番茄油树脂成分分析及番茄红素的稳定性

对番茄油树脂中的脂肪酸组成和类胡萝卜素进行了分析测定,并研究了番茄油树脂在贮存过程中番茄红素的稳定性.结果表明,番茄油树脂中含有较多的脂肪酸甘油酯(65%)和不皂化物(27%),主要含不饱和脂肪酸(74%～75%),其中亚油酸质量分数为51%～52%,油酸质量分数为22%～23%.番茄油树脂中类胡萝卜素主要是番茄红素,另外有少量的β-胡萝卜素.番茄油树脂贮存过程中番茄红素较为稳定,贮存条件以避光充氮效果最好.     

HPLC法测定吉祥草中β-胡萝卜素

目的:建立吉祥草中β-胡萝卜素的高效液相色谱测定方法.方法:以丙酮-石油醚(1∶1v/v)的混合溶液浸提吉祥革中β-胡萝卜素.色谱条件:色谱柱为DiamonsilC18柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈-甲醇-乙酸乙酯-三乙胺(80∶10∶10∶0.05);流速:1.0ml·min-1;柱温20℃;检测波长为450nm.进行了线性关系、精密度、稳定性、重复性、回收率等项的考察.结果:β-胡萝卜素的质量浓度在0.0074～0.0666μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率(n=6)为99.33%,稳定性400分钟内RSD=1.94%.结论:该法专属性强,结果准确,重现性好,可用作吉祥草中β-胡萝卜素的含量测定方法.     

响应面法优化微波辅助提取β-胡萝卜素工艺

利用响应面分析法对微波辅助提取胡萝卜中β-胡萝卜素工艺进行优化,在单因素试验基础上,选取微波萃取功率、提取时间、料液体积质量比为考察因素,采用响应面试验设计,利用SAS(9.0)软件进行优化组合,从而确定微波提取β-胡萝卜素的最佳工艺参数:微波功率394 W,时间6 min,液料体积质量比为43 mL/g,在此条件下,β-胡萝卜素的提取率为0.399 mg/g.     

HPLC分离测定红心薯中类胡萝卜素

应用高效液相色谱法分离和测定红心薯中类胡萝卜素.样品制备采用已烷-丙酮-乙腈-甲苯混合溶剂与40%氢氧化钾甲醇溶液浸提、皂化的方法,使用Nova-PakC18不锈钢柱,乙腈-三氯甲烷-叔丁醇作三元流动相,流量线性梯度洗脱等色谱条件,在440nm波长下检测,红心薯中主要类胡萝卜素得到了较好的分离.以外标定量法对红心薯中的4种主要类胡萝卜素(β-胡萝卜素,叶黄质,堇黄质,新黄质)进行了定量,结果较为满意.     

高效液相色谱法测定龙眼果中水溶性单糖和寡糖

用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射测定龙眼果中水溶性单糖和寡糖组分的种类和含量,考察这些糖组分在龙眼晒干前后的变化.采用 Hypersil NH2柱为固定相,V(乙腈)∶V(水)=80∶20为流动相,体积流量1 mL/min,蒸发光散射法检测.绘制7种标准糖的线性回归方程并计算其检测限,进而分别分离测定新鲜龙眼果和龙眼干中水溶性糖的种类和含量.研究发现:龙眼鲜果和干果中的单糖和寡糖主要为果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖.3种糖在25～1 000 μg/mL范围内与其色谱峰面积之间有良好的线性关系,标准品回收率在97%～106%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于0.40%.3种糖中以蔗糖的质量分数为最高,达517.28 mg/g.3种糖的总质量分数在鲜果中为830.36 mg/g,而在干果中下降了14.8%,其中又以蔗糖的下降最为显著,达20.6%,质量分数降低的原因可能是晒干过程发生了美拉德反应和寡糖的水解.     

保留肾单位手术治疗von-Hippel-Lindau病肾细胞癌患者的单中心经验

作者总结了 1998至 2 0 0 1年间收治的 5 6例因von Hippel Lindau病肾细胞癌而接受肾癌根治术或保留肾单位手术的病例。患者年龄 14～ 6 2岁。其中 30例 (33% )行肾切除术 ,6 2例 (6 7% )行保留肾单位的肿瘤剜除术。保留肾单位手术术中出血 (175±2 31.7)ml(5 0～ 130 0ml) ;97%的病例采用术中肾蒂钳夹 ,用时 (32± 10 .4 )min(10～ 5 0min)。 4例术后近期出现并发症 (1例肾周脓肿 ,2例尿瘘和 1例急性肾衰需临时透析 )。肾萎缩发生率 7.3%。肿瘤直径 (31.2± 10 .7)mm(15～6 0mm) ,复发肿瘤的直径为 (2 2± 7.8)mm(4～ 4 5mm)。住院时间 (7…     

采用二次内酯化方法从葡醛内酯生产废液中回收产品

分析了葡醛内酯传统工艺中淀粉原料、中间产物及产品流失的主要原因,提出了从葡醛内酯生产废液中通过二次内酯化进一步回收产品的可行性方案.结果表明,在V(硝酸)∶V(冰醋酸)∶V(废液)=0.6∶1.0∶10,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为60min的条件下,葡醛内酯提取物每100mL废液可达6g,纯度为82%.     

P物质预先给药对去甲肾上腺素诱导大鼠离体心肌细胞β1受体表达的影响

目的 探讨P物质(SP)预先给药对去甲肾上腺素(NE)诱导大鼠离体心肌细胞β1受体表达的影响.方法 出生1～3 d SD大鼠,分离心肌细胞后培养72 h.取15孔心肌细胞随机分为5组:C1组不加任何药物,NE1-4组分别给予10-9、10-8、10-7、10-6 mol/L NE,每组3孔.另取12孔心肌细胞随机分为C2组、NE组、SN组和NSN组,每组3孔,NE组加入10-7 mol/LNE,SN组加入10-6 mol/LSP后30 min加入10-7 mol/L NE,NSN组加入NK-1受体拮抗剂S3144后30 min加入10-6 mol/L SP,30min后加入10-7 mol/L NE.加入NE后3 h时采用流式细胞仪检测心肌细胞β1受体表达.结果 与C1组比较,NE1～3组心肌细胞β1受体表达上调,NE3组β1受体表达上调最明显(P＜0.05);与C2组比较,NE组心肌细胞β1受体表达上调(P＜0.05);与NE组比较,SN.组心肌细胞β1受体表达下调(P＜0.05).结论 SP预先给药可抑制NE诱导的大鼠离体心肌细胞β1受体表达上调,其机制可能与NK-1受体激活有关.     

Mg

补加Mg2+对三孢布拉霉合成β-胡萝卜素及其生长的影响研究表明,在一定范围内,质量浓度低的Mg2+促进菌体生长,质量浓度高的Mg2+抑制菌体生长,但β-胡萝卜素比产量增加.发酵48 h补加0.3 g/dL Mg2+,β-胡萝卜素产量增加40%.同时,补加Mg2+和β-紫罗酮比仅添加β-紫罗酮、β-胡萝卜素产量提高约11%.     

高速逆流色谱分离芝麻菜种子中的硫代葡萄糖苷

比较了各种溶剂系统对高速逆流色谱法分离硫代葡萄糖苷的影响,考察了高速逆流色谱的流速、转速和进样量对提取效果的影响.用V(正丁醇)V(乙腈)V(15%的硫酸铵溶液)=10.5 2.4作为溶剂系统上相作流动相,在体积流量为1.0 mL/min、转速为600 r/min的条件下,成功地从甲醇粗提物中分离了硫代葡萄糖苷,并用高效液相色谱法测定硫代葡萄糖苷,纯度达到95.2%.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.