大转子截骨在人工髋关节手术中的应用(下)

二、大转子截骨的固定方式 大转子截骨进行固定是一个永恒的话题,很多医生采用了不同的固定方法来处理大转子截骨.但是不论采用何种方法,大转子截骨后仍然存在一定的截骨不愈合率和移位率.选择合理的固定方法一定要对于大转子的受力情况有一个清楚的概念.     

股骨转子下骨折手术治疗及分型进展

近年来,国内外学者为提高股骨转子下骨折愈合率和改善术后功能,往往应用手术内固定方法治疗股骨转子下骨折,现将股骨转子下骨折外科手术治疗及分型进展综述如下: 1 股骨转子下骨折(subtrochanteric femoral fracture,SFF )的解剖及分型 1966年,Fielding等[1]首次提出股骨转子下区的解剖学定义.根据股骨转子下区的解剖和力学因素,并以涉及到股骨小转子的原始骨折线的位置为依据,将股骨转子下骨折分为Ⅲ型.第Ⅰ型骨折是在股骨小转子水平,接近2.5 cm处;第Ⅱ型骨折是在股骨小转子以下2英寸,相当干5 cm处;第Ⅲ型骨折是在股骨小转子以下3英寸,相当于7.5 cm处.     

PFN-A治疗老年股骨转子间骨折疗效观察

目的:观察PFN-A治疗股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效.方法:应用PFN-A治疗股骨转子间骨折112例,观察术中出血量、手术时间、手术并发症等指标.结果:PFN-A治疗转子间骨折均获得了很好的疗效.结论:PFN-A钉组手术暴露范围小、失血少、手术时间性短、创伤程度小.     

大转子股骨头互换术治疗股骨头骺早闭

作者于1990年10月至1994年10月,利用股骨转子下截骨大转子股骨头互换术,治疗股骨头骨骺早闭、大转子相对过长的髋关节病废患者5例,经随访观察,效果满意.文中讨论了本病的病理特点及其手术治疗原理和适应证.     

一种特殊类型股骨转子间骨折治疗5例报告

股骨转子间骨折在骨科领域中较多见,多为老年人,女性多于男性.稳定的股骨转子间骨折可采用患肢牵引等非手术治疗,不稳定骨折则应行手术治疗.自1988年以来我们收治5例特殊类型的股骨转子间骨折,骨折正位观呈顺转子间骨折,侧位观大转子冠状面骨折,且大转子的后半连同小转子呈整块一起向后移位(图1),现作一总结.     

治疗不稳定转子部骨折的选择:内固定或关节置换

股骨转子部骨折是老年人常见的骨折之一,尤其是不稳定性转子部骨折在治疗上存在较大的困难与风险.所谓不稳定性股骨转子部骨折,按AO分类包括31-A2型和31-A3型.对于老年患者转子部骨折的治疗,目的是恢复关节功能,缩短卧床时间,减少长期卧床带来的并发症.     

股骨小转子缺损及复位固定的生物力学比较

[目的] 测试股骨小转子缺损及复位固定对股骨上端生物力学性能的影响,探讨股骨转子间骨折小转子固定的必要性.[方法] 采集国人新鲜股骨上段标本,模拟骨折造成股骨小转子缺损和股骨小转子广泛缺损以及重新将小转子复位螺钉固定,分别测量股骨上端的强度、刚度和扭转力学性能.[结果] 股骨小转子缺损和广泛缺损会导致股骨应力集中,强度分别增加31%、37%;股骨刚度分别下降29%、51%;股骨抗扭强度分别下降33%、54%.小转子固定后则应力集中下降25%、28%,刚度提高20%、31%,抗扭强度增加23%、29%,力学性能明显恢复.[结论] 股骨小转子缺损或广泛缺损,导致股骨抵御外载荷及抗扭力学性能显著下降.提示股骨转子间骨折治疗中小转子固定是不容忽视的因素.     

加压滑动鹅头钉治疗股骨转子下骨折(附16例报告)

本文报告应用加压滑动鹅头钉治疗股骨转子下不稳定骨折16例,平均年龄37.6岁,平均随访2年6个月,全部病例获得骨愈合.平均愈合时间为术后12周.未发现远期及近期并发症.认为此钉设计合理,性能坚固,不仅适用于股骨转子间骨折,也同样适用于股骨转子下骨折,是转子下骨折的理想内固定钉.     

股骨近端锁定加压钢板治疗股骨转子间骨折

目的 探讨股骨近端锁定加压钢板(PF-LCP)治疗股骨转子间骨折的疗效.方法 采用切开复位PF-LCP内固定治疗27例股骨转子间骨折患者.结果 27例均获随访,时间6～24个月.无并发症及髋内翻畸形.疗效按Sander评分标准评定:优15例,良10例,差2例.结论 PF-LCP治疗股骨转子间骨折操作简单,固定牢固,临床疗效好,是治疗股骨转子间骨折的有效方法.     

大转子截骨在人工髋关节置换术中的应用(上)

在人工全髋关节置换术处于初始阶段的时候,大转子截骨入路被认为是标准的入路方式.随着手术技术的提高,越来越多的骨科医生在进行初次人工髋关节置换术时倾向于使用其他手术入路而摒弃了大转子截骨入路.但在某些复杂的初次全髋关节置换术或全髋关节翻修术中,采用大转子截骨的手术入路仍为一种有效方法.正如Charnley所提到的"如果能够保证大转子复位以后3周内愈合,并且不需要限制功能锻炼,那么没有医生会拒绝采用通过大转子截骨的手术入路"[1].     

Traumatic avulsion of the tuberosity of the ischium

The apophysis of the ischial tuberosity usually becomes united with the hipbone by 25 years of age. The highest incidence of avulsion in this region occurs between 15 and 17 years in young active persons. Apophysitis should be differentiated from apophyseolysis or an avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity. Apophysitis may be associated with chronic excessive sports activities in young men and women and is manifested by pain in the region involved. Its presence is confirmed by radiographic findings. The patient with an avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity reports an injurious event, usually a sudden movement during sports activities, associated with immediate pain. The diagnosis is again confirmed by radiology. Apophysitis is treated conservatively with no resulting problems. The poor healing of an avulsion fracture may result in chronic complaints, particularly painful sitting. This condition is treated by resection of the fractured apophysis. The authors describe the case of a 28-year-old man who complained of experiencing pain when sitting. At 20 years of age, he suffered an avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity that was treated conservatively. He was examined at our department and an unhealed fracture of the ischial tuberosity was diagnosed by radiology and computed tomography. The separated bony fragment was removed and the patient was followed up to 1 year. He remained free from any complaints. An avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity is an injury rarely reported in our as well as foreign literature. The available case reports are discussed.     

Epidermoid cyst of the scrotum extending into the true pelvis

A 9-year-old boy presented with an asymptomatic scrotal mass that was separate from the testes. The workup included a scrotal ultrasound scan and voiding cystourethrogram. On surgical exploration, the mass was solid, separate from the testes, and extended into the pelvis. The mass was removed, and pathologic examination revealed an epidermoid cyst. This is an uncommon scrotal lesion in boys and may represent a monodermal teratoma or abnormal closure of the median raphe. To our knowledge, this is only the second case report of an epidermoid cyst of the scrotum extending into the true pelvis.     

Cooling of the burn wound: the ideal temperature of the coolant

BACKGROUND: The beneficial effects of cooling a fresh burn wound were well demonstrated. However, there are still conflicting reports as to the optimum temperature of coolant, duration of application and effects in limiting tissue damage. A study was undertaken to investigate this, the importance of the temperature of, and the time period of application of the coolant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four identical deep dermal wounds were created on the back of 10 anaesthetised pigs. Each animal served as an independent experimental model. The effectiveness of cooling was monitored by measuring intradermal temperatures. The animals were divided into two groups; using ice water and tap water as the coolants. In each pig one wound was not cooled (wound 1). Three were cooled; one immediately for 30 min in group 1 and for 4 h in group 2 (wound 2). The other two wounds were cooled after 30 min for 30 min and 3 h (wounds 3 and 4, respectively). RESULTS: It was found that the temperature of the coolant was crucial. When ice water of 1-8 degrees C (group 1) was used more necrosis than in the wounds that were not cooled was seen. When tap water was used at 12-18 degrees C (group 2) it was demonstrated clinically and histologically that the cooled wounds had less necrosis than the uncooled wounds and thus healed faster. In group 2 the beneficial effects of cooling were still present when delayed for half an hour. CONCLUSION: First aid cooling of a burn wound with tap water is an effective method of minimising the damage sustained during a burn, and is universally and immediately available. Ice water cooling is associated with an increase in tissue damage.     

Pheochromocytoma of the posterior mediastinum undiagnosed until the onset of intraoperative hypertension

An asymptomatic 42-year-old man was diagnosed with a posterior mediastinal mass, most likely a nonfunctioning, benign, neurogenic tumor for which thoracoscopic surgery was initially indicated. However, the systemic blood pressure rapidly increased to a critical level immediately after starting the surgical manipulation of the tumor, which was suggestive of a hyperfunctioning pheochromocytoma. The tumor was removed after controlling the blood pressure and was histologically diagnosed as a pheochromocytoma. The patient had an uneventful course, and the tumor was proven to be sporadic through further postoperative investigations. The possibility of extraadrenal pheochromocytoma should be considered in the preoperative diagnosis of an intrathoracic paraaortic tumor, even in an asymptomatic patient.     

Resection of the intrapancreatic bile duct preserving the pancreas

Benign neoplasms of the distal bile duct are rare, but pose a therapeutic challenge. Usually, these lesions are resected by means of ampullectomy if located in close proximity to the ampulla of Vateri or by partial pancreaticoduodenectomy if located intrapancreatic and distant from the ampulla. Here, we present a case of an intrapancreatic benign neuroendocrine tumor that was resected by performing a pancreas-preserving distal bile duct resection. First, a duodenotomy was carried out and a probe was inserted into the pancreatic duct to avoid inadvertent injury. Subsequently, the bile duct was divided proximal the lesion and dissected towards the ampulla. Pancreatic parenchyma was dissected dorsally and closed using absorbable interrupted sutures. The duodenal incision was closed, and reconstruction was performed by an end-to-side hepaticojejunostomy and a Roux-Y jejunojejunostomy. The postoperative course of the patient was uneventful. In conclusion, pancreas-preserving distal bile duct resection might be an option for intrapancreatic benign lesions of the distal bile duct that would otherwise require a partial pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

Osteoid osteomas of the body of the cervical spine. Case report and review of the literature

A case report of an adult patient with an osteoid osteoma of the body of the 3rd cervical vertebra is presented. The long history of progressively worsening nocturnal cervical pain which was relieved by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and an essentially normal clinical examination, are typical of this condition; in which CT is the investigation of choice. Complete relief was obtained following excision of the lesion. The literature is reviewed.     

Reconstruction of the vena cava with the peritoneum

BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of the vena cava with an autologous vein requires extra incisions. Prosthetic material is associated with an increased risk of infection. We therefore created an animal model of vena cava reconstruction using the peritoneum. METHODS: A 2.5 x 2.5 cm piece of peritoneum was resected from 7 pigs weighing 30 to 40 kg. An oval window (long axis: 1.5 cm) was made in the infrarenal vena cava. This was repaired with the peritoneal patch fixed in alcohol. RESULTS: In 2 animals sacrificed at 5 hours, there was no evidence of thrombosis, but there was fibrin clot on the patches. Two animals sacrificed on day 8 exhibited excellent patency of the vena cava. Complete endothelialization of the patch was noted at day 15. At 6 weeks, the vena cava was healed. No infections or other problems were noted. CONCLUSIONS: The peritoneum is an accessible and safe substitute for reconstruction of the vena cava.     

Traumatic amputation of the upper limb: replantation of the arm

From 1970 to 1985, 13 patients were treated as a result of an upper limb traumatic sub-amputation. Three of them were younger than 15 years and another one was only 3 years old at the time of the trauma. All the elements involved in the treatment of the lesions are described. When it was possible, an end-to-end anastomosis was used for the repair of arteries and veins. Otherwise, when the loss of tissue was marked, a saphenous vein graft was used. The fracture was treated, when possible, with an intramedullary fixation, surely less traumatizing for soft tissues than a plate. The repair of the nerve was at times simultaneous at other times delayed. The followup has shown a good functional restoration of the limb and of the joints affected by the trauma and a normal development of the patients in terms of age.     

Influence of the design of the prosthesis on the outcome after hemiarthroplasty of the shoulder in displaced fractures of the head of the humerus

We reviewed 39 patients with displaced three- and four-part fractures of the humerus. In 21 patients (group A) we had used an anatomical prosthesis for the humeral head and in 18 (group B) an implant designed for fractures. When followed up at a mean of 29.3 months after surgery the overall Constant score was 51.9 points; in group A it was 51.5 and in group B 52.4 points. The subjective satisfaction of the patients was assessed using a numerical rating scale and was similar in both groups. In group A complete healing of the tuberosities was found in 29% and 50% in group B. Partial integration was seen in 29% of group A and in only one patient in group B, while resorption was noted in 43% of group A and 44% of group B. The functional outcome was significantly better in patients with complete or partial healing of the tuberosities (p=0.022). The specific trauma prosthesis did not lead to better healing of the tuberosities. The difference in clinical outcome obtained by the two designs did not reach statistical significance.     

Response of the end-plates to compression of the spine

Summary The instantaneous displacement and creep of the caudal end-plate were measured during compression of six segments of cadaveric lumbar spine. Each segment consisted of a disc attached to the two adjacent vertebrae. It was subjected to an applied load of 1.6 kN which was supposed to be within the normal physiological range. End-plate displacement was measured using a displacement transducer. When the load was applied there was an almost instantaneous displacement of the end-plate of 0.14±0.04mm (mean±standard deviation). The creep displacement in the speciments which remained undamaged was very small (0.023±0.006mm) and associated with a retardation time of 1.9±1.1s, i.e. the end-plate displacement in these specimens reached an equilibrium value within a few minutes. Appreciable end-plate displacement (exceeding 4 mm) was associated with damage which included fracture of the trabecular bone. In the damaged specimen, the end-plate continued to displace under a constant load. This result suggests that sustained compression could aggravate mechanical damage to the vertebra and end-plate in vivo.