小肠腔内超声在小肠疾病诊断中的初步临床研究

目的评估小肠腔内超声（ISIU）检查对小肠疾病诊断的价值及可行性和安全性.方法对2004年6月至2005年2月间11例因不明原因慢性腹泻、隐性出血及腹痛怀疑小肠疾病的患者行双气囊小肠镜（DBE）检查,发现局部病灶或病变肠段后,经DBE活检孔道插入特制超声小探头进行ISIU探查,取得正常肠壁以及局部病灶或病变肠段ISIU影像图并对其进行分析.结果11例患者中,DBE发现阳性病灶并行ISIU检查9例,其中成功完成ISIU探查者8例,平均用时20min.提示侵犯浆膜层的恶性肿瘤2例（术后病理证实）,表现为小肠绒毛层消失,其余小肠壁层次破坏,代之以不均低回声区域;小肠间质瘤1例（起源于肌层,术后病理证实）,表现为边界清晰的均匀低回声区域内伴有部分高回声;肠壁黏膜层来源息肉1例（活检证实）,影像特征为均匀高回声区域;早期克罗恩病2例,表现为小肠绒毛层消失,其余肠壁层次模糊伴全层小肠壁增厚;淋巴管瘤1例,表现为内伴管样结构的均匀中低回声区域;对于DBE发现的小肠毛细血管扩张症患者,ISIU影像不能明确诊断.另有1例DBE发现增殖性病灶的患者,由于病灶位置较深,位于空回肠交界部,经口DBE中超声小探头不能经由内镜活检孔道送出导致探查失败.所有ISIU探查均未发现相关的并发症.结论ISIU是一种安全有效的辅助检查手段,尤其对小肠黏膜下肿瘤的性质鉴别、早期克罗恩病的诊断及肿瘤侵犯深度的判断存在明显优势.     

胶囊内镜检查对小肠疾病的诊断价值

目的 评估胶囊内镜在小肠疾病诊断中的应用价值。方法 对经胃镜、全结肠镜、小肠镜、全消化道钡餐检查、腹部血管造影等检查无阳性发现的23例病变疑在小肠的患者，应用胶囊内镜进行小肠检查，评估胶囊内镜检查在小肠疾病诊断中的应用价值。结果 23例患者进行了24次胶囊内镜检查，1例因胶囊内镜滞留在食管下段而进行第2次检查，检查过程中患者无任何不适。23例中20例发现病变，病变检出率为86．8％，其中4例存在2种病变。小肠炎症性疾病10例，血管病变9例，黏膜下结节2例，憩室2例，问质细胞瘤1例。19次胶囊内镜向前摄影，4次向后摄影。17例通过回盲瓣进入盲肠(73．9％)。结论 胶囊内镜小肠黏膜摄影图像清晰，检查安全方便，病变检出率高，有很好的临床应用价值。     

线阵式超声内镜引导下细针针吸活组织检查对粘膜下病变的诊断价值

目的 通过内镜超声检查（EUS）结合细针针吸活组织检查（简称活检）来确定粘膜下病变的起源和性质,并评价这种方法对粘膜下病变诊断的价值。方法 经胃镜发现28例食管、胃实质性粘膜下病变的患者,对他们进行超声内镜检查,以明确其来源的层次、病变的位置,观察有无淋巴结转移。排除腔外正常组织压迫,在超声内镜引导下对病变行细针针吸活检,结果 28例患者中2例经EUS证实为腔外正常组织压迫,余26例患者均行EUS引导下的细针针吸活检,3例患者穿刺取材失败,23例患者经细胞学或组织学分析显示4例恶性肿瘤（淋巴瘤2例,平滑肌肉瘤2例）及19例良性病变（平滑肌瘤18例,脂肪瘤1例）,全部20例经手术、1例经内镜电切及7例经临床随访验证。结论 EUS结合细针穿刺活检是诊断粘膜下病变安全、有效的方法。     

OMOM胶囊内镜在小肠疾病诊断中的应用

目的探讨OMOM胶囊内镜对小肠疾病的诊断意义,观察使用胶囊内镜患者的依从性及安全性。方法选用重庆金山科技（集团）有限公司的OMOM胶囊内镜对我院102例有胃肠道症状的患者进行检查,吞服胶囊后实行实时监视,检查结束后由2名内镜医生分别独立阅片,进行诊断分析。结果102例患者共检出病变85例,阳性率83.3%。反流性食管炎4例,胃病变43例。发现小肠病变66例,其中小肠非特异性炎症37例,小肠血管病变16例,小肠息肉12例,小肠绒毛萎缩5例,小肠黄色素瘤4例,小肠肿物2例。结肠病变5例。全部患者检查过程无特殊不适,均顺利排出胶囊。结论胶囊内镜检查对小肠病变有较高的诊断意义,而且操作简单、安全,患者对整个检查过程较满意。     

CT仿真内镜对小肠病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨小肠CT仿真内镜(CTVE)对小肠病变的诊断价值.方法 应用GE Lightspeed pro 16或V64型螺旋CT扫描机对全腹行薄层容积扫描,并同时进行螺旋CT增强扫描,应用GE公司的图像分析软件中的Navigator软件包进行影像后处理,形成小肠三维重建图像,结合轴位、冠状位及矢状位图像,做出诊断.共对46例疑有小肠疾病的患者进行CTVE检查.结果 46例患者中CTVE检出小肠病变27例,其中间质瘤10例,恶性间质瘤1例,血管病变1例,血管脂肪瘤3例,结石2例,淋巴瘤1例,黏膜水肿、糜烂1例,肠腔狭窄1例,假性梗阻1例,憩室2例,息肉3例,克罗恩病1例;检查结果为正常小肠7例,以上均经手术或双气囊内镜检查证实;另有12例病变CTVE未能检出.CTVE的诊断正确率73.9%(34/46),对占位性病变的诊断正确率为90.9%(20/22).结论 小肠CTVE是安全、无创性检查小肠病变的有效方法,可适用于那些不能耐受小肠镜的患者,有较好的应用前景.     

胶囊内镜诊断小肠克罗恩病的应用研究

目的 探讨胶囊内镜在小肠克罗恩病诊断中的应用价值。方法 对20例其它检查正常但临床症状疑似小肠克罗恩病的患者进行胶囊内镜检查，这些患者伴有不同程度腹痛、消瘦、大便隐血阳性、缺铁性贫血、腹泻或发热等症状体征，平均持续6．5年。结果20例患者中共发现克罗恩病13例，胶囊内镜下表现包括黏膜糜烂(2例)、口疮样溃疡(5例)、肉芽肿性结节样病变(1例)，大溃疡(2例)和溃疡伴肠腔不完全狭窄(3例)。结论 胶囊内镜对经传统方法未能检出的疑似小肠克罗恩病具有较高的检出率，尤其是对疾病早期和对轻型患者的诊断具有明显优越性。     

人活体小肠移植术后急性排斥反应的内镜表现

目的 报告2例尖体部分小肠移植术后急性排斥反应，探讨内镜及肠粘膜活检在排斥反席子尖诊断中的作用和意义。方法 自末端回肠肠造口行内镜检查，观察肠粘膜变化并钳取肠粘膜组织做病理学检查。结果 及时诊断出小肠移植术后急性排斥反应，描述了急性排斥反应时肠粘膜的内镜和病理学表现。结论 内镜和内镜指导下的肠粘膜活组织病理学检查是诊断是小肠移植术后排斥反应的可靠方法。     

腔外生长型贲门癌内镜超声下细针穿刺的诊断价值

目的探讨腔外生长型贲门癌内镜超声及其引导下细针穿刺的诊断意义。方法研究6例腔外生长型贲门癌患者的首发症状、CT表现、内镜表现、内镜超声表现及病理类型。结果腔外生长型贲门癌临床无特征性首发症状，就诊时常常已属于晚期；CT可发现肿块及侵袭范围；普通内镜表现为局部糜烂及黏膜粗糙及僵硬，内镜下活检多无特殊发现；内镜超声表现为：病灶处食管贲门层次结构消失，病变为不均质低回声的结构，呈块状向贲门腔外生长，常累及周围器官，超声内镜下穿刺活检可获得诊断。结论内镜超声及内镜超声引导下细针穿刺活检对于腔外生长型贲门癌有重要的诊断价值。     

线阵式超声内镜引导下细针穿刺活检对粘膜下病变的诊断价值

目的 通过内镜超声检查(EUS)结合细针穿刺活检来确定粘膜下病变的起源和性质,并评价这种方法对粘膜下病变诊断的意义。方法 经胃镜发现28例食管胃实质性粘膜下病变的患,对他们进行超声内镜检查,以明确其来源的层次、病变的位置,观察有无淋巴结转移。排除腔外正常组织压迫,在超声内镜导引下对病变行细胞针穿刺活检。结果 28例患中,2例经EUS证实为腔外正常组织压迫,余26例患均行EUS导此下的细针穿刺活组织检查。3例患穿刺取材失败。23例患经细胞学分析显示4例恶性肿瘤(淋巴瘤2例,平滑肌肉瘤2例)及19例良性病变(平滑肌瘤18例,脂肪瘤1例)。全部病例20例经手术、1例经内镜电切及7例经临床随访验证。结论 EUS结合细针穿刺活检是诊断粘膜下病变安全、有效的方法。     

胶囊内镜在小肠疾病诊断中的应用

目的探讨胶囊内镜对小肠疾病的诊断价值，评估其有效性和安全性。方法对14例经传统检查方法诊断不明并疑似小肠疾病的患者行胶囊内镜检查。结果14例患者顺利完成检查，所获图像清晰。发现有诊断意义的病变10例，捡出率为71．4％。捡出的疾病有：克罗恩病、血管发育不良、息肉、空回肠炎、憩室，其中4例患者同时存在2—3处病变。检查过程中无不良反应或并发症发生。结论胶囊内镜具有安全、有效、无创、无痛的优越性，是传统技术上的革新、突破，对小肠疾病的诊断有重要的价值。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。