汉字数字的使用要求

数字作为词素构成定型词、词组、惯用词、缩略词或具有修辞色彩的词句,应使用汉字数字,如：二倍体、一氧化氮、“九五”规划、十二指肠等。邻近的两个数字并列连用表示概数时,应使用汉字数字,连用的两个数字之间不加标点,如：七八个人、五十二三岁、两三家医院等。我国清朝以前（含清朝）以及非公历的历史纪年应使用汉字数字,如：清咸丰十年九月二十日、八月十五中秋节等。部队医院编号有“第”字者,其编号用汉字数字,如：解放军第三0四医院。不定数词采用汉字数字,如：任何一个病人,这是一种免疫反应,无一例死亡。     

汉字数字的使用要求

数字作为词素构成定型词、词组、惯用词、缩略词或具有修辞色彩的词句,应使用汉字数字,如：二倍体、一氧化氮、“九五”规划、十二指肠等。邻近的两个数字并列连用表示概数时,应使用汉字数字,连用的两个数字之间不加标点,如：七八个人、五十二三岁、两三家医院等。我国清朝以前（含清朝）以及非公历的历史纪年应使用汉字数字,如：清咸丰十年九月二十日、八月十五中秋节等。部队医院编号有“第”字者,其编号用汉字数字,如：解放军第三。四医院。不定数词采用汉字数字,如：任何一个病人,这是一种免疫反应,无一例死亡。     

汉字数字的使用要求

正数字作为词素构成定型词、词组、惯用词、缩略词或具有修辞色彩的词句,应使用汉字数字,如:二倍体、一氧化氮、"九五"规划、十二指肠等。邻近的两个数字并列连用表示概数时,应使用汉字数字,连用的两个数字之间不加标点,如:七八个人、五十二三岁、两三家医院等。我国清朝以前(含清朝)以及非公历的历史纪年应使用汉字数字,如:清咸丰十年九月二十日、八月十五中秋节等。部队医院编号有"第"字者,其编号用汉字数字,如:解放军第三〇四医院。不定数词采用汉字数字,如:任何一个病人,这是一种免疫反应,无一例死亡。     

汉字数字的使用要求

数字作为词素构成定型词、词组、惯用词、缩略词或具有修辞色彩的词句，应使用汉字数字，如：二倍体、一氧化氮、“九五”规划、十二指肠等。邻近的两个数字并列连用表示概数时，应使用汉字数字，连用的两个数字之间不加标点，如：七八个人、五十二三岁、两三家医院等。我国清朝以前（含清朝）以及非公历的历史纪年应使用汉字数字，如：清咸丰十年九月二十日、八月十五中秋节等。部队医院编号有“第”字者，其编号用汉字数字，如：解放军第三〇四医院。不定数词采用汉字数字，如：任何一个病人，这是一种免疫反应，无一例死亡。     

汉字数字的使用要求

正数字作为词素构成定型词、词组、惯用词、缩略词或具有修辞色彩的词句,应使用汉字数字,如:二倍体、一氧化氮、"九五"规划、十二指肠等。邻近的两个数字并列连用表示概数时,应使用汉字数字,连用的两个数字之间不加标点,如:七八个人、五十二三岁、两三家医院等。我国清朝以前(含清朝)以及非公历的历史纪年应使用汉字数字,如:清咸丰十年九月二十日、八月十五中秋节等。部队医院编号有"第"字者,其编号用汉字数字,如:解放军第三〇四医院。不定数词采用汉字数字,如:任何一个病人,这是一种免疫反应,无一例死亡。     

汉字数字的使用要求

<正>数字作为词素构成定型词、词组、惯用词、缩略词或具有修辞色彩的词句,应使用汉字数字,如:二倍体、一氧化氮、"九五"规划、十二指肠等。邻近的两个数字并列连用表示概数时,应使用汉字数字,连用的两个数字之间不加标点,如:七八个人、五十二三岁、两三家医院等。我国清朝以前(含清朝)以及非公历的历史纪年应使用汉字数字,如:清咸丰十年九月二十日、八月十五中秋节等。部队医院编号有"第"字者,其编号用汉字数字,如:解放军第三〇四医院。不定数词采用汉字数字,如:任何一个病人,这是一种免疫反应,无一例死亡。     

汉字数字的使用要求

数字作为词素构成定型词、词组、惯用词、缩略词或具有修辞色彩的词句,应使用汉字数字,如：二倍体、一氧化氮、＂九五＂规划、十二指肠等。邻近的两个数字并列连用表示概数时,应使用汉字数字,连用的两个数字之间不加标点,如：七八个人、五十二三岁、两三家医院等。我国清朝以前（含清朝）以及非公历的历史纪年应使用汉字数字,如：清咸丰十年九月二十日、八月十五中秋节等。部队医院编号有＂第＂字者,其编号用汉字数字,     

汉字数字的使用要求

数字作为词素构成定型词、词组、惯用词、缩略词或具有修辞色彩的词句,应使用汉字数字,如:二倍体、一氧化氮、"九五"规划、十二指肠等。邻近的两个数字并列连用表示概数时,应使用汉字数字,连用的两个数字之间不加标点,如:七八个人、五十二三岁、两三家医院等。我国清朝以前(含清朝)以及非公历的历史纪年应使用汉字数字,如:清咸丰十年九月二十日、八月十五中秋节等。部队医院编号有"第"字者,其编号用汉字数字,如:     

汉字数字的使用要求

<正>数字作为词素构成定型词、词组、惯用词、缩略词或具有修辞色彩的词句,应使用汉字数字,如:二倍体、一氧化氮、"九五"规划、十二指肠等。邻近的两个数字并列连用表示概数时,应使用汉字数字,连用的两个数字之间不加标点,如:七八个人、五十二三岁、两三家医院等。我国清朝以前(含清朝)以及非公历的历史纪年应使用汉字数字,如:清咸丰十年九月二十日、八月十五中秋节等。部队医院编号有"第"字者,其编号用汉字数字,如:解放军第三〇四医院。不定数词采用汉字数字,如:任何一个病人,这     

汉字数字的使用要求

数字作为词素构成定型词、词组、惯用词、缩略词或具有修辞色彩的词句,应使用汉字数字,如：二倍体、一氧化氮、＂九五＂规划、十二指肠等。邻近的两个数字并列连用表示概数时,应使用汉字数字,     

RESECTION OF ANATOMICAL SEGMENTS OF THE LIVER

The aim of this report is to review recent experience of removal of anatomical segments of the liver. Resection of one or more segments of the liver was undertaken in 49 patients; in 32 patients, the resection was for malignant disease and in the remainder it was for benign disease. Operating time was 130 (60–600) min and the median transfusion requirement was 0 (0–15) units, with 31 patients having a resection without the need for a blood transfusion. There was no postoperative or in-hospital mortality. The removal of anatomical segments of the liver is a very useful technique for the safe removal of benign and malignant lesions.     

肝脏解剖分区及命名的历史演变与展望

正肝脏的分叶和分段在临床上对于描述病变位置,确定治疗方案,特别是界定肝切除范围等方面均有重要意义。随着肝脏解剖研究技术的不断发展,对肝脏分段解剖及其应用的认识仍在不断更新,本文回顾肝脏分段方法及命名的历史演变,并分析目前存在的争议,展望未来发展趋势。1肝脏解剖分区的历史演变Galen首次描述了肝脏,认为肝脏分为5个叶。1654年,Glisson研究肝脏的结构,提出了Glisson鞘及肝段解剖     

Glomerulonephritis and sodium retention: enhancement of Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the collecting duct is shared by rats with puromycin induced nephrotic syndrome and mice with spontaneous lupus-like glomerulonephritis.

BACKGROUND: In rats with puromycin aminoglucoside-induced (PAN) nephrotic syndrome, micropuncture studies have localized the site of sodium retention to the collecting duct. We have confirmed this finding by demonstrating a two-fold increase in Na+/K+-ATPase activity specifically limited to the cortical collecting duct in PAN rats. To further define whether this phenomenon was dependent on the chemical induction of the nephrotic syndrome or was a general phenomenon observed in glomerulonephritis, we measured Na+/K+-ATPase activity in nephron segments from mice with spontaneous lupus-like nephritis. METHODS: Hydrolytic activity of Na+/K+-ATPase was measured in three isolated nephron segments: proximal convoluted tubule, thick ascending limb and cortical collecting duct. The Na+/K+-ATPase activities were measured in PAN rats, sham-injected controls, and in (MRL x BXSB) F1 male mice which develop a well established spontaneous lupus-like glomerulonephritis by 4 months of age and their controls. Control mice have the same genetic background, but lack the Yaa mutant gene responsible for autoimmune acceleration and are free of glomerular lesions at 4 months of age. RESULTS: In (MRL x BXSB) F1 male mice, Na+/K+-ATPase was similar to control mice in the proximal convoluted tubule and the thick ascending limb. In contrast, cortical collecting duct Na+/K+-ATPase activity was two times higher in (MRL x BXSB) F1 mice than controls. These results were identical to those observed in PAN rats compared to their sham-injected controls studied 7 days after an intraperitoneal injection of puromycin or isotonic saline, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Enhancement of Na+/K+-ATPase activity localized to the cortical collecting duct is a general characteristic of glomerulonephritis independent of its mode of induction, i.e. chemical versus autoimmune. Therefore, the experimental model of PAN is suitable to study the underlying mechanisms leading to Na+/K+-ATPase dysfunction.     

肌肉动力与断端显微位移的动态观察

目的：观察骨折愈合过程中不同时期肌力和位移的变化，探讨肌肉动力在骨折愈合中的作用。方法：采用肌力和位移传感器，测试夹板固定下兔胫骨干闭合骨折后的肌力与位移变化，计算机同步数据采集。结果：正常肌力5．04kg，伤后第一天肌力1．87kg，位移0．87mm；7天对肌力3．35kg，位移最大为1．02mm；14天对肌力接近正常5．01kg（P＞0．05）；21天对肌力恢复正常，位移下降至0．28mm；35天时位移仅为0．035mm，骨折愈合。结论：肌肉动力为骨折端提供间歇性生理应力为骨折愈合所必需，骨折愈合的最佳应力是该部生理状态下所承受的肌力。在功能活动时允许断端一定范围的纵向活动，能促进骨折愈合。     

Morphology of liver

Background  

Liver size is related to body surface area. The present study was conducted to assess liver size and to find its relationship with body parameters. Also, the external surface of liver was studied for presence of fissures, which may demarcate the vascular segments and the blood vessels beneath them and may help the surgeon for resection of liver segment.     

Function of cryopreserved pig aortas

OBJECTIVES: This paper analyzes the influence of storage in the gas phase or liquid phase on grafts, together with the thawing method (15 degrees C/min or 100 degrees C/min) on the postthawing activity of pig cryopreserved arterial grafts (aortas). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Obtainment of arterial grafts (aortas) was from pigs with an ischemic time not greater than 2 h. Each aorta was divided into five fragments and assigned randomly to one control group of fresh aorta and four groups of cryopreserved aortas: group 1: gas phase/slow thawing; group 2: gas phase/rapid thawing; group 3: liquid phase/slow thawing; and group 4: liquid phase/rapid thawing. After the incubation in antibiotic solution, the cryopreservation in RPMI medium +10% DMSO was carried out and the level of cooling used was a reduction of 1 degrees C/min. The contraction and relaxation responses of the fresh and frozen/thawed arteries were carried out in organ baths. RESULTS: After thawing, the sensitivity to various agonists and maximal responses to the endothelium-dependent and independent relaxant agents were decreased. The maximal responses to the tested vasoconstrictors (KCl and noradrenaline) were, respectively, 13% and 24% of the responses obtained in unfrozen aortas. The endothelium-independent relaxant responses to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were reduced and important reductions of the endothelium-dependent relaxant responses to acetylcholine were produced. CONCLUSIONS: The cryopreservation of pig aortas under the conditions used in this study led to a decrease in the contractility of the pig aortas, as well as a decrease in the endothelium-independent relaxant responses. On the other hand, no apparent preservation of the endothelium-dependent relaxant responses was observed.     

多手指多节段离断再植

目的探讨多手指、多节段断指再植的方法及功能恢复。方法对12例43指113节段予以再植,采用分组协作、“流水式”清创、“逆行法”再植的方法,按先远端、后近端顺序依次再植示、中、环、小指。结果再植指成活率93.0%,平均随访3.5年,手功能评定:优2例,良5例,差4例,劣1例,优良率58.3%。结论多手指、多节段断指再植采用非常规方法,仍能获得较高成活率;手功能恢复较差原因可能有适应证选择、贯穿关节固定、忽视术后康复等有关。     

A well-developed endolysosomal system reflects protein reabsorption in segment 1 and 2 of rat proximal tubules

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Tumor growth in urinary diversion: a multicenter analysis

Background

The risk estimation of secondary tumors after different types of urinary diversion with intestinal segments is possible only for ureterosigmoidostomy owing to the lack of follow-up studies of other forms of urinary diversions.

Objective

We calculated the prevalence of secondary tumors associated with different forms of urinary diversion, relating the number of reported tumors to the number of performed diversions in German clinics.

Design, setting, and participants

We analyzed the operative records of 44 German clinics for urinary diversions performed from 1970 to 2007 and registered all reported secondary tumors up to 2009.

Measurements

For statistical comparison of the different tumor prevalences, Fisher exact test was used. Additionally, we compared tumor locations and latency periods in different forms of urinary diversions.

Results and limitations

In 17 758 urinary diversions, 32 secondary tumors occurred. The tumor risk in ureterosigmoidostomy (2.58%) and cystoplasty (1.58%) was significantly higher than in other continent forms of urinary diversion (p < 0.0001). The risk in orthotopic (ileo-)colonic neobladders (1.29%) was significantly higher (p = 0.0001) than in ileal neobladders (0.05%). The difference between ileocecal pouches (0.14%) and ileal neobladders was not significant (p = 0.46), and the tumor risk with ileal conduits was minimal (0.02%).

Conclusions

Ureterosigmoidostomies, cystoplasties, and probably orthotopic (ileo-)colonic neobladders bear a significantly increased tumor risk compared with the general population and necessitate regular endoscopic evaluation from at least the fifth postoperative year. Regular endoscopy is not imperative after ileal neobladders and conduits, but with catheterizable ileocecal pouches, it is recommended in the presence of symptoms such as hydronephrosis, chronic urinary infection, and hematuria.