学生心理测验的评估问题

心理测验是一种心理现象数量化的心理学技术,是通过观察人的少数有代表性行为,对于贯穿在人的行为活动中的心理特征,依据确定的原则,进行的推论和数量分析。对学生进行的心理测验多是以测验作为工具的测量,较少地采用实验方法对心理现象进行观察。心理测验主要用于能力评价、人才选用、教     

项目反应理论及其在生存质量研究中的应用

一、经典测量理论的缺陷 20世纪初，Spearman发表了《认知的规律和智慧的本质》与《人类的能力》等文，提出因子分析的方法后，经典测验理论研究开始蓬勃发展。经典测验理论（classical test theory，CTT）主要指真分数理论，其基本思想是把测验的得分（通常称为测验的观察分）看作真分数和误差分数的线性组合，可归结为如下简单数学模型：X=T＋e，X是观测分数，T是真分数，e是误差分。传统信度、效度、项目分析的原理与方法均建立在这一模型之上。     

项目反应理论在医学量表测量误差估计中的应用

目的探讨项目反应理论在医学量表测量误差估计中的应用.方法以国际前列腺增生量表为实例,根据项目反应理论的方法,利用信息函数从测量值中分离出测量误差,以其3倍作为量表测量误差的上限.结果获得了治疗前后每个受试者IPSS总分的测量误差,以1.5作为IPSS总分的最大测量误差.结论项目反应理论是提取医学量表测量误差的有效方法,以其3倍作为其测量误差上限是合理的.     

项目反应理论在SF-36心理测量学特征评价中的应用

目的使用项目反应理论(item response theory,IRT)对SF-36量表进行分析,探讨更适合于量表分析的方法。方法采用横断面研究。使用SF-36量表调查526例确诊的鼻咽癌患者,使用部分评分模型对反映生理健康的21个条目进行分析:计算PSI(person separation index),估计阈值参数和生存质量,对性别、年龄、婚姻等进行项目功能差异(DIF)分析。结果 PSI=0.85,整个模型的拟合效果好;除了条目3i、3j、8的阈值参数顺序出现颠倒外,其余条目均符合理论假设;DIF分析结果显示,所有的条目都没有非一致性DIF,条目4a在性别上存在一致性DIF,条目3g、10a在病人来源上存在一致性DIF。结论 SF-36生理健康的21个条目基本满足单维性、局部独立性的要求,可以放在一起进行IRT分析。IRT能够克服等级资料的限制,能力参数与阈值参数定义在同一个标尺上,而且存在参数不变性的优点,更加适合量表的分析评价。     

心理测验在我国中学生心理健康评价中的应用现状

在一个人的成长过程中,中学阶段无疑是个人发展的一个重要且关键时期。由于处于这阶段的中学生自我调节能力和自我控制能力还不够强,在学习、社会、家庭等各方面的压力下容易产生不良情绪而影响心理健康。这不仅对中学生的身体健康有重要的制约作用,而且对他们个性和智力发展都有一定的影响。国内外许多研究结果表明,有10%~30%的中学生存在各种不同程度的心理健康问题。*心理测验是测量心理特性的工具,是心理学工作者按照一定的系统程序,给人的心理特性以数量化的过程[1]。以期客观地评价中学生心理健康问题,使开展健康教育和心理辅导更具科…     

项目反应理论的SAS软件实现

项目反应理论(item response theory,IRT)是一种可以精确测量被试能力的现代测量理论,起源于20世纪30年代末;到70年代,IRT逐渐替代了传统的经典测验理论(classical test theory,CTT),成为了测验理论的重点。IRT模型的特点是建立了项目性能、被试潜在特质水平与项目应答正确概率的关系[1-2]。与CTT相比,IRT中项目的难度、区分度和猜测度更为清晰、易懂,它将项目特性与被试水平定义在同一维度内,避免了对项目和被试的评价过分依赖抽样样本的局限性。     

项目理论及其在项目评价中的应用

文章参考国外最新有关项目理论的文献并结合作者多年来的项目评价实践体会,对项目因果理论、项目实施理论、项目理论构建以及如何用项目理论指导项目评价实践等内容进行阐述.     

改革浪潮下护生在临床实习过程中的心理反应及对策

中共十八大召开和改革浪潮再一次掀起,医疗事业改革被提上新的议程。针对医疗行业存在的问题,卫生部提出“优质护理”和”三好一满意”,为达到满意的效果,临床上引进大批”基层工作者”--护理实习生（以下简称护生）。本文为了解护生心理状况,为制定正确的临床带教对策提供依据。     

两分类项目反应理论在中医证候中的应用

目的应用项目反应理论研究中医证候量化中证候的效度并评价证候相应的两分类四诊信息的重要性。方法以1280例高血压病肝阳上亢证为例,利用单参数、双参数及三参数分别进行拟合,得到区分度系数、难度系数及信息函数的估计值。结果三个IRT模型中,两参数模型结果最佳。所筛选出的肝阳上亢证九个四诊信息的区分度均有统计学意义,测试信息函数在能力为0.6时达到最大,而且小便黄赤、面红两个指标在能力上信息量分别达到20.48%与19.82%。所筛选出的九个四诊信息能较好地反映肝阳上亢证,其中小便黄赤、面红是两个最重要的指标。结论在中医的证候规范标准研究中应用项目反应理论模型是可行的。     

客观结构式临床测验在双语教学中的应用

目的将简化的客观结构式临床测验（Objective Structured Clinical Examination,OSCE）引入临床双语教学,研究其提高双语教学效率的作用,以探讨建立一种新的双语教学模式的可行性。方法将OSCE中几种临床常见疾病的病史采集、体格检查等相关内容译成双语,以培训过的临床医师扮演标准化病人（Standardized Patients,SP）,训练学生来进行双语的病史采集和体格检查,最后对学生在规定时间内独立完成的相应项目进行评估。结果经过OSCE方式训练过的学生,能较好地运用英语进行问诊及体查。结论客观结构式临床测验对提高双语教学的效率有一定作用。     

Computerized adaptive test for patients with foot or ankle impairments produced valid and responsive measures of function

Objective  We tested the item response theory (IRT) model assumptions of the original item bank, and evaluated the practical and psychometric adequacy, of a computerized adaptive test (CAT) for patients with foot or ankle impairments seeking rehabilitation in outpatient therapy clinics. Methods  Data from 10,287 patients with foot or ankle impairments receiving outpatient physical therapy were analyzed. We first examined the unidimensionality, fit, and invariance IRT assumptions of the CAT item bank. Then we evaluated the efficiency of the CAT administration and construct validity and sensitivity of change of the foot/ankle CAT measure of lower-extremity functional status (FS). Results  Results supported unidimensionality, model fit, and invariance of item parameters and patient ability estimates. On average, the CAT used seven items to produce precise estimates of FS that adequately covered the content range with negligible floor and ceiling effects. Patients who were older, had more chronic symptoms, had more surgeries, had more comorbidities, and did not exercise prior to receiving rehabilitation reported worse discharge FS. Seventy-one percent of patients obtained statistically significant change at follow-up. Change of 8 FS units (scale 0–100) represented minimal clinically important improvement. Conclusions  We concluded that the foot/ankle item bank met IRT assumptions and that the CAT FS measure was precise, valid, and responsive, supporting its use in routine clinical application.     

Measuring global physical health in children with cerebral palsy: illustration of a multidimensional bi-factor model and computerized adaptive testing

Purpose  The purposes of this study were to apply a bi-factor model for the determination of test dimensionality and a multidimensional CAT using computer simulations of real data for the assessment of a new global physical health measure for children with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods  Parent respondents of 306 children with cerebral palsy were recruited from four pediatric rehabilitation hospitals and outpatient clinics. We compared confirmatory factor analysis results across four models: (1) one-factor unidimensional; (2) two-factor multidimensional (MIRT); (3) bi-factor MIRT with fixed slopes; and (4) bi-factor MIRT with varied slopes. We tested whether the general and content (fatigue and pain) person score estimates could discriminate across severity and types of CP, and whether score estimates from a simulated CAT were similar to estimates based on the total item bank, and whether they correlated as expected with external measures. Results  Confirmatory factor analysis suggested separate pain and fatigue sub-factors; all 37 items were retained in the analyses. From the bi-factor MIRT model with fixed slopes, the full item bank scores discriminated across levels of severity and types of CP, and compared favorably to external instruments. CAT scores based on 10- and 15-item versions accurately captured the global physical health scores. Conclusions  The bi-factor MIRT CAT application, especially the 10- and 15-item versions, yielded accurate global physical health scores that discriminated across known severity groups and types of CP, and correlated as expected with concurrent measures. The CATs have potential for collecting complex data on the physical health of children with CP in an efficient manner.     

Maintaining Content Validity in Computerized Adaptive Testing

A major advantage of using computerized adaptive testing (CAT) is improved measurement efficiency; better score reliability or mastery decisions can result from targeting item selections to the abilities of examinees. However, this type of engineering solution can result in differential content for different examinees at various levels of ability. This paper empirically demonstrates some of the trade-offs which can occur when content balancing is imposed in CAT forms or conversely, when it is ignored. That is, the content validity of a CAT form can actually change across a score scale when content balancing is ignored. On the other hand, efficiency and score precision can be severely reduced by over specifying content restrictions in a CAT form. The results from two simulation studies are presented as a means of highlighting some of the trade-offs that could occur between content and statistical considerations in CAT form assembly. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Item banking to improve, shorten and computerize self-reported fatigue: An illustration of steps to create a core item bank from the FACIT-Fatigue Scale

Fatigue is a common symptom among cancer patients and the general population. Due to its subjective nature, fatigue has been difficult to effectively and efficiently assess. Modern computerized adaptive testing (CAT) can enable precise assessment of fatigue using a small number of items from a fatigue item bank. CAT enables brief assessment by selecting questions from an item bank that provide the maximum amount of information given a person's previous responses. This article illustrates steps to prepare such an item bank, using 13 items from the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Subscale (FACIT-F) as the basis. Samples included 1022 cancer patients and 1010 people from the general population. An Item Response Theory (IRT)-based rating scale model, a polytomous extension of the Rasch dichotomous model was utilized. Nine items demonstrating acceptable psychometric properties were selected and positioned on the fatigue continuum. The fatigue levels measured by these nine items along with their response categories covered 66.8% of the general population and 82.6% of the cancer patients. Although the operational CAT algorithms to handle polytomously scored items are still in progress, we illustrated how CAT may work by using nine core items to measure level of fatigue. Using this illustration, a fatigue measure comparable to its full-length 13-item scale administration was obtained using four items. The resulting item bank can serve as a core to which will be added a psychometrically sound and operational item bank covering the entire fatigue continuum.     

基于经典测量理论与项目反应理论的消化性溃疡生命质量测定量表QLICD-PU(V2.0)条目分析

目的 运用经典测量理论与项目反应理论对消化性溃疡患者生命质量量表QLICD-PU(V2.0)的条目进行分析与评价,为量表的改进与完善提供依据。方法 应用QLICD-PU(V2.0)对170例消化性溃疡患者进行测评,采用经典测量理论中的变异度法、相关系数法、因子分析法、克朗巴赫系数法,同时应用项目反应理论中的Samejima等级反应模型计算每个条目的难度、区分度系数和信息量,来评价QLICD-PU(V2.0)量表条目的质量。结果 经典测量理论结果提示QLICD-PU(V2.0)共性模块中变异法计算在总的41个条目中条目标准差小于0.90的有7个; 在总的41个条目中有9个条目与其所在领域的相关性比较低; 项目反应理论结果显示所有条目的区分度较好,取值范围均在1.01～1.69; 在总的41个条目中33个条目的难度系数取值范围在-3.94～3.70,且随着难度等级(B1→B4)的增加呈现出单调递增的趋势; 共性模块条目的平均信息量均较好,特异模块的平均信息量不太理想。结论 QLICD-PU(V2.0)量表所有条目区分度,大部分条目的难度以及共性模块平均信息量比较好,量表具较好的信度,但仍然有部分条目有待进一步修订并验证效果。     

基于项目反应理论的中文版阿尔茨海默病生命质量量表项目功能分析

目的对中文版阿尔茨海默病(AD)生命质量量表(QOL-AD)进行项目功能分析, 以确定QOL.AD是否适用于中国大陆AD患者。方法采用分层整群抽样抽取200例AD患者;生命质量测量采用中文版QOL.AD;利用Multilog 7.03软件进行项目功能分析, 得出QOL-AD各条目的>区分度a, 难度系数b, 并确定项目特征曲线(ICC)。结果除了第1条和第7条项目的区分度<0.6外, 其余均>0.6;除了第1条和第7条项目的ICC形态不甚理想, 其他均为第-条和第四条曲线呈单调,而中间两条则呈先升后降的趋势, 并且坡度较陡。结论QOL-AD的项目功能良好, 基本适用中国大陆AD患者。     

Applications of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) to the assessment of headache impact

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) and the reliability and validity of CAT-based estimates of headache impact scores in comparison with static surveys. Methods: Responses to the 54-item Headache Impact Test (HIT) were re-analyzed for recent headache sufferers (n = 1016) who completed telephone interviews during the National Survey of Headache Impact (NSHI). Item response theory (IRT) calibrations and the computerized dynamic health assessment (DYNHA^®) software were used to simulate CAT assessments by selecting the most informative items for each person and estimating impact scores according to pre-set precision standards (CAT-HIT). Results were compared with IRT estimates based on all items (total-HIT), computerized 6-item dynamic estimates (CAT-HIT-6), and a developmental version of a static 6-item form (HIT-6-D). Analyses focused on: respondent burden (survey length and administration time), score distributions (ceiling and floor effects), reliability and standard errors, and clinical validity (diagnosis, level of severity). A random sample (n = 245) was re-assessed to test responsiveness. A second study (n = 1103) compared actual CAT surveys and an improved static HIT-6 among current headache sufferers sampled on the Internet. Respondents completed measures from the first study and the generic SF-8 Health Survey; some (n = 540) were re-tested on the Internet after 2 weeks. Results: In the first study, simulated CAT-HIT and total-HIT scores were highly correlated (r = 0.92) without ceiling or floor effects and with a substantial reduction (90.8%) in respondent burden. Six of the 54 items accounted for the great majority of item administrations (3603/5028, 77.6%). CAT-HIT reliability estimates were very high (0.975–0.992) in the range where 95% of respondents scored, and relative validity (RV) coefficients were high for diagnosis (RV = 0.87) and severity (RV = 0.89); patient-level classifications were accurate 91.3% for a diagnosis of migraine. For all three criteria of change, CAT-HIT scores were more responsive than all other measures. In the second study, estimates of respondent burden, item usage, reliability and clinical validity were replicated. The test–retest reliability of CAT-HIT was 0.79 and alternate forms coefficients ranged from 0.85 to 0.91. All correlations with the generic SF-8 were negative. Conclusions: CAT-based administrations of headache impact items achieved very large reductions in respondent burden without compromising validity for purposes of patient screening or monitoring changes in headache impact over time. IRT models and CAT-based dynamic health assessments warrant testing among patients with other conditions.