风鸭腌制新技术

采用正交试验设计，探讨了蛋白酶种类、腌制时间、腌制温度对风鸭风味和游离氨基酸产生，及亚硝酸钠、异抗坏血酸钠、乳酸用量和腌制时间对风鸭发色的影响。结果表明，蛋白酶种类、腌制时间、腌制温度对风鸭风味及游离氨基酸产生，及亚硝酸钠、异抗坏血酸钠、乳酸用量和腌制时间对风鸭的发色，均有显著性的影响。其最佳腌制条件：蛋白酶种类为毛霉蛋白酶 青霉蛋白酶 木瓜蛋白酶，腌制时间5h，腌制温度18℃，亚销酸钠、异抗坏血酸钠和乳酸用量分别为100mg/kg、300mg/kg和250mg/kg。     

发酵条件对乳酸菌发酵蔬菜汁产品指标的影响

选用番茄汁、胡萝卜汁为原料,用保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌和两歧双歧杆菌为发酵菌种,对不同发酵条件下的产酸速度、总菌数以及发酵前后有机酸和部分风味成份的变化情况进行了研究.     

应用不同类型的大豆蛋白制备大豆酸奶

应用豆奶、脱脂豆粉、大豆浓缩蛋白制备大豆酸奶,并对其影响因素进行了分析.使用常用的保加利亚乳酸杆菌和嗜热链球菌,逐渐增加其中的豆乳含量进行驯化培养.结果表明,豆乳与牛乳质量比为8∶2发酵效果较好.使用经驯化后的菌种对豆乳进行发酵实验,比较了3种不同大豆蛋白原料之间的异同,并分别确定了不同原料的最佳固形物含量、发酵时间、杀菌温度等影响因素.     

烧伤对兔血红细胞内游离氨基酸浓度的影响

目的为了解烧伤后游离氨基酸库的变化,动态观察烧伤兔红细胞内游离氨基酸的代谢变化.方法以日立835-50型氨基酸自动分析仪测定兔30%TBSAⅢ°烧伤后1、3、7、15和20d血红细胞内游离氨基酸的含量.结果烧伤后多数测试点红细胞内游离氨基酸不同程度降低;伤后1天苏、丝、甘、丙、胱、缬、蛋、异亮、赖、精、脯和总氨基酸浓度显著降低(P＜0.05～0.01);苏、丙、缬、组、精和脯氨酸伤后各个时间点均降低,个别时间点显著降低(P＜0.05～0.01).结论烧伤后红细胞内游离氨基酸依靠易化扩散参与全身氨基酸的再分布.     

烧伤患者血、红细胞内游离氨基酸的变化及输入氨基酸对其变化的影响

目的动态观察大面积烧伤患者血浆及红细胞内游离氨基酸含量的变化,比较其变化模型,并探讨外源性输入氨基酸后对血及红细胞内游离氨基酸浓度的影响,为临床烧伤患者氨基酸输液提供依据.方法44例烧伤患者,年龄19～50岁,其中烧伤后未输氨基酸患者25例,烧伤总面积(51.9±24.2)%,Ⅲ度面积15.8%.烧伤后输氨基酸注射液患者19例,烧伤面积(60.4±19.3)%,Ⅲ度面积23.9%,烧伤后第3天输入北京制药厂生产的复合氨基酸注射液,每天输入500～750ml.伤后1、3、7、14和21d清晨采血处理样品,置-30℃冰箱存放待测.以835-50型氨基酸自动分析仪测定氨基酸含量,并以20例献血者血浆及红细胞内游离氨基酸含量作对照分析.结果检测结果显示烧伤后血浆游离氨总含量显著降低(P＜0.05～0.01);苯丙、赖氨酸和苯丙/酪比值在伤后显著升高(P＜0.05～0.01);色、组、精、丙、甘、苏、脯和丝氨酸显著降低(P＜0.05～0.01),但3d后基本回升至对照组水平.烧伤后患者红细胞内总游离氨基酸和大多数游离氨基酸含量的动态变化与血浆游离氨基酸含量的动态变化基本相似.红细胞内色、蛋、精和脯氨酸浓度很低或未测出,并未见红细胞内苯丙/酪氨酸比值显著升高.与烧伤未输复合氨基酸患者比较,输入外源性氨基酸患者未见显著改变血浆和红细胞内游离氨基酸含量.讨论研究结果提示,红细胞内游离氨基酸浓度显著高于血浆浓度,但是其烧伤后的游离氨基酸变化趋势与烧伤后血浆变化趋势基本相似;外源性输入本研究所给予的复合氨基酸含量后未见明显改变烧伤患者血浆和红细胞内游离氨基酸浓度.     

新型氨基酸制剂对创伤大鼠血游离氨基酸的影响

目的观察富含牛磺酸(Tau)、谷氨酰胺(Gln)以及高支链氨基酸(HBCAA)的新型氨基酸制剂对创伤大鼠血中游离氨基酸浓度的影响.方法将实验动物随机分为对照组、17AA组和20AA组,进行创伤手术后分别喂饲以酪蛋白、17AA及20AA,新配方为氮源的合成饲料,在伤后不同时相点测定血浆游离氨基酸浓度.结果实验组伤后第3天血浆总游离氨基酸含量均显著降低,对照组基本无改变;其中Tau、BCAA、精氨酸以及天冬氨酸等具有抗氧化和免疫调节作用的氨基酸含量明显降低,新处方使用一周后氨基酸浓度有效回升,且效果好于17种氨基酸.结论新型氨基酸制剂有利于机体伤口的愈合,上述结果为进一步阐明复合氨基酸制剂促进创伤愈合的作用及其开发应用提供了理论依据.     

乳腺癌癌肿组织与癌旁乳腺组织游离氨基酸差异性分析

目的 对乳腺癌癌肿组织、癌旁乳腺组织游离氨基酸的含量测定,比较两者游离氨基酸含量,探讨乳腺癌不平衡氨基酸治疗依据.方法 收集标本并保存,通过剪碎、研磨、匀浆、去蛋白质、分离出游离氨基酸、离心,检测癌肿组织与相应癌旁乳腺组织17种游离氨基酸的含量.结果 乳腺癌癌肿组织大部分游离氨基酸浓度高于癌旁乳腺组织游离氨基酸浓度.结论 乳腺癌癌肿组织氨基酸代谢与相应的癌旁乳腺组织氨基酸代谢存在明显的差异性,为乳腺癌不平衡氨基酸治疗提供参考依据.     

假单胞菌Y8产壳聚糖酶的培养条件

对假单胞菌Y8产壳聚糖酶培养条件进行研究,得到一个比较优化的培养条件为:pH值6.5,温度32℃,壳聚糖3g/L,酵母膏质量分数0.3%,培养时间3d.不同金属离子及不同诱导物对酶合成的影响表明:Fe2+激活作用显著,而Mg2+,Zn2+,Mn2+则具有一定的抑制作用,壳聚糖和氨基葡萄糖对壳聚糖酶的产生都有较好的诱导作用.     

牛肉蛋白水解物的酶解制备

采用Flavourzyme与Protamex复合蛋白酶对牛肉进行水解,并以水解度为指标,采用响应面分析对其酶解条件进行优化,建立了一个水解模型,其最优化条件为:底物质量浓度 4. 8g/dL,反应起始pH值7.0,水解温度52.5℃,水解时间9 h,在此条件下达到最大水解度50.65%.并对不同水解度水解产物的游离氨基酸含量进行了分析.     

营养鲜味剂的研制

通过酶法水解将小梅鱼制备成营养型高档调味剂 .用酶对小梅鱼进行水解 ,结果表明温度、pH、酶的种类、酶的组合、酶添加的顺序对产物的分布有影响 .在初始pH值为 8,温度为 5 0℃时 ,胰酶水解产物中小分子产物含量较高 .胰酶的水解产物用微生物风味复合酶进一步酶解 ,可脱除苦味 .对产物进行氨基酸分布检测 ,结果显示 ,产物中含 18种氨基酸 ,总氮质量分数为 12 6 .4mg/ g(以N计 ) ,α 氨基氮质量分数为 6 0 .8mg/ g .     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.