褐环乳牛肝菌发酵条件的优化

研究了褐环乳牛肝菌(Suillus luteus)发酵的营养条件及环境条件.在单因素实验优化的基础上,进一步采用正交实验对麦芽汁、酵母膏、装液量和接种量进行了研究.单因素实验及正交实验优化后得到褐环乳牛肝菌液体发酵的适宜培养基组成为:麦芽汁270 mL/L,酵母膏6.7 g/L,KH2PO4 0.25 g/L、MgSO4·7H2O 0.3 g/L、CaCl2·2H2O 0.19 g/L、FeCl3 48 mg /L、柠檬酸0.1 g/L、VB1 2 mg/L.在装液量为100 mL/500 mL、接种体积分数10%,初始pH值5.5～6.5,转速150 r/min的条件下,最终菌体量达12.0 g/L,比优化前提高了40.19 %.在小型发酵罐上研究了pH和溶氧对菌体生长的影响,pH值恒定在5.5时要优于自然pH值下的情况,而逐渐提高转速使溶氧保持在20%以上要优于较高转速下的供氧模式.     

一株碱性低温脂肪酶产生菌发酵条件的优化

通过单因素实验,对SYBC Wu-3菌摇床发酵产脂肪酶的培养基组成和培养条件进行优化,得出较佳的产酶培养基组成配方为:蛋白胨5 g/L,酵母膏 6 g/L,NaH2PO4 3 g/L; 油脂250 mL/L,乳化剂OP 25 mL/L.最优发酵条件为250 mL的摇瓶装液量50 mL,培养温度30 ℃,发酵时间72 h.经过优化后发酵液脂肪酶酶活力最高可达到10.68 U/mL,较优化前提高了2.8倍.     

L-乳酸高产突变株--米根霉NAF-032

运用正交试验理论,对L-乳酸高产突变株NAF-032的优化摇瓶发酵条件作了初步研究,确定了优化的发酵培养基和发酵条件.优化发酵培养基为(g/L)葡萄糖140,氯化铵1,KH2PO40.3,MgSO4*7H2O0.25,ZnSO4*7H2O0.08;优化培养条件为34℃,摇床转速200r/min,装液量50mL(250mL容积三角瓶),一次性添加CaCO380g/L调节pH值.米根霉NAF-032的摇瓶发酵L-乳酸积累量可达94.28g/L.     

聚γ-谷氨酸高产突变株的选育及摇瓶发酵条件

对地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacilluslicheniformis)进行亚硝基胍和60Co诱变,获得一株γ PGA的高产菌株C9.γ PGA质量浓度由9.44g/L提高到19.76g/L,提高了109%.突变株传代10次,质量浓度保持基本稳定.通过正交试验和单因素试验对发酵培养基及发酵条件进行了优化.当发酵培养基中含柠檬酸12g/L、甘油80g/L、L 谷氨酸23g/L、氯化铵7g/L,pH7.0,装液量为50mL/250mL三角瓶,接种体积分数为5%时,37℃摇瓶发酵72h,γ PGA达到23.32g/L.     

黄孢原毛平革菌合成锰过氧化物酶的工艺

研究了多种营养条件及培养条件对黄孢原毛平革菌 (Phanerochaetechrysosporium )WX2 13合成锰过氧化物酶的影响 .当培养基中葡萄糖质量浓度为 10 g/L ,酒石酸铵质量浓度为0 .2 g/L,吐温 80质量浓度为 1g/L ,MnSO4 ·H2 O为 0 .14g/L ,采用苯二甲酸缓冲液 ,最终pH 4 .5 ,2 5 0mL的三角瓶装液量 90mL ,接种量为 1.2× 10 6mL- 1时所获酶活较高 .经条件优化后锰过氧化物酶的活力达到 5 5 9U/L ,比未优化前提高了 36% .加入染料培养 ,发现该酶对所选用的偶氮染料、三苯甲烷类染料、杂环类染料均有较好的脱色效果     

放射型根瘤菌WSH2601生产辅酶Q10的摇瓶发酵条件

以放射型根瘤菌 (Rhizobusradiobacterium ,WSH2 6 0 1)作为辅酶Q10 的生产菌株 ,研究了氮源、碳源、接种量、溶氧、初始 pH、发酵温度及添加物等因素对细胞生长与产物辅酶Q10 合成的影响 .结果表明 :玉米浆和酵母膏是较好的氮源 ,葡萄糖与蔗糖是辅酶Q10 发酵的较好的碳源 ,接种量对辅酶Q10 发酵的影响不大 ,为 4 % .适宜的初始 pH值为 7,番茄汁能较好地促进细胞的生长 ;添加玉米浆、L 甲硫氨酸、番茄汁和异戊醇有利于产辅酶Q10 ;溶氧对细胞生长与产物辅酶Q10 合成的影响较显著 .通过正交试验初步确定了发酵条件 :碳源为 1.5 g/dL葡萄糖和 2 .5 g/dL蔗糖混合物 ,酵母膏 0 .8g/dL ,初始pH 7,每 5 0 0mL装液量为 5 0mL .最后经综合优化条件 ,在摇瓶发酵条件下 :菌体生长量 (以干重计 )为 13.8g/L ,发酵液中辅酶Q10 产量达到 2 2 .7mg/L ,比优化前分别提高 34%和 5 3% .     

红曲霉发酵产胞外多糖工艺的优化

研究了碳源、氮源和无机盐对红曲霉Y 7产多糖的影响 ,优化并确定了产胞外多糖的培养基组成 :麦芽糖 6 0 g/L ,蛋白胨 2 .5g/L ,磷酸二氢钾 4 g/L ,硫酸镁 0 .5 g/L ,氯化钙 0 .6 g/L .研究了油脂对胞外多糖的影响 ,并确定棕榈油的添加量为 0 .2 g/dL .在 5 0 0mL的三角瓶装培养基 75mL ,接种量 15 % ,种子液种龄 2 4h ,培养温度 33℃ ,摇床转速 2 2 0r/min ,培养 96h .在上述条件下生物量干重为 1.4 2 g/dL ,发酵液胞外多糖产量可达 3.2 4 g/L ,比初始条件高出 2 .5倍 .     

TNF-α联合奥沙利铂对胃癌细胞SGC-7901抑制作用的研究

目的:探讨TNF-α联合奥沙利铂对人胃癌细胞株SGC-7901生长抑制、凋亡的影响及其作用机制。方法:应用噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测不同浓度的TNF-α、奥沙利铂及两者联合应用对SGC-7901细胞抑制率;采用Hoechst检测SGC-7901细胞凋亡情况。结果:浓度为20、40、80和160μg/mL的奥沙利铂对SGC-7901的细胞生长抑制率为(29.11±0.63)%、(41.05±0.97)%、(47.69±1.03)%和(56.26±0.93)%,均可抑制细胞增殖(P<0.01);浓度为25 mg/L的TNF-α对SGC-7901细胞的生长抑制率为(2.39±0.65)%,抑制作用不明显,浓度为50、100、150 mg/L的TNF-α对SGC-7901细胞的生长抑制率为(4.51±0.86)%、(4.63±0.53)%和(4.75±1.05)%,可抑制细胞增殖(P<0.05);奥沙利铂(20μg/mL)与25、50、100和150 mg/L的TNF-α联合应用时对SGC-7901的细胞生长抑制率为(36.34±0.76)%、(45.51±0.83)%、(51.47±0.67)%和(58.78±0.97)%,与单用TNF-α(100mg/L)或奥沙利铂(20μg/mL)比较,细胞生长抑制率增加(P<0.01);Hoechst检测结果显示,单独应用100 mg/L TNF-α、单独应用20μg/mL奥沙利铂及两者联合应用均有细胞凋亡现象,且联合用药组细胞凋亡率增高(P<0.01)。结论:TNF-α可增强奥沙利铂对人SGC-7901细胞的促凋亡作用,其机制可能为TNF-α、奥沙利铂分别激活不同的Caspase,并级联和放大有关凋亡信号,因而对细胞凋亡产生了协同作用。     

黑曲霉产木聚糖酶的特性

研究了木聚糖酶产生菌黑曲霉(A.niger)238的产酶特性和麸曲的浸提条件,并对其浸提酶液进行浓缩.结果表明,菌株黑曲霉(A.niger)238产木聚糖酶受诱导物的影响,发酵时间在68～72h期间达到产酶高峰,酶活力为286U/mL.最佳氮源为(NH4)2SO4,装料量为每瓶10g,接种量为每瓶0.3mL.其发酵麸曲用固液比为1∶5的2g/dLCaCl2溶液,30℃浸提1.5h;浸提液采用25℃,40kPa,冷却水温度18℃条件超滤浓缩可获得90%以上回收率.     

隐甲藻(Crypthecodium cohnii)悬浮培养生产DHA

研究了培养温度、初始 pH、碳源及氮源等对隐甲藻 (CrypthecodiniumcohniiATCC3 0 5 5 6)悬浮培养生产DHA影响 .通过正交试验得到的优化培养基组成为 (g/L) :葡萄糖 2 0 ,甘油 2 0 ,蛋白胨 5 ,KNO3 5 ,NaCl6,MgSO41 .6,KH2 PO41 .0 ,VH 0 .0 0 6,VB12 0 .0 0 1 ,另外添加 1mL/L橄榄油 ,6mL/L丙酮酸 .优化培养条件为 :5 %接种量 ,初始 pH 7.0 .黑暗条件培养 ,装液量为 5 0 0mL三角瓶装 5 0mL培养基 ,3 0℃培养 3 2h后转到 2 0℃培养直至收获 .在优化培养基配方和培养条件下 ,隐甲藻悬浮培养 64h后 ,生物量和DHA产量分别为 1 0 .78g/L和 1 .2 1 g/L .     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.