继发于后尿道瓣膜的膀胱输尿管返流

报告９例因排尿困难、反复泌尿系感染等症状，经排尿性膀胱尿道造影（ＭＣＵ）检查发现有后尿道瓣膜（ＰＵＶ）及继发性膀胱输尿管返流（ＶＵＲ）患儿，共１５侧。２例经后尿道切开电灼尿道瓣膜，术后留置尿管分别治疗２５和２８个月，现排尿通畅；７例经尿道内窥镜电灼尿道瓣膜，术后排尿均明显改善。术后１３～２８个月（平均１８个月），８例经ＭＣＵ复查，发现只有３侧较轻的返流消失、２侧减轻。认为继发于后尿道瓣膜的膀胱输尿管返流在瓣膜切除后返流仍难自愈，建议在瓣膜切除后尽早做抗返流处理。     

索利那新治疗小儿下尿路梗阻导致膀胱过度活动症一例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨索利那新治疗小儿下尿路梗阻导致OAB的有效性和安全性. 方法 2010年1月6日我院收治下尿路梗阻致OAB患儿l例,男,4岁.排尿困难、尿频、尿急、尿失禁4年.BUN 4.7 mmol/L,SCr 39.3 μmol/L.B超检查示双肾集合系统分离,肾盂前后径分别为左侧3.3 cm,右侧2.3 cm;肾实质厚度为左侧1.0cm,右侧0.4 cm;双侧输尿管内径左侧1.3 cm,右侧1.6 cm,至膀胱壁段管腔变细.IVU检查示左肾中度积水,输尿管明显增粗,迂曲扩张,输尿管末端似存在狭窄,膀胱呈高张状态.排泄性膀胱尿道造影检查示膀胱壁不光滑,密布憩室;排尿时膀胱颈部存在狭窄征像,尿道膜部似存在狭窄征像.泌尿系CT检查示双肾积水,双输尿管增粗,膀胱壁增厚,内壁不光滑;膀胱呈高张状态.核素肾动态显像检查示GFR左肾86.6 ml/min,右肾18.5 ml/min;左肾盂、肾盏排泄受阻,右肾血流灌注及肾小球功能严重受损.尿动力学检查:尿流率6.7 ml/s,储尿期可见膀胱无抑制性收缩,膀胱顺应性下降,排尿期逼尿肌压力为80 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa),呈现梗阻曲线(高压低排).入院诊断为后尿道瓣膜.在全麻下行膀胱镜后尿道瓣膜切除术,术中见后尿道自精阜远端发出瓣膜,瓣膜附着于尿道下壁,在尿道球膜部交界处分为2个帆状突起,沿尿道两侧壁走行,用电切襻切除瓣膜.术后患儿排尿通畅,术后3个月复查B超示肾和输尿管积水无改善,于全麻下行膀胱穿刺造瘘术.造瘘术后6个月,复查B超示肾盂前后径为左侧3.2 cm,右侧2.0 cm;输尿管全程扩张,左侧1.3 cm,右侧1.4 cm.加用索利那新(5 mg/片),1/3片,约1.7 mg,每天1次. 结果 服药1个月后复查B超示输尿管由全程扩张改善为上段扩张;服药2个月后复查B超示肾盂前后径为左侧1.1 cm,右侧1.0 cm;双侧输尿管扩张消失.随访至今共服药13个月,无口干、便秘、视物迷糊等不良反应. 结论 外科治疗后加用索利那新,能够安全有效地减轻下尿路梗阻致OAB患儿的上尿路积水,有利于保护肾功能.     

小儿下尿路梗阻的腔内治疗(附7例报告)

小儿下尿路梗阻以外伤性尿道狭窄后尿道瓣膜比较常见 ,传统的开放性手术方法存在操作困难、创伤大、手术时间长及术后并发症多等不足。本院 1 998年始采用内窥镜经尿道治疗外伤性尿道狭窄及后尿道瓣膜共 7例 ,效果满意 ,现报告如下。1　资料与方法1 .1 　 临床资料本组共 7例 ,均为男性。外伤性尿道狭窄 4例 ,其中 1例并发尿道球部狭窄 ;年龄 7～ 1 4岁 ,平均 8.6岁 ,逆行尿道膀胱造影显示狭窄长度平均 1 .2ｃｍ。后尿道瓣膜 3例 ,年龄 9个月～ 3岁 ,平均 1 .9岁 ,均排尿费力、尿滴沥不成线 ,入院检查Ｂ超提示双肾输尿管扩张、尿潴留。肾功…     

经尿道膀胱镜钬激光治疗小儿尿道瓣膜症

目的探讨经尿道膀胱镜钬激光治疗小儿尿道瓣膜症的疗效。方法 2011年5月~2015年5月采用经尿道膀胱镜钬激光治疗4例前尿道瓣膜症和17例后尿道瓣膜症,行排尿性膀胱尿道造影确定尿道瓣膜位置,F_6~F_8膀胱镜下200μm钬激光切开尿道瓣膜,激光频率10~16 Hz,能量0.6~0.8 J。结果 4例前尿道瓣膜症患儿术后排尿困难、泌尿系感染及膀胱输尿管反流均消失;17例后尿道瓣膜症患儿中,5例术后排尿困难及泌尿系感染症状缓解,但仍存在膀胱输尿管反流(Ⅲ~Ⅴ级),其余患儿术后恢复正常。前尿道瓣膜症4例随访1~3年,平均1.5年,后尿道瓣膜症12例随访0.5~3年,平均2年:均未出现肉眼血尿、尿道狭窄、尿漏等并发症,无复发。结论经尿道膀胱镜钬激光瓣膜切开术治疗小儿尿道瓣膜症,术中术野清晰,切开部位精准,尿道损伤机会少,安全有效。     

女性先天性后尿道瓣膜的诊断及治疗（附1例报告）

目的 探讨女性先天性后尿道瓣膜的临床诊断及治疗.方法 回顾性分析1例女性先天性后尿道瓣膜的临床资料：患儿女性,7个月,足月剖宫产,因反复发热6个月就诊.家属否认其他病史.患儿出生后约30d因发热在当地综合性医院以“急性上呼吸道感染”行抗感染治疗,症状好转;但反复发作,约15 ～ 30d发作一次,至7个月大时再次因发热住院,尿常规提示白细胞＋＋＋,彩超提示：双肾积水,双侧输尿管扩张,抗感染治疗发热控制后转诊本院;膀胱镜检发现膀胱颈后壁黏膜酷似二尖瓣样皱起,膀胱壁小梁纵生,输尿管间峭肥厚,行瓣膜切开术.结果 术后排尿通畅,未再发热,双肾积水明显减轻.随访至今患儿发育良好,未再发作类似病史,双肾积水消失.结论 女性后尿道瓣膜由于十分罕见导致诊断相对较困难,且并发症严重;如早期能及时发现,手术是解除的唯一方法,且愈后良好.但要提高认识,术后要跟踪随访.     

窥视下尿道内切开术治疗儿童下尿路梗阻

１９８６年３月至１９９３年１２月应用儿童尿道内窥镜对３０例下尿路梗阻患儿进行了窥视下尿道内切开治疗，其中先天性尿道瓣膜１７例，外伤性尿道狭窄或阻塞１１例，先天性精阜增生和神经源性膀胱各１例，术后均获得满意效果，排尿通畅。     

儿童前尿道瓣膜致下尿路梗阻(附5例报告)

目的:提高前尿道瓣膜的诊断和治疗水平,了解前尿道瓣膜是引起男童下尿路梗阻的少见原因.方法:收集5例前尿道瓣膜患儿的临床资料,全组病例均行排尿性尿路造影,静脉尿路造影、B超检查和膀胱尿道镜检.结果:检查提示5例前尿道瓣膜,2例并发前尿道憩室.所有病例均行经尿道瓣膜切除术.术后症状改善.结论:排尿性膀胱尿道造影是诊断下尿路梗阻的主要方法,膀胱尿道镜检,可证实前尿道瓣膜;经尿道瓣膜切除术为治疗首选.     

小儿输尿管镜钬激光内切开术治疗男性尿道狭窄

目的探讨小儿输尿管镜钬激光内切开术治疗男性尿道狭窄的安全性及临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2014年8月至2017年4月我院42例行经尿道小儿输尿管镜钬激光内切开术治疗的男性尿道狭窄患者病历资料,患者年龄23～72岁,平均43岁,其中膜部尿道狭窄18例,前列腺部尿道狭窄5例,前尿道狭窄19例;狭窄段长度：0.3～2.5 cm,平均（1.4±0.3）cm,其中2例狭窄段长度2.0～2.5 cm;38例术前行自由尿流率检查,最大尿流率（Qmax）2.5～7.8 ml/s,平均（4.5±1.2）ml/s;术后留置尿管4～6周,拔除尿管后常规行尿道扩张3～4次,每次间隔1周,定期复查尿流率。 结果42例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间30～70 min,平均（48±9）min,出血量少,无尿外渗、穿孔、感染等并发症,拔除尿管后排尿通畅。随访6～12个月,39例患者排尿通畅,最大尿流率明显改善,为12.6～22.5 ml/s,平均（16.3±3.7）ml/s,3例术后3个月尿线变细、尿流率下降行尿道扩张3～4次后排尿正常。 结论经尿道小儿输尿管镜钬激光内切开术治疗男性尿道狭窄安全、创伤小、并发症少,近期疗效满意。     

输尿管扩张导管联合球囊扩张导管处理尿道狭窄的临床体会

目的:探讨输尿管镜下输尿管扩张导管联合高压球囊扩张导管在男性尿道狭窄治疗中的临床疗效。方法:45例尿道狭窄患者在输尿管镜直视下置入斑马导丝通过尿道狭窄段进入膀胱,退镜后沿导丝置入输尿管扩张导管扩张,从F8开始依次扩张至F14~F16。再沿导丝置入输尿管镜并通过扩张后的尿道狭窄段观察狭窄段长度及估计狭窄段离尿道外口的距离及有无偏离正道,观察完毕后退镜。F24球囊扩张导管沿导丝置入到达尿道狭窄段,并再次置入输尿管镜观察并调整球囊位置后固定球囊扩张导管,加压扩张后再用金属尿道扩张器扩张尿道。留置F18~F22导尿管8周后拔除并复查尿流率,拔管3个月再次复查尿流率。结果:45例患者均手术顺利,无严重并发症发生,术后8周时拔除尿管复查最大尿流率(Qmax)为13.3~29.9(17.7±3.2)ml/s,3个月后复查Qmax为15.2~30.8(19.8±3.9)ml/s,术后随访6~24个月均排尿良好。结论:输尿管镜下输尿管扩张导管联合高压球囊扩张导管治疗男性尿道狭窄操作简单、安全、有效,并发症较少,患者痛苦小、成功率高并可重复操作。     

顺行导丝引导筋膜扩张器尿道扩张术治疗尿道下裂术后复杂性尿道狭窄

目的:探讨顺行置入导丝引导筋膜扩张器行尿道扩张术治疗尿道下裂术后复杂性尿道狭窄的临床疗效。方法:对其他尿道扩张方法治疗失败的尿道下裂术后复杂性尿道狭窄12例,经耻骨上膀胱造瘘孔放入输尿管镜,经输尿管镜将斑马导丝置入尿道,顺斑马导丝逐号置入筋膜扩张器进行尿道扩张。术后放置硅胶气囊尿管2周。结果:12例均获成功,拔尿管后排尿通畅,随访6~28个月,其中8例定期常规方法尿道扩张1~6次后治愈,另4例不再出现排尿困难。结论:顺行置入导丝引导筋膜扩张器行尿道扩张术是治疗尿道下裂术后复杂性尿道狭窄安全有效方法。     

Posterior urethral valves: prenatal diagnostic signs and outcome

INTRODUCTION: Urethral valves can be of enormous clinical importance. Both the prognosis for an affected fetus and the indication for a prenatal therapeutic intervention depend to a high degree on the accuracy of the prenatal diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The sonographic findings and the results of the postnatal diagnostic workup of 24 boys treated for urethral valves in our institute are analyzed in the present paper. RESULTS: Out of a group of 900 children, diagnosed prenatally as having urinary tract anomalies, the postnatal diagnostic workup revealed 24 boys suffering from posterior urethral valves. The combination of megacystis, oligohydramnios, and bilateral renal abnormalities was present in 3 boys, and it was only in these cases that urethral valves were correctly identified as the underlying pathology. The largest group (n = 16) of these fetuses presented with bilateral hydronephrosis with and without megaureter. Megacystis in any combination with other findings was detected only in 4 patients. Oligohydramnios as a sign of impaired renal function was observed in four pregnancies. Four children suffered postnatally from beginning renal insufficiency. Eight infants (33%) required some form of respiratory support. This group included the 4 newborns with oligohydramnios during the pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Posterior urethral valves represent a rare but severe congenital malformation. They can disrupt the development of the entire urinary tract and may be life-limiting to the affected boy. Only rarely, however, are they manifested as the complete pathological picture on prenatal ultrasound. In most cases, bilateral impairment of the fetal renal development suggests severe subvesical obstruction. Thus in cases with bilateral renal impairment on prenatal ultrasonography, posterior urethral valves are to be excluded postnatally. Oligohydramnios is a predictor of a poor outcome of the renal function.     

Aspects concerning posterior urethral valves

Twenty-six boys were evaluated and treated for posterior urethral valves. At the time the valves were diagnosed unilateral or bilateral vesicoureteral reflux was present in 58% of the ureters and 69% of the children, while dilatation of the upper urinary tract was present in 88% and 92%, respectively. There was a variety of symptoms and signs, but the most prominent in neonates and infants were vesical urine retention, palpable kidneys and failure to thrive, whereas in the older children voiding dysfunction, incontinence and urinary infection were the most common. Twenty-four out of 26 boys were managed by primary valve ablation and in 62.5% of them this type of treatment was adequate in resolving or sufficiently improving clinical manifestations and roentgenologic findings, requiring no further management. Urinary diversion in the form of vesicostomy and cutaneous ureterostomy was preserved for those patients who did not improve with valve ablation alone. The current aspects concerning posterior urethral valves are also discussed.     

Operative therapy in boys with posterior urethral valves. How much is sensible?

From 1976 to 1983 23 boys with posterior urethral valves were seen. Two boys died during early infancy from terminal renal failure. One boy is submitted to a chronic peritoneal dialysis program. Of the remaining 20 patients ten show signs of compensated renal failure (creatinine greater than 1.5 mg/dl), ten boys show normal renal function. Four out of 46 kidneys were removed. Vesicoureteral reflux was primarily present in 14 renal units (30.4%). Three of these kidneys were removed. Reflux ceased spontaneously after valve ablation in ten renal units, ureterocystoneostomy was done in one. Ureterovesical obstruction was seen in three renal units and treated by resection and neoimplantation. Renal hypoplasia and -dysplasia together with urinary tract infections determine the degree of renal function impairment in boys with posterior urethral valves. Surgical intervention of the upper urinary tract is seldom needed. Antenatal diagnosis of obstructive uropathy is helpful to avoid septic obstruction in the neonate. Percutaneous nephrostomy is the treatment of choice in critically ill children presenting with dilatation of the upper tracts.     

Anterior urethral valves

We studied the clinical presentation and management of four patients with anterior urethral valves; a rare cause of urethral obstruction in male children. One patient presented antenatally with oligohydramnios, bilateral hydronephrosis and bladder thickening suggestive of an infravesical obstruction. Two other patients presented postnatally at 1 and 2 years of age, respectively, with poor stream of urine since birth. The fourth patient presented at 9 years with frequency and dysuria. Diagnosis was established on either micturating cystourethrogram (MCU) (in 2) or on cystoscopy (in 2). All patients had cystoscopic ablation of the valves. One patient developed a postablation stricture that was resected with an end-to-end urethroplasty. He had an associated bilateral vesicoureteric junction (VUJ) obstruction for which a bilateral ureteric reimplantation was done at the same time. On long-term follow-up, all patients demonstrated a good stream of urine. The renal function is normal. Patients are continent and free of urinary infections. Anterior urethral valves are rare obstructive lesions in male children. The degree of obstruction is variable, and so they may present with mild micturition difficulty or severe obstruction with hydroureteronephrosis and renal impairment. Hence, it is important to evaluate the anterior urethra in any male child with suspected infravesical obstruction. The diagnosis is established by MCU or cystoscopy and the treatment is always surgical, either a transurethral ablation or an open resection. The long-term prognosis is good.     

Correction of congenital hydronephrosis in utero. I. The model: fetal urethral obstruction produces hydronephrosis and pulmonary hypoplasia in fetal lambs

In an attempt to simulate congenital hydronephrosis secondary to urethral obstruction, we evaluated the consequences of obstructing the urethra in fetal lambs by several techniques. When the urethra was ligated before 108 days gestation, the bladder decompressed through the urachus and the upper-urinary tract developed normally. Ligation of both the urethra and urachus produced gross bilateral hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and megacystis, as well as severe pulmonary hypoplasia, and was associated with a high perinatal mortality. Intermittent urethral obstruction produced with a balloon constrictor or by diverting urine externally and pressure-limited obstruction produced with a Pudenz valve both proved unsatisfactory for producing congenital hydronephrosis. Finally, ligation of the urachus and progressive gradual obstruction of the urethra with an ameroid constrictor produced hydronephrosis and pulmonary hypoplasia. This model simulates urethral obstruction in the human fetus and produces a clinical and pathologic picture similar to that seen in infants born with congenital hydronephrosis.     

CKD and bladder problems in children

Approximately 35% of children with CKD who require renal replacement therapy have a significant urological abnormality, including posterior urethral valves, a neuropathic bladder, prune belly syndrome, Hinman syndrome, or severe vesicoureteral reflux. In such children, abnormal bladder function can have a significant deleterious effect on the renal function. In children with bladder outlet obstruction, bladder compliance and capacity often are abnormal, and a sustained intravesical pressure of >40 cm H(2)O impedes drainage from the upper urinary tract. Consequently, in these conditions, regular evaluation with renal sonography, urodynamics, urine culture, and serum chemistry needs to be performed. Pediatric urological care needs to be coordinated with pediatric nephrologists. Many boys with posterior urethral valves have severe polyuria, resulting in chronic bladder overdistension, which is termed as valve bladder. In addition to behavioral modification during the day, such patients may benefit from overnight continuous bladder drainage, which has been shown to reduce hydronephrosis and stabilize or improve renal function in most cases. In children with a neuropathic bladder, detrusor-sphincter-dyssynergia is the most likely cause for upper tract deterioration due to secondary vesicoureteral reflux, hydronephrosis, and recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI). Pharmacologic bladder management and frequent intermittent catheterization are necessary. In some cases, augmentation cystoplasty is recommended; however, this procedure has many long-term risks, including UTI, metabolic acidosis, bladder calculi, spontaneous perforation, and malignancy. Nearly half of children with prune belly syndrome require renal replacement therapy. Hinman syndrome is a rare condition with severe detrusor-sphincter discoordination that results in urinary incontinence, encopresis, poor bladder emptying, and UTI, often resulting in renal impairment. Children undergoing evaluation for renal transplantation need a thorough evaluation of the lower urinary tract, mostly including a voiding cystourethrogram and urodynamic studies.     

输尿管镜下处理上尿路狭窄56例报告

目的探讨输尿管镜下处理上尿路狭窄的疗效. 方法采用输尿管镜下直视扩张、电刀切割、气囊扩张等方法处理上尿路狭窄56例. 结果 49例扩张成功,占87.5%(49/56);7例失败.无输尿管穿孔、断裂、大出血等并发症发生.43例随访0.5 ～ 3年,平均2.5年,狭窄消除33例,狭窄改善不明显6例,狭窄复发4例;肾积水消失30例,减轻5例,无改善8例. 结论输尿管镜下处理上尿路狭窄创伤小,疗效满意.     

Transurethral Foley catheter misplacement into the upper urinary tract in a patient with a history of lung cancer and chemotherapy: a case report and considerations to keep in mind

Indwelling urethral catheter placement is a common and comparatively safe procedure. Misplacement of a urethral catheter into the upper urinary tract is unusual, and only a few cases have been reported. We describe the case of a 43-year-old man who presented with oliguria and had a history of chemotherapy for known metastatic lung cancer. As he had no history of urological disease, urethral catheterization was expected to be uneventful. The catheter was unable to be pulled back to the bladder neck once the balloon was inflated, and the patient expressed discomfort. Subsequent computed tomography revealed that the tip of the catheter was placed in the middle of the right ureter. Unbeknownst to the physicians before urethral catheterization, the patient had severe lower urinary tract symptoms and urinary bladder dysfunction with hydronephrosis, likely due to chemotherapy. Based on the patient’s symptoms and imaging results, we judged the possibility of severe ureteral injury to be low. The malpositioned catheter was removed uneventfully after complete balloon deflation and then reinserted properly. He was admitted to the medical department but died as a result of an exacerbation of the underlying disease unrelated to the incident. If urethral catheter placement seems abnormal, physicians should aspirate and irrigate to confirm correct positioning before balloon inflation; then, they should carefully pull the inflated balloon near the neck of the bladder while monitoring the patient’s symptoms. Although urethral catheter placement is comparatively safe, physicians must keep in mind that patients who have undergone chemotherapy might be at a risk for this rare complication.     

输尿管镜下尿道置管会师术治疗尿道断裂八例

目的探讨输尿管镜下行尿道置管会师术治疗尿道断裂的临床效果和使用价值。方法对2008年10月至2011年2月间经输尿管镜下行尿道置管会师术治疗尿道断裂的病例进行回顾性分析;输尿管镜下经尿道外或内口置入导丝至膀胱,再经导丝引导插入Foley导尿管牵引固定,引流尿液2～4周后拔管。结果 8例全部手术成功,7例经尿道外口置管,另1例经尿道内、外口双向置管。前尿道不完全断裂2例,后尿道完全断裂6例。手术时间10～45min。术后随访6～12个月,6例排尿通畅,2例因尿线变细疑有尿道瘢痕狭窄定期行尿道扩张后痊愈,无尿瘘、假道、尿失禁和明显性功能障碍。结论输尿管镜下尿道置管会师术操作简单、手术时间短、对患者创伤小、术后恢复快、效果确切、并发症少。可同时解除尿潴留并恢复尿道连续性,适合各种生命体征平稳的尿道断裂的早期治疗,值得临床推广。     

Anterior urethral valves: a rare cause of infravesical obstruction in children

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to report the clinical presentation, mode of diagnosis, and treatment of patients with anterior urethral valves (AUV), a rare congenital anomaly causing infravesical obstruction in children. METHODS: Three patients with anterior urethral valves were admitted in the Pediatric Urology Unit at The Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, during the period 1997 through 1998. Main clinical features included difficulty in voiding, dribbling of urine, incontinence, poor urinary stream, hematuria, and urinary tract infections. The diagnosis was confirmed by voiding cysto-urethrogram (VCUG) in 2 patients and retrograde urethrogram in 1 patient. A total of 4 valves were found; 1 patient had 2 valves. Two patients had associated vesico-ureteric reflux. Endoscopic resection was performed in all patients. RESULTS: Postoperatively, all patients were able to pass urine with good stream. At 9 to 24 months' follow-up, all patients remain well and asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: Although rare, AUV must be considered in the differential diagnosis of lower urinary tract obstruction. They present with all degrees of severity depending on the age of patient and the degree of obstruction. A properly performed and carefully interpreted VCUG is essential for diagnosis. Transurethral resection is the treatment of choice.