laminoplasty level. There were no complications related to this surgical technique, nor late deterioration in the mean follow up period of 4. 5 years. We propose expanding laminoplasty as an important option for the treatment of long segment cervical OPLL.     

颈椎侧块钢板在颈椎管内外肿瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨颈椎管内外肿瘤手术中应用颈椎侧块钢板内固定重建颈椎稳定性的疗效。方法手术治疗颈椎管内外肿瘤2l例(神经鞘瘤12例，脊膜瘤5例，神经纤维瘤4例)，20例在切除肿瘤后应用颈椎侧块钢板内固定及同种异体骨移植，1例未行固定及植骨。结果本组21例均后路一次手术完全切除肿瘤，平均随访13月(3～38月)，肿瘤无复发；术后脊髓损伤无加重，随访ASIA分级提高1～3级．无血管、神经并发损伤；无内固定断裂、松动、移位，固定效果满意，相应植骨部位均形成骨性融合。结论切除颈椎管内外肿瘤后用颈椎侧块钢板内固定可保持颈椎的稳定性。     

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine

Although ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) of the cervical spine is an uncommon condition, its strong prevalence among the Japanese and non-Japanese Asians is well known. Genetic predisposition coupled with ageing and an imbalance in bone-seeking hormones are some actiological factors postulated in recent years. Imaging is directed at showing the calcified mass, cord compression and any attendant damage, as the latter are important prognostic factors. We describe 6 cases of OPLL of the cervical spine seen at Westmead Hospital between 1979 and 1994. Of the 4 patients presenting with disabling compressive myelopathy, 3 made significant recovery following surgical decompression. Characteristic plain film features manifesting as a dense calcified linear structure along the course of the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) were present in 5 patients, including 1 who was asymptomatic. Computed tomography (CT) was invaluable in demonstrating the full extent of the disease in all 5 symptomatic patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was helpful in excluding myelomalacia in 2 patients prior to successful surgery. The myelopathy caused by cervical OPLL remains rare, affecting mainly middle aged males of Asiatic and European extraction.     

Postoperative paralysis following posterior decompression with instrumented fusion for thoracic myelopathy caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament

A 60-year-old man presented with thoracic myelopathy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). His spinal cord was severely impinged anteriorly by a beak-type OPLL and posteriorly by ossification of the ligamentum flavum at T4/5. He underwent surgical posterior decompression with instrumented fusion (PDF). Immediately after surgery, he developed a Brown-Séquard-type paralysis, which spontaneously resolved without requiring the addition of OPLL extirpation. This example highlights that the risk of postoperative neurological deterioration cannot be eliminated even when PDF is selected as the surgical procedure for thoracic OPLL, especially in instances in which the spinal cord is severely compressed.