犬胆囊、Oddi括约肌电活动和胆囊胆总管压力的同步检测

目的探讨同步检测犬胆囊、Oddi括约肌肌电和胆囊、胆总管压力的实验方法。方法采用多通道生理仪同步记录麻醉后犬的胆囊和Oddi括约肌的肌电图以及胆囊、胆总管压力。剖腹显示肝、胆、胃及十二指肠,用7F静脉深穿管经肝穿刺进入胆囊腔内作为测压通道,再将一对铂金电极缝在胆囊底部浆膜上。把另一条7F静脉深穿管制作成带一对铂金电极的胆总管测压和Oddi括约肌肌电检测通道。结果Oddi括约肌峰电位为0．18～0．20mV,频率为2～5次／min;其慢波电位0．06～0．08mV,频率为8～10次／min,峰电位往往在某次慢波电位的基础上突然出现。胆囊肌电不明显。胆囊的压力为7～9cmH2O,胆总管压力为11～15cmH2O。结论同步检测Oddi括约肌肌电活动与胆囊、胆总管压力的实验方法是可行的,有利于研究Oddi括约肌肌电活动与胆囊及胆总管压力的关系,但是对于记录在体胆囊的肌电活动方法需要进一步改进。     

胆囊切除术对家兔Oddi括约肌运动功能的影响

目的探讨胆囊切除术对家兔Oddi括约肌运动功能变化的影响。方法将16只成年家兔随机分成正常对照组、胆囊切除术组,每组8只。手术4周后进行Oddi括约肌压力及肌电的同时测定。结果压力测定:胆囊切除术组胆总管压力降低,Oddi括约肌基础压、收缩波幅升高(P<0.01);肌电测定:肌电活动由原来的锋电位变为肌电簇,波幅升高,持续时间延长(P<0.01),收缩频率未见明显变化。结论胆囊切除术后家兔Oddi括约肌功能有明显改变;Oddi括约肌蠕动增强以加快胆汁的排泄。     

研究Oddi括约肌肌电活动的实验动物模型的建立

目的探讨将家兔用于研究Oddi括约肌肌电活动的实验动物模型的可行性和稳定性。方法对不同条件下的家兔采用双极金属钩状电极采集其肌电活动信号，经放大、滤波及计算机处理后记录其大小及波形。结果不同条件下的家兔Oddi括约肌的肌电活动在波形、频率、强度等方面均有明显的不同，具有明显的规律性。重复实验可得到相同的结论。结论家兔是研究Oddi括约肌肌电活动较为理想的动物，具有价格低廉、来源广泛、信号稳定等优点。使用双极金属钩状电极可以稳定地采集到在体的Oddi括约肌肌电活动信号，这为今后广泛、深入地研究Oddi括约肌肌电活动搭建了一个技术平台。     

Oddi括约肌肌电活动实验模型的建立

目的建立研究Oddi括约肌肌电活动的动物模型和实验方法。方法将双极金属钩状电极通过浆膜层置入Oddi括约肌，记录不同条件干预下家兔的Oddi括约肌肌电活动信号，调整电生理实验参数并经放大、滤波及计算机处理后，对其大小、波形、幅度进行分析。结果不同条件干预下的家兔Oddi括约肌的肌电活动在波形、频率、幅度等方面均有明显的不同，具有明显的规律性。重复实验可得到相似的结果。结论使用双极金属钩状电极配以合理的电生理实验参数调整可以稳定地采集到在体的家兔Oddi括约肌肌电活动信号。这为今后广泛、深入地研究Oddi括约肌肌电活动搭建了一个技术平台。     

豚鼠急性胆囊炎对Oddi括约肌的影响

目的：观察豚鼠急性胆囊炎时Oddi括约肌形态和功能变化，探讨胆源性急性胰腺炎的发病机制。方法：英国短毛种豚鼠20只，随机分为两组，对照组（A组），开腹后浆膜接触电极测Oddi括约肌肌电活动，用4/25 powerLab压力转换系统测量胆管内压力；急性胆囊炎组（B组）开腹后胆囊内注射大肠杆菌和胆石混悬液诱发急性胆囊炎。饲养10 d后再次开腹测肌电活动和胆管及Oddi括约肌压力，并观察其病理组织学变化。结果：B组Oddi括约肌的肌电振幅、肌电簇持续时间、基础压、峰压和收缩频率明显高于A组（P＜0.01）；与A组比，B组光镜下Oddi括约肌内炎性细胞浸润，平滑肌组织排列紊乱，有较多的胶原纤维和结缔组织。结论：急性胆囊炎时，豚鼠Oddi括约肌肌电振幅、肌电簇持续时间、基础压、峰压和收缩频率明显异常，病理组织学出现炎性细胞浸润和平滑肌组织排列紊乱。     

高胆固醇血症对家兔Oddi括约肌功能的影响

目的 探讨高胆固醇血症对家兔Oddi括约肌运动功能的影响.方法 将32只家兔分为对照组和高胆固醇血症4、6、10周组,每组8只,进行Oddi括约肌压力及肌电的测定.采用t检验对结果进行分析.结果 高胆固醇血症10周组与对照组比较,血清总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白含量较高(t=9.63,11.38,P<0.05);Oddi括约肌基础压、峰压、振幅升高(t=5.23,6.34,3.24,P<0.05);肌电活动由原来的锋电位变为肌电簇,肌电簇持续时间延长,每簇放电率降低(t=13.68,10.18,P<0.05).结论 家兔发生高胆固醇血症时,胆汁成分发生改变,提高了Oddi括约肌的张力,同时加快Oddi括约肌蠕动,加速胆汁的排泄.     

黏膜接触电极在家兔Oddi括约肌肌电测量中的应用价值

目的 探讨适合Oddi括约肌（sphincter of Oddi,SO）肌电测量的新方法.方法 两组各15只家兔分别用黏膜接触电极（contact electrode on mucosa,CEM）和浆膜钩状电极（chorion claw electrode,CCE）测量SO肌电活动;另外6只家兔同时使用两种电极同步测量.结果 CEM测量SO肌电成功率高,创伤小,而且记录到的家兔SO肌电波形和CCE相比没有明显的差别.结论 CEM是一种很有价值的测量SO肌电活动的新方法,将来可能用于人体SO功能的研究,为人体内镜诊断SO功能提供了一个新方法.     

一种简单的术中胆道造影松弛Oddi氏括约肌技术(英)

术中胆道造影常因Oddi氏括约肌痉挛使造影剂不能进入十二指肠而提示胆道梗阻.在许多病例中,临床和手术所见支持是痉挛所致,本文介绍的技术可解除括约肌痉挛.在某些情况下,例如有黄疸或有胰腺炎史,必须证实胆总管末端是否通畅.已有用高血糖素或其它物质和方法松弛Oddi氏括约肌.偶尔因十二指肠内看不到造影剂而被迫行胆道探查.这里介绍一种简单的防止或解除括约肌痉挛的技术,使造影剂进入十二指肠内.操作方法:结合患者术中的具体情况选用胆囊管插管或胆总管穿刺行胆道造影.这种技术应用生理性原理,以稳定适度的腔内压力促使括约肌开放.导管     

对隐匿性胰胆反流的研究及探讨

<正>胰胆汇合部是胆总管、主胰管与十二指肠的交汇部位,由纤维肌性组织包裹形成胰管括约肌、胆总管括约肌及Vater壶腹括约肌,统称为Oddi括约肌(sphincter of Oddi, SO)。生理情况下,胰管内压(2.94～4.90 kPa)(30～50 cmH_2O)虽然高于胆管内压(2.74～2.94 kPa)(28～30 cmH_2O),但由于SO的作用,可防止肠液及胰液反流入胆总管。隐匿性胰胆反流(occult pancreaticobiliary reflux, OPBR)是指在解剖上胆胰管正常汇合情况下发生的胰液-胆汁反     

腹腔镜、胆管镜、十二指肠镜同期治疗肝外胆管结石合并Oddi括约肌狭窄

目的总结运用腹腔镜、胆管镜、十二指肠镜（三镜）同期治疗肝外胆管结石合并Oddi括约肌狭窄的临床经验。方法腹腔镜下行胆囊切除、胆总管切开,胆管镜下行探查取石术,经胆总管切口插入输尿管导管或斑马导丝至十二指肠腔,经口插入十二指肠镜至十二指肠乳头,针式刀在输尿管导管或斑马导丝指引下施行Oddi括约肌切开术。结果施行三镜同期联合手术103例,切除胆囊103例,取净胆总管结石101例,2例胆总管残留结石置T管引流,术后经胆管镜和液电碎石取净。98例Oddi括约肌狭窄切开成功,5例Oddi括约肌狭窄中转为其他术式。术后轻症胰腺炎2例。术后胆漏2例,经术中常规放置的腹腔引流管引流治愈。无肠穿孔、胆管穿孔、大出血、重症胰腺炎等并发症,无死亡。结论只要选择合适的病例,三镜同期治疗肝外胆管结石合并Oddi括约肌狭窄是可行、有效和安全的。     

胆囊腺肌增生症伴胆囊囊肿一例

病人,女,44岁.主因间断性右上腹隐痛一年入院.该病人一年来右上腹隐痛间断发作,进油腻食物后加重,伴右肩部放散痛.     

"Adenomatous polyps of the gallbladder" adenomas of the gallbladder

The finding of adenomatous polyps of the gallbladder is a rare occurrence and an unusual clinical problem. Among 2,145 patients who underwent cholecystectomy for gallbladder disease only 9 (0.4 per cent) presented with adenomatous polyps. There were 6 women and 3 men, aged 17 to 70 years. Preoperative ultrasonographic diagnosis was made in only 1 of 7 patients with gallstones, in contrast polypoid lesions within a gallbladder without stones were easily confirmed by both ultrasonography and oral cholecystography in the remaining 2 patients. All polyps were 1.0 cm or less in size and without histologic evidence of malignant change. The clinical significance of this rare condition is discussed, with particular reference to a possible role in development of gallbladder carcinoma. Surgical treatment should be advocated regardless of clinical manifestation when the polyp exceeds 1.0 cm in diameter or rapid growth of the lesion is seen on ultrasonographic follow-up examinations.     

Total laparoscopic resection of the gallbladder together with the gallbladder bed

Patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder that is preoperatively diagnosed by radiology do not undergo laparoscopic resection, because such surgery is thought to worsen the prognosis of gallbladder carcinoma. However, the prognosis for patients with incidental T2 gallbladder carcinoma who are treated laparoscopically is reportedly no worse than that for patients undergoing conventional surgery. We successfully performed total laparoscopic resection of the gallbladder together with the gallbladder bed without any complications. We believe that this procedure represents a valid therapeutic option for carefully selected patients with T2 carcinoma of the gallbladder.     

Angiodysplasia of the gallbladder

Introduction

Angiodysplasia is a term used to describe distinct mucosal vascular ectasias found mainly in the gastrointestinal tract. Angiodysplasia of the gallbladder is exceedingly rare.

Presentation of case

We encountered a patient who presented with biliary colic and subsequently underwent an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The angiodysplasia of the gallbladder was found incidentally on histopathological examination of the excised gallbladder.

Discussion

Review of the literature showed only one other reported case of angiodysplasia of the gallbladder. The condition may be found incidentally after histopathological examination of the gallbladder removed for gallstone; or it may present with haemobilia.

Conclusion

We presented an extremely rare case of angiodysplasia of the gallbladder, which was found incidentally after histopathological examination of the gallbladder removed for gallstone. Angiodysplasia of the gallbladder has the potential to bleed. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is effective in providing a definitive cure.