婴儿配方食品研究

本文对以谷、豆类基础的婴儿食品的营养配方与制作工艺进行了研究,并对婴儿食品的资源开发、制作为工艺提出了见解。     

保腱食品——黑豆

黑豆亦称乌豆、黑大豆、冬豆子等，原产我国，著以1973年在浙江余姚河姆渡文化遗址发现的黑豆为依据，至今已有近7000年的历史，黑豆既是粮食和油料作物，亦可用来加工成豆制品，黑豆的食用方法如何黄豆，可以整粒煮食、炒食、油炸食，也可以磨豆浆、豆粉等。     

富含胶原蛋白食品的奥秘

在众多的菜肴中,无论是附着在红焖或清炖肘子上的肉皮,还是经过油炸或砂炒之后的发泡肉皮,或是鸡、鸭、鹅、鱼的皮,以及猪、牛蹄筋和鸡、鸭、鹅的脚爪、翅膀还有甲鱼、乌龟、尤其是它们的甲板,都含有丰富的胶原蛋白质,是很好的美容食品。     

食品营养标签发展概况及其研究进展

营养标签能准确真实地提供营养信息。本文从营养标签制度、类型、对健康的影响、使用现状及其影响因素出发,阐述了国内外营养标签的研究现状,并对研究中存在的问题进行总结,旨在为今后我国营养标签的发展提供科学依据。     

眼睛无神，吃什么食品好？

眼睛是心灵的窗户,最能显示一个人的神采和风韵。要想拥有一双晶莹明亮的眼睛,除了讲究卫生,加强对眼睛的保护外,很重要的一点就是要注意饮食营养。眼睛的营养与钙、铬、硒、锌、铜以及多种维生素有密切关系。Δ钙钙与眼球的构成有关,钙缺乏会导致近视眼。青少年正处于发育高峰期,体内钙的需要量相对增加,若钙摄入量不足,不仅会影响骨骼发育,而且会使正在发育的眼球壁——巩膜的弹性降低,晶状体内压上升,致使眼球的前后径拉长而导致近视。     

特殊医学用途配方食品对围手术期病人营养干预的意义

减少围手术期病人空腹期和给予合理的营养干预,可优化病人的代谢状态,使手术和临床效益最大化;包括在麻醉过程中保持最佳代谢状态,改善胰岛素敏感性和减少肌肉的分解代谢,最终降低术后并发症发生率和缩短住院时间。围手术期管理,包括针对性分析、评估和处理围手术期风险、营养状况和并发症,正确把握手术适应证和时机[1-2]。对围手术期病人营养干预的研究和应用处于不断发展状态。因此,无论医师、护士和营养师都需要拓     

转基因食品的快速PCR鉴定

用十六烷基-二甲基-乙基-溴化铵(CTAB)法快速高效地从样品中提取了可供分析的基因组DNA,经PCR扩增,鉴定了含有35S启动子和NOS终止子的转基因样品.该方法的灵敏度可达0.1%,并且具有很好的稳定性.     

食品干燥新技术的研究进展

阐述了各种干燥方法的技术特点，介绍了微波干燥、红外线辐射干燥、冲击干燥、渗透干燥、卤素干燥、流化床干燥以及冷冻干燥在国内外的研究和应用现状，以及这些技术在食品干燥加工中存在的问题和应用前景。     

双螺杆挤压机操作参数变化对谷物产品特性的影响

对食品双螺杆挤压机的操作参数与挤出过程及谷物产品特性之间的关系作了试验研究。通过改变螺杆转速、进料速率这两个变化因素，研究模头压力、模头处物料温度、主机电流、产品膨化度、产品水溶性指数、产品吸水性指数等指标的变化规律，建立有关数学模型并进行分析。     

籽粒莧婴儿食品的研究

将籽粒苋、大豆和大米混合,通过挤压的方法,制成籽粒苋婴儿食品。挤压的最佳操作条件为:挤压温度160℃,螺杆转速80r/min,原料水分14%。通过强制陈化试验,得出了籽粒苋婴儿食品配方。动物试验表明该产品不但使用方便,而且营养丰富,是一种较为理想的籽粒苋婴儿食品。     

Parenteral Nutrition Does Not Improve Postoperative Recovery from Radical Cystectomy: Results of a Prospective Randomised Trial

Background

After radical cystectomy, patients are in a catabolic state because of postoperative stress response, extensive wound healing, and ileus.

Objective

To evaluate whether recovery can be improved with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in patients following extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND), cystectomy, and urinary diversion (UD).

Design, setting, and participants

We conducted a prospective, randomised, single-centre study of 157 consecutive cystectomy patients.

Intervention

Seventy-four patients (group A) received TPN during the first 5 postoperative days, with additional oral intake ad libitum. Eighty-three patients (group B) received oral nutrition alone.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

The primary outcome was the occurrence of postoperative complications. Secondary outcomes were time to recovery of bowel function, biochemical nutritional (serum albumin, serum prealbumin, serum total protein) and inflammatory (C-reactive protein) parameters, length of hospital stay, and costs attributed to the TPN. The Pearson χ² test was used for dichotomous variables; the Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for continuous variables.

Results and limitations

Postoperative complications occurred in 51 patients (69%) in group A and in 41 patients (49%) in group B (p = 0.013), a difference resulting from group A having more infectious complications than group B (32% vs 11%; p = 0.001). Serum prealbumin and serum total protein were significantly lower in group B on postoperative day 7 but not on postoperative day 12. Time to gastrointestinal recovery and length of hospital stay did not differ between the two groups. The costs for TPN were €614 per patient. A potential limitation is the use of a glucose-based parenteral nutrition without lipids.

Conclusions

Postoperative TPN is associated with a higher incidence of complications, mainly infections, and higher costs following ePLND, cystectomy, and UD versus oral nutrition alone.     

Nutrition Counseling for Patients With Osteoporosis: A Personal Approach

Patients are often bombarded with information from the internet, family, friends, and television about what is good and bad for their bones—particularly in the area of diet and nutrition. Although some information is valid and evidence based, much is not. Patients often believe that adequate nutrition alone is enough to improve bone density and decrease fragility fracture risk. Although calcium and vitamin D remain the mainstays of medical nutrition therapy, many patients are not receiving adequate counseling on how to get the right amounts of these 2 nutrients and may not understand that calcium and vitamin D are but 2 of many factors in this multifactorial disease. Clinicians must listen carefully to their patients' concerns, beliefs, and questions and help them develop a personalized plan to achieve their daily calcium and vitamin D intakes. Clinicians must stay apprised of the recent research in nutrition and bone health and evaluate the evidence to adequately educate their patients.     

湖南省三级医院ICU营养支持治疗现状调查

目的：通过调查了解湖南省三级医院ICU危重症患者营养支持治疗应用现状,并与2009美国危重病医学会和肠外肠内营养学会制定的“成年危重病患者营养支持治疗与评估指南推荐方案（以下简称2009年CPG）”相对照,为改善湖南省危重症患者营养支持治疗现状提供临床依据。方法：采用分层整群随机抽样法在湖南省内抽取8家三级医院的8个综合lCU参加．用问卷填表收集病例信息．建立数据库。结果：1．参加调查的6个ICU（75％）对EN具体实施有明确的规定：2个ICU（25％）无相关具体流程。2．参加调查的77例ICU患者均存在营养风险并全部实施营养支持治疗,其中应用TEN支持的有42例（55．84％）,应用EN联合PN支持的有26例（22．27％）．PN支持的有9例（16．88％）。3．早期（入佳ICU48h内）开始TEN36例（46．75％）,TPN21例（27．27％）．EN联合PN15例（19．48％）,早期未接受任何营养支持的5例（6．49％）。应用TEN支持的42例患者入住ICU时平均EN提供能量为目标热卡的51．51％。应用TPN支持的26例患者入住ICU时平均PN提供能量为目标热卡的121．33％。应用TEN支持的42例患者入住ICU时平均EN提供蛋白质为目标蛋白质的35．20％。4．8所医院均对应用EN的患者实施了胃残余量的监测,因为胃残余量被迫中止EN的患者有10例（14．71％）．68例应用EN的患者37例（54．41％）将床头抬高30--45度;35例应用PN的患者8例（22．99％）使用谷氨酰胺。结论：我省三级医院ICU危重症患者营养支持治疗已得到广泛认可和重视。但与2009年CPG仍存在较大的差距：EN存在喂养不足和累积能量摄入的缺乏;PN存在使用指证过松现象。医院应通过具体的实施方案规范临床行为。     

Enteral versus Parenteral Nutrition after Gastrointestinal Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials in the English Literature

Background Although previous studies recommend the use of enteral nutrition (EN), the benefit of EN after elective gastrointestinal surgery has not been comprehensively demonstrated as through a meta-analysis. Our aim is to determine whether enteral nutrition is more beneficial than parenteral nutrition. Methods A search was conducted on Medline, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library electronic databases, and bibliographic reviews. The trials were based on randomization, gastrointestinal surgery, and the reporting of at least one of the following end points: any complication, any infectious complication, mortality, wound infection and dehiscence, anastomotic leak, intraabdominal abscess, pneumonia, respiratory failure, urinary tract infection, renal failure, any adverse effect, and duration of hospital stay. Results Twenty-nine trials, which included 2,552 patients, met the criteria. EN was beneficial in the reduction of any complication (relative risk (RR), 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.74–0.99; P = 0.04), any infectious complication (RR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.56–0.86; P = 0.001), anastomotic leak (RR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.47–0.95; P = 0.03), intraabdominal abscess (RR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.41–0.95; P = 0.03), and duration of hospital stay (weighted mean difference, −0.81; 95% CI, −1.25–0.38; P = 0.02). There were no clear benefits in any of the other complications. Conclusion The present findings would lead us to recommend the use of EN rather than PN when possible and indicated. The preliminary report of this work was presented in the poster session of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract at the Digestive Disease Week in Chicago on May 2005. There are no sources of support, including grants, fellowships, and gifts of materials.     

Early Diagnosis of Postoperative Infection: Assessment of Whole Blood Chemiluminescence

(Received for publication on Oct. 19, 1998; accepted on Nov. 11, 1999)     

Effect of Enteral Nutrition on In-hospital Infection and Hospital Expense in Stroke Patients: A Retrospective Assessment

Infection is a common complication of stroke and is associated with unfavorable outcomes. Although nutritional intervention reduces the risk of postoperative infection, the impact of specific nutritional products remains unclear. From a hospital management perspective, we aimed to determine whether the provision of specific types of enteral nutrition in acute stroke patients affects infection control and hospital costs. In all, 45 acute hemorrhagic stroke patients receiving enteral nutrition in a single center (April 2017–March 2019) were retrospectively assessed. Patients were divided into two groups according to nutritional interventions: the 1.0-group with general nutrition (1.0 kcal/mL) (24 patients) and the 1.5+α-group with an initial high-protein, whey peptide-digested liquid diet (1.5 kcal/mL), followed by a highly fermentable fiber-containing liquid diet (1.5 kcal/mL initiated after 4 days) (21 patients). Changes in body mass index (BMI), duration of antibiotic use, incidence of postoperative infection, and medical cost were evaluated. Baseline patient characteristics were similar between groups. The mean BMI change was lower in the 1.5+α-group than in the 1.0-group, and the mean duration of antibiotic use throughout hospitalization was 12.8 and 18.3 days, respectively. Antibiotic use in the 1.5+α-group was lesser than that in Japanese patients from other hospitals. The incidence of postoperative infections was lower in the 1.5+α-group. Injection costs for the 1.5+α group (615 USD/patient) were lower than those for the 1.0-group. Enteral nutrition provided to acute stroke patients reduced the risk of hospital infection and medical costs.     

Benefits of Home Parenteral Nutrition Before Lung Transplantation: Report of a Case

A 54-year-old woman, who was severely malnourished and awaiting lung transplantation for chronic respiratory failure, was given nutritional support by home parenteral nutrition (HPN). The patients emaciated state was further compromised by the fact that she had undergone a distal gastrectomy 4 years earlier. We decided that HPN was indicated because her oral intake was so poor and drinking enteral formula reduced her appetite. After 1 year of HPN, her body weight increased and her nutritional, anthropometric, and biochemical values were well maintained by the time of transplantation. Moreover, her progress after lung transplantation was remarkably good, indicating the effectiveness of nutritional support by HPN during the protracted waiting period.