辛伐他汀对野百合碱所致大鼠右心室肥大的抑制作用

目的 :观察辛伐他汀 (Sim)抑制大鼠右心室肥大的作用。方法 :一次性皮下注射野百合碱 (MCT) 5 0mg·kg-1 ,引起大鼠肺动脉高压和右心室肥大。 2周后 ,分组灌胃给予Sim 1 .5 ,3.0mg·kg-1 ·d-1 或纯化水 (对照组 ) ,连续治疗 1 4d。测定各组大鼠的平均肺动脉压、右心室和左心室 室间隔的重量比 [R/(L S) ]、右心室组织的蛋白和羟脯氨酸含量 ,并观察右心室和肺的病理形态。结果 :Sim 3.0mg·kg-1 ·d-1 给药 1 4d ,使R/(L S)、蛋白质和羟脯氨酸含量分别比对照组大鼠减少 35 %,6 2 %,38%(P <0 .0 1 )。但对MCT引起的大鼠肺动脉压升高和肺组织形态改变无影响。结论 :Sim对MCT引起的大鼠右心室肥大的进程具有抑制作用。     

淫羊藿苷抗缺氧诱导小鼠肺动脉高压的作用

目的观察淫羊藿苷(Ica)对缺氧诱导小鼠肺动脉高压的影响及相关作用机制。方法将50只C57雄性小鼠随机均分为空白组,模型组,Ica低、高剂量(10、20 mg·kg-1·d-1,ig)组和吖啶黄(Acr,15 mg·kg-1·d-1,ig)组。空白组于常氧条件下饲养,其余各组均于含氧量为10%的低氧仓连续饲养21 d,饲养第8日按分组给药,连续14 d,每周称量体重。末次给药2 h后采用小动物超声检测心功能和肺动脉血流,计算右心肥厚指数(RVHI),HE染色观察肺小动脉病理改变,Masson染色观察肺血管纤维化,Western blot法检测肺组织缺氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和磷酸化核因子κB(p-NF-κB)的蛋白水平。结果与空白组相比,模型组大鼠体重和肺动脉血流速度减小,右心室功能减弱,RVHI显著升高,肺小动脉重构和纤维化明显,且HIF-1α、TNF-α、p-NF-κB蛋白量显著增加(均P<0.05)。与模型组相比,Ica低剂量组仅部分心功能指标改善,TNF-α蛋白表达降低(P<0.05);Ica高剂量组和Acr组肺动脉血流速度显著增加,心功能显著改善,RVHI降低,HIF-1α、TNF-α和p-NF-κB蛋白表达降低(P<0.05),肺血管重构和纤维化缓解。结论Ica可有效改善缺氧诱导的小鼠肺动脉高压,可能与抑制HIF-1α/TNF-α/NF-κB信号通路有关。     

槐定碱抑制内毒素血症小鼠肾组织NF-κB通路活化的研究

为研究槐定碱干预对内毒素血症小鼠肾组织NF-κB通路的影响,以细菌脂多糖(LPS)引起的内毒素血症肾损伤小鼠为实验对象,槐定碱(12、6及3 mg·kg-1,ip)干预,RT-PCR检测肾组织IKKβ与TNF-α的mRNA表达,免疫组化检测磷酸化IKKβ蛋白(pIKKβ)表达,Western blotting与免疫荧光激光共聚焦显微镜观察肾组织NF-κB的表达与分布,放射免疫法检测血清中TNF-α的水平。结果显示,槐定碱(12、6及3 mg·kg-1)干预降低了内毒素血症小鼠肾组织IKKβmRNA及pIKKβ表达,抑制NF-κB P65蛋白表达并减少NF-κB P65蛋白入核率,从而使肾组织TNF-αmRNA表达及血清TNF-α含量减少。结果提示,槐定碱可抑制LPS引起的炎症反应,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB通路活化有关。     

恩必普软胶囊对脑卒中后抑郁大鼠海马细胞因子及NF-κB的作用

目的:探讨恩必普软胶囊(丁苯酞)对卒中后抑郁(post-stroke depression,PSD)大鼠海马组织细胞因子及NF-κB的干预作用。方法:选用健康雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠,随机分为单纯缺血组,PSD组,恩必普低(80 mg·kg-1·d-1)、中(160 mg·kg-1·d-1)和高(320 mg·kg-1·d-1)剂量组。进行行为学观察和测试,测定NF-κB的表达及TNF-,αIL-1β和IL-6的含量。结果:与正常对照组比较,其余各组大鼠海马组织NF-κB阳性细胞数及TNF-α和IL-1β的含量出现不同程度增高,而IL-6含量则减少(P<0.01);与单纯缺血组比较,PSD组大鼠海马组织NF-κB阳性细胞数及TNF-α和IL-1β的含量明显增高,而IL-6含量则明显减少(P<0.01);与PSD组比较,恩必普低、中、高剂量组均能不同程度地抑制海马组织NF-κB的表达及减少TNF-α和IL-1β的含量,提高IL-6的含量(P<0.01)。结论:PSD大鼠海马组织细胞因子网络稳态发生改变;恩必普对PSD大鼠海马有保护作用。     

罗格列酮对百草枯致大鼠肺损伤的炎症抑制作用

目的：研究罗格列酮对百草枯致大鼠肺损伤过程中的炎症抑制作用机制。方法将72只SD雄性大鼠随机分成3组,每组24只。模型对照组：腹腔注射百草枯20 mg·kg-1;罗格列酮组：腹腔注射百草枯前1 h,腹腔注射罗格列酮10 mg·kg-1;空白对照组：腹腔注射0.9％氯化钠溶液1 mL。注射百草枯后4,8 h及1,3 d,收集各组大鼠血清和肺组织标本,组织切片苏木精-伊红( HE)染色进行肺损伤评分,采用酶联免疫吸附法( ELISA)检测血清白细胞介素-1β( IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α( TNF-α)含量,采用免疫组化方法检测NF-κB蛋白在肺组织的表达,利用Western blot法检测肺组织核因子-κB (NF-κB)和激活蛋白(AP-1)蛋白表达水平。结果模型对照组大鼠血清炎性细胞因子IL-1β和TNF-α含量明显增加。罗格列酮组肺组织损伤程度明显降低,血清IL-1β和TNF-α含量减少,肺组织NF-κB和AP-1蛋白的表达降低。结论罗格列酮可以抑制百草枯中毒大鼠肺组织NF-κB和AP-1蛋白表达,减少IL-1β和TNF-α分泌,对百草枯所致大鼠肺损伤炎症有抑制作用。     

氟西汀调节TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3炎症体信号通路改善CUMS大鼠抑郁样行为

目的 基于Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核因子κB(NF-κB)/NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NLRP3)炎症体信号通路探究氟西汀对慢性不可预知性轻度应激(CUMS)模型大鼠抑郁样行为的作用。方法 18只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和氟西汀组。模型组和氟西汀组大鼠随机给予不可预知性轻度刺激11周,制备抑郁症模型。氟西汀组于第7～11周灌胃氟西汀(10 mg·kg^-1·d^-1),其余组大鼠灌胃1 mL生理盐水。干预结束后进行行为学检测,酶联免疫吸附试验检测脑组织中白细胞介素(IL)-1β和IL-18的含量,免疫荧光染色观察海马CA3区和皮质区中NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)和胱天蛋白酶1(Caspase-1)的表达情况。Western blot测定脑组织TLR4、NF-κB、NLRP3、Caspase-1和活化的Caspase-1(cleaved Caspase-1)蛋白的表达水平。结果 与模型组比较,氟西汀组大鼠在旷场的运动距离及站立次数显著增多,在高架十字迷宫的运动距离增加,且在闭臂的停留时间减少,大鼠脑组织中IL-1β...     

黄芪多糖对野百合碱诱导大鼠肺动脉高压的减缓作用及其机制研究

目的研究黄芪多糖对野百合碱诱导大鼠肺动脉高压的减缓作用及可能机制。方法将100只SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常对照组、野百合碱组、黄芪多糖低剂量组和黄芪多糖高剂量组。除正常对照组外,其余组大鼠按60 mg/kg单次腹腔注射野百合碱。黄芪多糖低剂量组及高剂量组大鼠在给药后的第2~28天分别按200 mg/kg及400 mg/kg腹腔注射黄芪多糖,每日1次。每组25只大鼠各取15只进行研究,检测各组大鼠平均肺动脉压(mPAP)、右心肥厚指数(RVHI),观察其肺动脉及心肌细胞形态变化,检测其肺组织中白细胞介素17(IL-17)mRNA及蛋白的表达水平。结果与正常对照组比较,野百合碱组及黄芪多糖各剂量组大鼠mPAP、RVHI均显著升高(P<0.01),肺组织中IL-17的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著升高(P<0.01),肺动脉及心肌细胞有明显病理改变;与野百合碱组比较,黄芪多糖各剂量组大鼠mPAP、RVHI均显著降低(P<0.01),肺组织中IL-17的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著降低(P<0.01),肺动脉及心肌细胞病理变化有改善;与黄芪多糖低剂量组比较,黄芪多糖高剂量组大鼠上述指标水平及病理改变的改善更明显。结论黄芪多糖能降低野百合碱诱导大鼠的肺动脉高压,并改善肺动脉结构及心肌病理改变,推测其机制可能与下调大鼠肺组织中IL-17的表达有关。     

白芍总苷对糖尿病大鼠肾组织Toll样受体信号通路调节的研究

目的探讨白芍总苷(TGP)对糖尿病大鼠肾组织Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLR)信号通路的影响。方法建立链脲佐菌素诱导的大鼠糖尿病模型,将大鼠随机分正常组、糖尿病模型组、TGP给药组(50、100、200 mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃)。8周后应用免疫组化,Western blot及实时定量PCR方法检验大鼠肾组织中TLR2/4信号通路相关蛋白的表达。结果 TGP给药组(50、100、200 mg·kg-1·d-1)大鼠尿蛋白排泄率(AER)水平明显低于糖尿病模型组(P<0.05)。免疫组化显示TGP给药组(50、100、200 mg·kg-1·d-1)肾小管-间质TLR2蛋白表达明显低于糖尿病模型组(P<0.01),肾组织TLR4、ED-1也明显低于糖尿病模型组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。Western blot显示糖尿病肾组织TLR信号通路蛋白TLR2、TLR4、MyD88、p-IRAK1、p-IRF3与NF-κB p65表达明显高于正常组(P<0.01);TGP给药(50、100、200mg·kg-1·d-1)肾组织TLR信号通路相关蛋白表达明显低于糖尿病组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。实时定量PCR显示TGP给药(50、100、200 mg·kg-1·d-1)肾组织TLR2、TLR4、MyD88 mRNA明显低于糖尿病组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论TGP可减轻糖尿病大鼠早期肾脏损害,其机制可能与抑制糖尿病大鼠肾组织中TLR信号通路有关。     

丹酚酸A通过调节NF-κB/IκBα信号通路抑制肝纤维化

目的探索丹酚酸A抗四氯化碳(CCl_4)诱导的大鼠肝纤维化的防治及作用机制。方法将48只SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、CCl_4模型组、丹酚酸A低剂量给药组和丹酚酸A高剂量给药组。除空白对照组外,其他3组每周2次给予50%CCl_4/花生油溶液(1 m L·kg-1)灌胃诱导建立肝纤维化模型,丹酚酸A低剂量和高剂量给药组大鼠同时每日1次给予腹腔注射丹酚酸A(分别为5 mg·kg-1与15 mg·kg-1)。6周后处死大鼠,HE和Masson染色法进行肝组织病理学观察;全自动生化分析仪检测血清肝功能指标(谷丙转氨酶及谷草转氨酶);放射免疫法测定血清肝纤维化指标(透明质酸、Ⅳ型胶原、层黏蛋白和Ⅲ型前胶原肽);Western blot检测肝脏组织中NF-κB和IκBα蛋白的表达;Q-PCR检测炎症因子以及肝星状细胞激活因子基因水平的表达。结果与CCl_4模型组相比,丹酚酸A给药组能够显著改善大鼠肝功能,降低大鼠肝纤维化程度(P<0.05)。与此同时,丹酚酸A给药组能够提高肝细胞浆中NF-κB、IκBα蛋白的表达,并降低细胞核NF-κB蛋白的表达,且能够抑制炎症因子与肝星状细胞激活因子基因水平的表达。结论丹酚酸A可通过调节NF-κB/IκBα信号通路发挥抗肝纤维化作用。     

埃他卡林对慢性低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠肺组织HIF-1α mRNA和蛋白表达的影响

目的 研究新型ATP敏感性钾通道开放剂(KATP CO)埃他卡林(IPT)对大鼠肺组织中低氧诱导凶子1α(HIF-1α)表达的影响.方法 36只清洁级SD大鼠随机分成对照组、低氧性肺动脉高压(HPH)模型组和IPT处理组,每组12只.HPH模型组及IPT处理组于(10.0±0.5)%氧浓度的常压低氧舱内饲养,每天8 h,每周6 d,共4周.IPT处理组给予IPT 1.5 mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃;对照组及HPH模型组给予0.9%氯化钠5 ml·kg-1·d-1灌胃.用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测肺组织HIF-1α mRNA表达,用Western blot方法检测肺组织HIF-1α白的表达.结果 HPH模型组大鼠肺动脉平均压、右室/(左室+室间隔)重量比和HIF-1α mRNA和蛋白表达均高于对照组和IPT处理组(P＜0.01).IPT处理组与对照组的HIF-1α mRNA和蛋白表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 IPT降低肺动脉压可能与抑制HPH大鼠肺组织中的HIT-1α表达有关.     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.