国产内镜新光学染色技术对直径小于2 cm结直肠息肉病变的临床应用价值

背景 发现并治疗早期较小的结直肠息肉是预防结直肠癌的关键,国产内镜新光学染色技术-聚谱成像及新电复合染色成像在辅助治疗中具有较高的临床价值.目的 探讨国产内镜新光学染色技术-聚谱成像(spectral focused imaging,SFI)及光电复合染色成像(variable intelligent staining technology, VIST)对于直径小于2cm的结直肠息肉的诊断价值.方法 选取2022-01/2022-10期间,在我院诊断的结直肠息肉患者200例,采用白光模式观察诊断和国产新光学染技术(SFI和VIST技术)观察,观察肠息肉的形态、腺管开口类型、毛细血管形态,并进行清晰度评分,最后与病理诊断相对比,评判国产内镜新光学染色技术的诊断价值.结果 1型的结肠息肉样病变为78个(38%), 2型为114个(55%),3型为16个(8%).病理学结果显示,非腺瘤型息肉为76个(37%),腺瘤型息肉为132个(64%).与肠镜白光模式诊断相比,新光学染色模式诊断的灵敏度、特异度和准确率均更高P<0.05).新光学染色模式下诊断直径小于1 cm和1 cm-2 cm腺...     

联动成像模式下氤氲紫改变诊断胃黏膜肠上皮化生的临床应用研究

目的研究联动成像(linked color imaging,LCI)对胃黏膜肠上皮化生病变的临床鉴别价值。方法2017年3—12月在陕西省安康市中心医院拟行胃黏膜内镜检查的患者随机抽样120例分成2组,白光组60例行白光内镜观察,LCI组60例行LCI观察,发现的病变均行病理活检。LCI观察有氤氲紫表现的病变内镜诊断为肠上皮化生。将内镜诊断结果与病理检查结果进行对比。结果白光组发现病灶62处,其中病理诊断肠上皮化生15处(24.2%);LCI组发现病灶74处,其中病理诊断肠上皮化生36处(48.6%),两组肠上皮化生发现率差异具有统计学意义(P=0.003)。LCI模式下有氤氲紫表现的病变34处,其中病理确诊肠上皮化生33处,LCI诊断与病理结果符合率97.1%(33/34)。结论LCI模式下氤氲紫表现对胃黏膜肠上皮化生病变诊断准确率高,是发现胃黏膜早期肿瘤和癌前病变的有效手段。     

窄带成像放大内镜在胃黏膜肠上皮化生随访中的应用

背景：胃黏膜肠上皮化生的随访主要依赖随机活检,窄带成像放大内镜（NBI-ME）可能有助于提高肠上皮化生随访的准确性。目的：探讨NBI-ME在胃黏膜肠上皮化生随访中的应用价值。方法：选取2010年6月~2011年6月上海市第七人民医院120例萎缩性胃炎伴中-重度肠上皮化生随访复查胃镜患者,随机分成NBI-ME组和普通白光内镜（WLE）组,并行组织病理学检查,比较两组胃黏膜肠上皮化生的检出率。NBI-ME组内镜下观察浅蓝色嵴状结构（LBC）,并与组织病理学结果进行对比分析。结果：NBI-ME组56例患者检出胃黏膜肠上皮化生,WLE组为48例,NBI-ME组胃黏膜肠上皮化生的检出率显著高于WLE组（93.3%对80.0%,P〈0.05）;LBC诊断胃黏膜肠上皮化生的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为89.4%、90.5%、93.3%和85.1%;NBI-ME下LBC阳性区域黏膜活检可明显提高肠上皮化生的检出率,差异有统计学意义（93.3%对14.9%,P〈0.05）。结论：在胃黏膜肠上皮化生随访中,NBI-ME下LBC阳性区域黏膜活检有助于提高肠上皮化生的检出率。     

NBI放大内镜在胃黏膜糜烂鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨NBI放大内镜在胃黏膜糜烂鉴别诊断中的价值,以及在胃黏膜癌前病变中的诊断价值。方法应用NBI电子放大内镜,对310例患者的胃黏膜糜烂灶进行细微结构形态学观察,并与观察部位活检所得的病理组织学改变进行比较分析。结果胃黏膜糜烂灶处胃小凹形态未见到A型、B型者;365处C型中组织病理均为慢性活动性浅表性炎症;160处D型中,92.5%（148/160）为萎缩性炎症;65处E型中,86.15%（56/65）为肠上皮化生;35处F型中,91.42%（32/35）为异型增生,8.57%（3/30）为肠上皮化生。59例肠上皮化生未发现明显异常增生的毛细血管,而32例异型增生的F型黏膜表面。90.63%（29/32）呈现出不同程度异常增生的毛细血管。与病理组织学比较,NBI放大内镜观察胃黏膜糜烂小凹形态与病理组织学改变呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）。结论 NBI放大内镜在胃黏膜糜烂灶性质的判断中有很高的临床应用价值,可应用于胃黏膜癌前病变的普查。     

色素内镜对胃黏膜肠上皮化生的分析及诊断价值

胃黏膜肠上皮化生（IM）是目前国内外公认的癌前病变之一，若能及早通过内镜下识别和治疗使其病变逆转．不失为防治胃癌的有效途径。探讨内镜诊断胃黏膜肠上皮化生．对识别胃黏膜癌前病变准确性提出了更高的要求。献报道，放大内镜对诊断IM准确性达89．69％，但基层医院的内镜医师由于受放大内镜设备的限制。如何利用普通内镜提高对IM诊断率，是值得探讨的。我们采用普通染色内镜进行观察，以探讨其对IM病变诊断的可行性和准确性。     

内镜下醋酸与美兰染色对胃黏膜肠上皮化生的诊断价值

目的比较内镜下醋酸与美兰染色对胃黏膜肠上皮化生的临床诊断价值。方法将陕西省榆林市星元医院2013年1月-2013年12月收治的疑似胃黏膜肠上皮化生患者240例按随机数字表法均分为A、B两组,A组采用醋酸染色,B组采用美兰染色,比较内镜下两种不同方法的诊断结果。结果 A组敏感性、特异性分别为87.6%、91.3%,B组分别为92.7%、90.9%;组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);B组阴性似然比低于A组,OR明显大于A组,组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论内镜下醋酸与美兰染色都有助于诊断胃黏膜肠上皮化生,美兰染色诊断价值更高。     

胃体萎缩的内镜诊断

胃体萎缩是较为少见的胃黏膜萎缩,多见于自身免疫性胃炎。胃体萎缩伴肠化生是胃癌的癌前病变。内镜是诊断胃体萎缩的重要手段。本文就胃体萎缩的内镜诊断进展作一综述。     

胃黏膜萎缩、肠上皮化生及异型增生的放大内镜表现及其诊断价值

目的 确定胃黏膜萎缩、肠上皮化生及异型增生的形态学特征，探讨放大内镜结合染色对上述病变诊断的可行性和准确性。方法 应用Fujinon EG485 ZH型放大内镜对100例患者进行检查及0．5％美蓝染色，在确定A、B、C、D、E 5型基本胃小凹形态的基础上，制订放大内镜的诊断分型及放大内镜对萎缩、肠上皮化生和异型增生的判定标准，与相应部位活检所获得的417个病变组织的病理组织学检查结果进行比较分析。结果 胃黏膜萎缩主要表现为胃小凹粗大而分布稀疏，肠上皮化生表现为C、D、E型小凹形态伴美蓝着色阳性，异犁增生表现为轻度凹陷、隆起或平坦性病变伴细微结构消失、细微小凹或细微结构粗糙紊乱放大内镜对萎缩诊断的敏感性、特异性分别为95．85％和95．09％；对肠上皮化生分别为88．30％和90．83％；对异型增生分别为91．52％和94．41％，均明显高于普通内镜。结论 根据放大内镜下萎缩、肠上皮化生和异型增生的形态学特征可以使内镜对上述病变诊断的准确性明显提高。     

激光共聚焦内镜对慢性萎缩性胃炎和肠上皮化生的诊断价值

目的 比较共聚焦内镜与普通白光内镜对萎缩性胃炎和肠上皮化生的诊断价值。方法对2012年1月至5月来我院行胃镜检查的89例患者,全部在普通白光内镜及共聚焦内镜下对胃黏膜进行观察,并对病变部位进行活检病理学诊断。结果89例患者共观察286个病变部位。普通内镜诊断萎缩性胃炎95个部位,共聚焦内镜诊断40个部位,病理学诊断萎缩37个部位,共聚焦内镜与病理学诊断符合率为94．6％,普通内镜与病理学诊断符合率为38．95％;普通内镜诊断肠上皮化生54个部位,共聚焦内镜诊断170个部位,靶向活检诊断161个部位,共聚焦内镜与病理学诊断符合率为84．47％,普通内镜与病理学诊断符合率为33．54％。共聚焦内镜对萎缩性胃炎和肠上皮化生的诊断符合率明显高于普通内镜组,并且共聚焦内镜与病理学诊断具有很好的一致性（P=0．453,kappa值=0．895和P=0．298,kappa值=0．577）。结论共聚焦内镜对萎缩性胃炎和肠上皮化生具有较高的诊断价值,值得临床推广。     

内镜下氩离子凝固术治疗胃癌前病变临床研究

目的探讨内镜下氩离子凝固术治疗胃黏膜癌前病变的价值及安全性。方法应用奥林巴斯260电子胃镜结合病理对108例胃黏膜癌前病变患者进行氩离子凝固术治疗,所有病例治疗6月后进行临床随访、内镜及病理组织学复查。结果 108例患者其中胃黏膜肠上皮化生43例（39.8%）及上皮内瘤变65例（60.2%）,104例患者临床症状减轻,复查胃镜示原病灶消失,复查病理组织学示胃黏膜肠上皮化生或上皮内瘤变消失,尚存慢性活动性炎症（92.6%）或萎缩性炎症（5.6%）,治疗有效率98.1%,所有病例治疗中未发生出血、穿孔等并发症。结论内镜下氩离子凝固术治疗胃黏膜癌前病变安全、有效、快捷、经济,值得在基层医院推广。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.