天蓝色链霉菌产蓝色素的工业化培养基优化

对天蓝色链霉菌 1 0 0产蓝色素进行了培养基的优化 ,初步确定了促使蓝色素产率提高的适合生产用的培养基配方 .经过 8d培养 ,蓝色素总色价相对单位可达 2 62 .5U/mL ,比培养基优化前的总色价相对单位 1 60U/mL提高了 64 % .2L罐发酵 6.5d蓝色素总色价相对单位为摇瓶水平的 75% ,但产色素最高峰时间提前了 1 .5d .     

米曲霉ASP-m21产果胶酶及其酶学性质

以产果胶酶PG为主的米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)为出发菌株进行固态发酵研究.确定最适合发酵条件为:以30 g/dL麸皮,8 g/dL橘皮粉,添加2 g/dL的泡沫材料作为透气支撑载体,每千克原料添加8 g硫酸铵,10 g葡萄糖,接种体积分数为10%,经过42 h发酵,最终果胶酶酶活可达807 U/g(干曲计).果胶酶的最适反应温度为50 ℃,最适pH范围在3.0～3.6之间.试验结果表明:果胶酶在3.0～7.0的pH的范围内,适合产物生成速度最大的pH点在3.6左右,产物生成速度为0.3 mmol/(Lmin);50 ℃是酶促反应的最适温度,在30 min条件下生成的产物最高可达9 mmol/L.在桔子澄清实验中,向含有体积分数30%的橙汁中添加酶活为1 U/mL的果胶酶,分解果胶为半乳糖醛酸,并且随着半乳糖醛酸量的增加,橙子浆的黏度降低,透光率增加.反应7 h后,透光率可高达91.1%.     

谷氨酸脱羧酶发酵工艺的优化

用大肠杆菌AS1.505进行液态发酵生产谷氨酸脱羧酶并优化培养基,考察了碳源、氮源、复合营养物质、起始pH及发酵时间对酶活的影响,确定最佳产酶培养基组成为:葡萄糖1.0 g/dL,蛋白胨3.0 g/dL,氯化钠0.3 g/dL,磷酸氢二钾0.1 g/dL,硫酸镁0.02 g/dL,L-谷氨酸0.01g/dL,玉米浆1.5 g/dL,生物素30 t,g/L,麸皮4 g/dL;pH 6.5.在此基础上,设计发酵条件的优化实验.实验结果表明为:250 mL的三角瓶装液量25 mL,37℃,起始pH 6.5,培养18 h达到产酶高峰,产酶活力可达1 290 U/mL.     

一株碱性低温脂肪酶产生菌发酵条件的优化

通过单因素实验,对SYBC Wu-3菌摇床发酵产脂肪酶的培养基组成和培养条件进行优化,得出较佳的产酶培养基组成配方为:蛋白胨5 g/L,酵母膏 6 g/L,NaH2PO4 3 g/L; 油脂250 mL/L,乳化剂OP 25 mL/L.最优发酵条件为250 mL的摇瓶装液量50 mL,培养温度30 ℃,发酵时间72 h.经过优化后发酵液脂肪酶酶活力最高可达到10.68 U/mL,较优化前提高了2.8倍.     

产胆固醇氧化酶重组大肠杆菌的发酵培养基和诱导条件的优化

在摇瓶中对产胆固醇氧化酶重组大肠杆菌的发酵培养基和诱导条件进行了优化,优化培养基为甘油10 g/L,胰蛋白胨10 g/L,酵母粉5 g/L,KH2PO4 2 g/L,K2HPO4 4 g/L,Na2HPO4·12H2O 7 g/L,(NH4)2SO4 1.2 g/L,NH4Cl 0.2 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 1 g/L;优化的诱导条件为:对数生长中期诱导,IPTG浓度为0.3 mmol/L.在优化的培养基和优化的诱导条件下,单位菌体产酶量达745.86 U/g,菌体产酶水平达1 625.97 U/L,为优化前的700 U/L的2.3倍.     

高产环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的枯草芽孢杆菌选育、产酶与酶学特性

选育了一株高产环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(CGTase)的芽孢杆菌Sx菌株,经16S rRNA测序分析,结合菌体及菌落的形态特征,鉴定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis).对其产酶条件与酶学特性进行了研究.结果表明,以l g/dL玉米淀粉和2 g/dL豆粕粉为碳氮源,pH 6.5,30℃,220 r/min,60 h的条件下,菌株所产CGTase酶活性可达5 596 U/mL;该酶在30～50℃,pH 5.5～9.0下保持稳定,在50℃,180 r/rain,pH 6.5,CGTase酶活力为1 107 U/mL的条件下对20 mg/ml,甜菊甙转化48 h,甜菊甙溶液中的昂莱鲍迪甙与甜菊甙的比值(RA/SS)从转化前的0.45上升到0.53.     

超高水溶性麦芽糖基β-环糊精的生物反向合成

以麦芽糖、β 环糊精为原料,采用普鲁蓝酶生物反向合成得到超高水溶性的麦芽糖基(α 1→6)β 环糊精.试验测定,在pH4.0～4.2,温度58～60℃,酶量220～308U/gβ CD,麦芽糖与β 环糊精的摩尔比为7∶1～8∶1,反应时间35～38h的条件下,环糊精转化率可达到40%以上.     

黑曲霉酸性β-甘露聚糖酶的产酶条件

研究了培养基组分和培养条件对黑曲霉菌株Aspergillusniger LW-1固态发酵产β-甘露聚糖酶的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,采用Plackett-Burman和Box-Behnken实验设计确定的最佳产酶培养基组成和培养条件：麸皮与豆饼粉质量比为7.5∶2.5（g/g）,其它物质相对于固体物料的质量分数分别为魔芋粉4%,KH2PO40.3%,玉米浆5%,CaCl20.1%,MgSO40.1%,（NH4）2SO41%,液固质量比为1.5∶1,自然pH;32℃静置培养84h,期间翻曲1次。最高酶活可达24879IU/g。     

嗜热芽孢杆菌2004产β-甘露聚糖酶产酶条件优化和酶学性质

对芽孢杆菌2004 β-甘露聚糖酶进行了产酶条件优化、初步纯化及其酶学性质的研究.条件优化结果:1.5 g/dL槐豆胶,2 g/dL蛋白胨,培养温度为40 ℃,250 mL三角瓶装液量为70 mL,其他因素影响不大.此最佳产酶条件下,嗜热芽孢杆菌2004 12 h的产酶水平平均为41.92 U/mL,比原来提高了30倍.培养液离心得到上清液,经硫酸铵沉淀,Sephadex G-200分子凝胶过滤和DEAE纤维素离子交换,酶比活达到722 U/mg,纯化了23.94倍,收率为35.1 %.该酶的最适反应温度为70～80 ℃;反应的最适pH值为5.8～6.0;pH值稳定范围为4.0～9.0.金属离子Mg2 和K 对酶略有激活作用.适当浓度的Mg2 不仅对酶有激活作用,还对酶的热失活具有保护作用.     

Brevibacterium sp.DGCDC-82发酵罐中生产胆固醇氧化酶

用Brevibacterium sp.DGCDC-82在7L发酵罐中分批培养.分别对添加剂吐温-80、培养温度、培养基的pH、通风量和搅拌速度在胆固醇氧化酶的生产中的影响进行了研究.结果显示以上条件均对产酶有影响.在不同的发酵阶段改变发酵操作条件,发酵20 h最高酶活可达1203U/L,生产强度可达60 U/(L·h).既有效地提高了胆固醇氧化酶的产量,又防止了发酵过程中的泡沫外溢.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.