不同剂量布地奈德雾化吸入和泼尼松龙静脉用药治疗AECOPD的对比研究

目的探讨不同剂量布地奈德雾化吸入对比静脉用泼尼松龙治疗慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期(AECOPD)的临床疗效和安全性。方法92例AECOPD患者随机分为布地奈德1组(24)、布地奈德2组(25)、泼尼松龙组(22)和对照组(21),分别给予布地奈德1 mg/次(1次/8 h)、2 mg/次(1次/8 h)和泼尼松龙静点40 mg/次(1次/q12 h),其他治疗相同。记录治疗后第3、5、7、10天临床症状评分和FEV1/预计值、PaO2、PaCO2、副反应和血糖情况。结果①治疗后5、10天布地奈德组1组、2组、泼尼松龙组临床症状评分明显下降,和对照组比较有统计学意义(P0.05),布地奈德2组、泼尼松龙组和布地奈德1组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。②治疗后第5天布地奈德1组、2组和泼尼松龙组的FEV1和动脉血气(PaO2、PaCO2)改善程度均明显优于对照组(P0.05),布地奈德2组较1组FEV1增加(P0.05)。直至观察终点布地奈德Ⅱ组的PaO2增加较Ⅰ组和对照组更显著。③短期副反应布地奈德1、2组主要为声嘶,泼尼松龙组为血糖升高。④前三组患者的住院时间之间没有统计学差异(P0.05),但较对照组明显缩短(P0.05)。结论布地奈德雾化吸入能明显改善AECOPD患者肺功能,提高患者生活质量,其疗效与泼尼松龙一致,但全身副作用较轻;布地奈德6 mg组较布地奈德3 mg组症状及肺功能改善更快更好。     

雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液在AECOPD的作用

目的以随机、对照试验比较雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液和口服泼尼松龙对AECOPD的作用。方法实验分3组,布地奈德组给予布地奈德雾化液4mg,雾化吸入,每12h1次;泼尼松龙组给予泼尼松龙片20mg,口服,每天2次,7d后减为10mg口服,每天2次;对照组不使用任何糖皮质激素。观察期为24、48h,7d和14d。结果布地奈德组、泼尼松龙组与对照组比较,FEV1、PaO2、PaCO2、pH改善值具有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;布地奈德组、泼尼松龙组两组各项指标改善程度相似（P〉0．05）,但布地奈德组副作用明显低于泼尼松龙组（P〈0．05）。结论雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液可有效改善AECOPD的气流受限,疗效与口服泼尼松龙相似,全身副作用小,可作为皮质激素治疗的另一选择。     

激素雾化吸入与全身性应用治疗AECOPD的疗效比较分析

目的探讨雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液与全身性应用甲基强的松龙治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）患者的疗效比较。方法51例AECOPD患者随机分成吸入激素组26例和全身激素组25例,分别给予布地奈德混悬液雾化吸入及甲基强的松龙静脉给药。观察2组治疗前后咳嗽、呼吸困难、肺部哮鸣音、肺功能、动脉血气变化及副作用的情况。结果治疗组和对照组治疗前后的咳嗽、呼吸困难、肺部哮鸣音、肺功能、动脉血气变化均差异无显著性,雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液治疗组的副作用明显少于全身应用糖皮质激素的对照组。结论雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液是治疗AECOPD患者安全有效的方法。     

脾多肽联合布地奈德雾化吸入对COPD急性加重期患者肺功能及动脉血气指标的影响

目的研究脾多肽联合布地奈德雾化吸入对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者肺功能及动脉血气指标的影响。方法 AECOPD患者84例随机分组,各42例。对照组予以布地奈德雾化吸入治疗,观察组予以脾多肽+布地奈德雾化吸入治疗。比较两组临床疗效,治疗前后用力肺活量(FVC)、1 s用力呼气容积(FEV1)、FEV1/FVC及动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)、动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)]变化。结果观察组临床治疗总有效率92.86%高于对照组71.43%(P0.05);治疗后观察组FVC、FEV1、FEV1/FVC高于对照组(P0.05);PaCO_2低于对照组、Pa O_2高于对照组(P0.05)。结论联合脾多肽和布地奈德雾化吸入用于AECOPD患者,可改善肺功能及动脉血气指标,疗效显著。     

雾化吸入不同剂量布地奈德混悬液对AECOPD患者的治疗作用及安全性评估

目的 探讨雾化吸入不同剂量的布地奈德混悬液对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者的治疗效果及安全性评估.方法 84例AECOPD患者被随机分为大剂量组(30例)、一般剂量组(28例)、和对照组(26例).三组均给予吸氧、抗菌素、氨茶碱及止咳化痰等常规治疗.大剂量组加用布地奈德混悬液4mg氧气吸入3次/天.一般剂量组加用布地奈德混悬液2mg氧气吸入3次/天.三组均治疗前及治疗后4小时、72小时、10天测定肺功能、动脉血气.治疗前后测空腹血糖、骨代谢指标.结果 治疗前三组间各指标比较无明显差异(P>0.05).治疗后4小时大剂量组与治疗前比较有显著差异性(P<0.05)而其余两组均无显著差异性(P>0.05).治疗后72小时大剂量组和一般剂量组与治疗前比较均有显著性差异(P<0.01或P<0.05).两组间比较也有显著性差异(P<0.05),而对照组无显著性差异.10天后三组均与治疗前比较有显著性差异(P<0.01或P<0.05).而大剂量组与一般剂量组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05).与对照组比较仍有显著性差异.治疗后三组间血糖、骨代谢各指标与治疗前无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 大剂量布地奈德混悬液雾化吸入治疗AECOPD起效快而安全.     

孟鲁司特钠联合布地奈德雾化吸入治疗对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期病人免疫功能及肺功能的影响

目的探讨孟鲁司特钠联合布地奈德雾化吸入治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)的疗效,及其对病人的肺功能及免疫功能指标的影响。方法 85例AECOPD病人依据随机数字表法分为对照组(n=45)和观察组(n=40),在常规对症支持治疗的基础上,对照组病人给予布地奈德雾化吸入治疗,观察组病人给予孟鲁司特钠联合布地奈德雾化吸入治疗,2组均连续治疗2个疗程。比较2组的临床疗效、治疗前后的肺功能、免疫功能及不良反应的发生情况。结果观察组疗效显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,观察组的最大呼气峰流速(PEF)、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、最大呼气中断流速(MMEF)、CD3~+、CD4~+和CD4~+/CD8~+水平均显著高于对照组,CD8~+水平显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组均未见严重不良反应的发生,且2组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论孟鲁司特钠联合布地奈德雾化吸入治疗AECOPD,可显著改善病人的临床症状、肺功能及免疫功能,临床疗效显著。     

雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者的治疗作用及安全性评估

目的　探讨短期雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）患者的治疗效果及安全性评估。方法　87例AECOPD患者被随机分为吸入激素组（31例）、全身激素组（27例）和对照组（29例）。三组均给予吸氧、抗感染、氨茶碱及止咳化痰等常规治疗。吸入激素组加用布地奈德混悬液氧气雾化吸入。全身激素组在常规治疗的基础上加用泼尼松龙40mg，静脉给药。三组均于治疗前及治疗7d后测定肺功能、动脉血气及空腹血糖、电解质。结果　治疗前，三组间各指标比较无明显差异。治疗后，三组肺功能及动脉血气较治疗前均有明显改善（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）；吸入激素组与全身激素组比较，除血糖外（P=0．044），各指标差异无显著性（P均〉0．05）；吸入激素组与对照组比较，除pH值外，肺功能、血气指标差异均显著，血糖、电解质比较差异无显著性（P均〉0．05）。结论布地奈德混悬液雾化吸入治疗AECOPD安全有效。     

肝素不同给药途径对AECOPD治疗疗效的影响

目的 探讨肝素不同给药途径对AECOPD患者治疗疗效的影响.方法 将205例AECOPD患者随机分成三组,其中,对照组69例,给予常规治疗;雾化吸入组68例,在常规治疗的基础上加用低分子肝素雾化吸入;静脉滴注组68例,加用低分子肝素静脉滴注.结果 治疗后,雾化吸入组和静脉滴注组治疗疗效均优于对照组,且雾化吸入组优于静脉滴注组（P〈0.05）.血常规变化和肺功能改善出WBC、PEF指标外,雾化吸入组和静脉滴注组均优于对照组,且雾化吸入组优于静脉滴注组（P〈0.05）.结论 低分子肝素能够明显改善AECOPD患者的肺功能,且雾化吸入的疗效明显优于静脉滴注用药.     

雾化吸入布地奈德和静脉用泼尼松龙治疗慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期疗效比较

目的 比较雾化吸入布地奈德和静脉用泼尼松龙治疗慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）急性加重期的疗效。方法 将40例COPD急性加重期患者随机分成两组：布地奈德组18例，接受布地奈德混悬液1d2mg，分两次雾化吸入治疗；泼尼松龙组22例，接受泼尼松龙40mg静脉注射，1次／d。其他标准治疗相同。比较两组患者治疗后第2，5天的动脉血气中PaO2、PaCO2、pH、SaO2指标以及两组患者最终预后。结果 两组患者基础值无明显差异。第2天泼尼松龙组SO2、PO2较基础值有显著改善；布地奈德组血气指标较基础值无显著改善。第5天两组患者血气指标均较基础值有明显改善。第2、5天两组之间比较无显著差异。两组患者住院时间、需要辅助通气的比例均无显著差别。结论 雾化吸入布地奈德可能可以替代全身使用激素治疗COPD急性加重期的患者。     

高流量经鼻保湿保温氧疗联合雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液对AECOPD患者动脉血气指标改善及肺功能的影响

目的探讨高流量经鼻保湿保温氧疗联合雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者动脉血气指标改善及肺功能的影响.方法 AECOPD患者98例随机分组,各49例.对照组予以雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用高流量经鼻保湿保温氧疗治疗.对比两组疗效、动脉氧分压(PaO_2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)、血氧饱和度(SPO2)、血酸碱度(pH)、第1 s用力呼吸容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)]变化情况及简明健康调查量表(SF-36)评分.结果观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组(P0.05);PaO_2、SPO2、pH高于对照组,PaCO_2低于对照组(P0.05);FEV1、FVC高于对照组(P0.05);SF-36评分高于对照组(P0.05).结论 AECOPD患者予以高流量经鼻保湿保温氧疗联合雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液治疗效果显著,可改善动脉血气指标,提高肺功能和生活质量.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.