腹腔镜在消化疾病诊断中的价值浅析

目的探讨腹腔镜检查在腹部疑难疾病诊断中的价值．方法临床诊断困难的腹水、腹部包块患者18例，应用45°斜视式腹腔镜进行检查，同时进行直视下活检，其中腹水13例，腹部包块5例，男11例，女7例，年龄19岁～62岁，检查结束后比较直视与病理诊断符合情况．结果18例患者均检查成功，其中17例明确诊断，确诊率94．4％，直视与病理检查符合率88．8％，诊断为结核6例、肝硬变5例、肝癌3例、恶性间皮瘤2例、结肠癌腹膜转移回例．无并发症发生，术后恢复快．结论腹腔镜检查准确、安全、损伤小、恢复快、经济，对腹部疑难病的诊断有独到之处，可替代不必要的剖腹探查，同时还可进行适当的治疗，因此有着极高的临床适用价值．     

腹腔镜探查在不明原因小肠出血诊治中的临床应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜探查在不明原因小肠出血诊治中的临床应用价值.方法 分析2003-09～2009-02使用腹腔镜探查不明原因小肠出血的14例患者的临床资料.结果 全部病例诊断明确并成功止血,手术时间为(70.3±32.6)min,术中失血为(16.1±12.4)ml,手术后住院天数(7.9±3.1)d.术后随访3～30个月内未发生并发症及再出血.结论 腹腔镜探查在不明原因小肠出血诊治中具有定位准确、出血少、手术时间短、并发症少、恢复快等优点,值得推广.     

诊断性腹腔镜的临床应用研究

目的：评价诊断性腹腔镜的检查方法、效果及安全性，提高腹部疑难疾病的早期诊断率。方法：回顾分析58例腹部疑难疾病患者的腹腔镜检查情况，其中腹水原因待查35例，腹水＋腹部包块23例。结果：58例患者中诊断为结核性腹膜炎31例，恶性腹膜间皮瘤23例，腹膜转移癌2例，盆腔结核及慢性盆腔炎各1例。不同疾病在腹腔镜下有不同表现。操作时间25－70min，平均38min。并发症为活检处出血4例，其中3例为自限性因，1例经局部喷洒凝血酶后停止，术后伤口漏水5例。对腹腔镜下有肯定判断的12例患者同时进行治疗。结论；腹腔镜检查具有安全、简便、微创、痛苦小、确诊率高等优点。诊断性腹腔镜值得进一步推广应用。     

腹腔镜检查在疑难性腹部疾病病因诊断中的应用

目的　探讨腹腔镜检查在疑难性腹部疾病病因诊断中的价值。方法　应用电视腹腔镜对１４ 例临床诊断不明的腹水和腹块患者进行腹腔镜检查及活检。结果　全部病例检查成功并获确诊,同时发现罕见的腹部疾病７ 例,无１例并发症发生。本组临床和影像学诊断与腹腔镜病理诊断符合率分别为３５．７１％ （５／１４）和２８．５７％ （４／１４）;腹腔镜肉眼诊断与病理诊断符合率为４２．８６％ （６／１４）。结论　腹腔镜检查是疑难性腹部疾病病因诊断中的一种具有确诊价值和比较安全可靠的方法;腹腔镜直视下对病灶（结节或肿块）进行多部位、多点和大块组织活检可使病理诊断阳性率提高达１００％ 。     

21例腹腔淋巴结血吸虫病临床病理分析

腹腔淋巴结血吸虫病多数因急腹症、腹部包块行剖腹探查术或切除肿大的淋巴结活检而确诊。现将21例腹腔淋巴结血吸虫病的临床病理特点及发病机制作初步探讨。 材料和方法 一般资料 本组男性患者19例,女性2例,年龄最小24岁,最大62岁。因腹部包块、肠梗阻等急腹症行剖腹探查术14例,作胃癌、胃溃疡、胆囊等切除术7例,术中因发现肠系膜或胃网膜淋巴结肿大,取淋巴结活检。标本用10％福尔马林液固定,石蜡切片,HE染色,作显微镜观察。     

无腹部手术史的腹内疝致肠梗阻23例诊治分析

目的 探讨无腹部手术史的腹内疝致肠梗阻的临床特点及处理方法.方法 对23例无腹部手术史的腹内疝致肠梗阻患者的临床资料作回顾性分析.结果 患者以肠梗阻为临床表现,但腹胀不明显,而肠绞窄症状出现较早.23例均经手术(全腹腔镜或腹腔镜辅助小切口手术13例、直接开腹手术10例)证实,行疝内容复位11例、肠切除吻合12例,其中死亡1例.结论 无腹部手术史的腹内疝所致肠梗阻缺乏特异性临床表现,及早行剖腹探查术有助于明确诊断,改善治疗效果,减少并发症,全腹腔镜或腹腔镜辅助下完成手术可减少创伤.     

针式诊断性腹腔镜的临床应用

目的探讨针式诊断性腹腔镜(直径5mm)对腹腔疑难疾病诊断的临床应用价值。方法应用针式诊断性腹腔镜对29 例不明原因腹水患者进行检查,其中腹水22例,腹水 腹部包块7例,分析其检查情况并与常规诊断性腹腔镜进行对比。结果针式腹腔镜操作流畅,视野大而清晰。29例全部顺利完成检查,检查时间21-38 min平均28±6 mini。所有病例腹腔镜下均有其特定的表现。29例患者中有28例明确诊断,确诊率96．6％。其中结核性腹膜炎19例,恶性腹膜间皮瘤6例,转移性腺癌2例,印戒细胞癌1例。无明显并发症发生。结论针式诊断性腹腔镜与常规腹腔镜相比,操作顺畅而效果相同,且针式镜对患者损伤更小,医者操作更方便, 患者瘫苦更小。     

34 例疑难性腹部疾病腹腔镜诊断分析

我们在1995年1月～1999年12月,对34例临床难以诊断的腹痛、腹水和腹块患者进行了电视腹腔镜下检查及活检,探讨疑难性腹部疾病腹腔镜检查的诊断价值。1　对象和方法1.1　对象1.1.1　临床资料:34例患者均系我院消化内科、肝胆外科住院病人。男15例,女19例,年龄6～69岁,中位年龄41.36岁。病程10天～3年。34例患者的主要症状、体征及腹腔镜检查前临床诊断和腹腔镜诊断资料见表1。表1　34例疑难性腹部疾病临床与腹腔镜诊断资料临床主要表现(ｎ)临床诊断(ｎ)腹腔镜诊断(ｎ)腹水(13)结核性腹膜炎(12)腹膜结核(5)盆腔恶性肿瘤(2)腹膜转移癌(5)腹腔恶…     

类似进展期卵巢癌的老年女性结核性腹膜炎临床分析(附三例报告)

目的 探讨绝经后老年女性结核性腹膜炎与晚期卵巢癌的临床特点,并对相关文献进行复习.方法 回顾性分析了2003年1月至2009年9月卫生部北京医院收治的60岁以上老年女性被确诊为结核性腹膜炎的3例患者临床资料.并进行文献复习,探讨结核性腹膜炎的误诊原因及诊断方法.结果 3例患者均表现出类似晚期卵巢癌的临床症状:胸水、腹水、盆腹腔包块及腹胀,进行性消瘦,肿瘤抗原125(CA125)升高.其中2例患者接受了剖腹探查术,均未发现恶性肿瘤.3例患者均接受了抗结核治疗.其中2例患者在治疗中胸水、腹水消失.结论 结核性腹膜炎老年女性患者易被误诊为卵巢癌,从而接受手术治疗.腹腔镜活检是诊断结核性腹膜炎安全有效的方法.剖腹探查是不能行腹腔镜手术患者的另一选择.     

224例小肠疾病的临床分析

目的 增加对小肠疾病的认识,提高对其的诊断率并探讨检查方法。方法 观察２２４例小肠疾病患者的临床表现,分析其主要症状、病因及所采用的诊断方法。结果 小肠疾病以腹痛（５８％）,腹部包块（１８％）,发热（１７％）及便血（１２％）为主要表现：病因以恶性肿瘤为多见（３２％）,其次为憩室（２９％）,平滑肌瘤（７％）,出血,坏死性小肠炎（６％）、克隆病（４％）。小肠气钡双重造影及剖腹探查仍为目前主要的确诊手段     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.