建立非小细胞肺癌全肺切除术后早期支气管胸膜瘘临床风险模型

目的 探讨非小细胞肺癌全肺切除术后早期支气管胸膜瘘发生的危险因素,建立一个可以评估其风险的临床模型,为早期干预提供可能.方法 回顾性分析429例非小细胞肺癌全肺切除术患者,通过单因素和多因素分析发现非小细胞肺癌全肺切除术后早期支气管胸膜瘘发生的独立危险因素,综合独立危险因素建立临床模型.结果 早期支气管胸膜瘘发生率为6.5％(28/429),其相关独立危险因素分别为新辅助治疗(HR:2.406)、围术期失血量(HR:2.171)、术前合并糖尿病(HR:1.144).根据相对危险比建立新的评分系统,新辅助治疗和围术期失血量≥1000ml定义为2分,术前合并糖尿病定义为1分.视每位患者得分情况分为3组:低危组(0～1分),中危组(2～3),高危组(＞3),术后早期支气管胸膜瘘发生率分别为3.0％、11.3％和55.6％(P＜0.000).结论 这个临床模型建立在独立危险因素基础上,可以作为预测非小细胞肺癌全肺切除术后发生早期支气管胸膜瘘的工具,为提早干预提供依据.     

胸腔镜部分肺切除术后肺部并发症的危险因素

目的探讨胸腔镜部分肺切除术后肺部并发症(PPCs)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2018年1—12月首次行胸腔镜解剖性部分肺切除手术患者896例,年龄18～79岁,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级,术前所有患者肺功能正常。收集患者性别、年龄、BMI、合并症、术中出入量及PPCs等围术期资料。采用单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析法筛选胸腔镜部分肺切除PPCs的危险因素。结果有220例(24.6%)患者发生PPCs(并发症组),其中最常见的肺炎有135例(15.1%)。单因素分析显示,并发症组患者术前白蛋白35 g/L、右肺手术、多肺叶肺段手术的比例明显高于无并发症组(P0.05),单肺通气时间明显长于无并发症组(P0.05),液体入量明显少于无并发症组(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,单肺通气时间2 h(OR=1.605,95%CI 1.113～2.314,P=0.011)、白蛋白35 g/L(OR=1.806,95%CI 1.094～2.981,P=0.021)、右肺手术(OR=1.443,95%CI 1.043～1.998,P=0.027)、多肺叶肺段手术(OR=1.998,95%CI 1.348～2.932,P=0.001)是胸腔镜部分肺切除PPCs的独立危险因素。结论单肺通气时间延长(2 h)、低白蛋白血症(白蛋白35 g/L)、右肺手术及接受多肺叶肺段手术可作为胸腔镜部分肺切除PPCs的独立危险因素。     

大动脉炎开放手术围手术期并发症的危险因素分析

目的：探讨影响大动脉炎（TA）患者行开放手术治疗发生围手术期并发症的相关危险因素。 方法：回顾性分析2003年1月—2018年12月136例行开放血管重建治疗的TA患者资料,采用单因素及多因素Logistic统计学方法分析影响开放手术围手术期并发症的相关危险因素。 结果：136例患者共行开放手术141例次,涉及病变257处。围手术期并发症共发生36例次（25.5%）,其中5例患者（3.7%）死亡。单因素分析结果显示,脑梗死病史、术前CRP升高、颈动脉受累、围手术期输血、血管受累数量、动脉阻断时间及术中出血量与围手术期并发症的发生有关（均P<0.05）;多因素Logistic分析显示,脑梗死病史（OR=3.141,95% CI=1.062~9.288,P=0.039）、血管受累数量（OR=1.280,95% CI=1.016~1.612,P=0.036）和术中动脉阻断时间（OR=1.045,95% CI= 1.007~1.084,P=0.019）是围手术期并发症的独立危险因素。 结论：术前脑梗死病史,血管受累数量多和术中动脉阻断时间长会增加TA患者开放手术围手术期并发症的风险。     

气管袖式全肺切除治疗中央型支气管肺癌

目的 探讨气管袖式全肺切除治疗支气管肺癌术后并发症和生存预后的影响因素.方法 回顾性分析1985年至2010年间48例气管袖式全肺切除的手术方式、手术并发症、病死率和长期生存结果,汇总分析国际主流相关文献的报道结果.结果 全组围手术期死亡3例,病死率为6.3％,无术中死亡病例;术后5年总生存率为24.3％;N0、N1和N2患者的5年生存率分别为52％、13％和0(N0对N1P =0.04,N0对N2 P=0.003,N1对N2 P=0.06).鳞癌和腺癌的术后5年生存率分别为27.3％和12.5％ (P =0.04).淋巴结转移状况为独立的预后影响因子(P=0.006).结论 只要严格掌握手术指征、加强麻醉和围手术期管理、在有经验的外科医师操作下,气管袖式全肺切除治疗中央型支气管肺癌是安全、有效的术式之一.     

合并肺切除史肺癌患者再次手术的安全性和最佳手术方式分析

目的探讨合并肺切除史肺癌患者二次手术的安全性和最佳手术方式。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2016年6月我院69例合并肺切除史肺癌患者的临床资料,其中男53例,女16例,年龄68(45~80)岁。通过单因素方差分析和logistic多因素回归分析,分析患者围术期各指标对术后并发症的影响;通过比较肺叶切除和亚肺叶切除患者的临床数据,确定最佳手术方式。结果二次手术术后90 d死亡率为4.3%,并发症发生率为24.6%。单因素方差分析显示二次手术术后严重并发症发生与术中出血量(P=0.020)、肿瘤大小(P=0.007)、吸烟史(P=0.028)和第一秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1%pre,P=0.018)有关。Logistic多因素回归分析结果显示FEV1%pre77.0%(OR=0.935,95%CI 0.888~0.984,P=0.010)和肿瘤直径≥2 cm(OR=4.288,95%CI 1.375~13.373,P=0.012)是严重并发症发生的独立危险因素。肺叶切除和亚肺叶切除术后死亡率和并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义(P=0.063)。结论合并肺切除史的肺癌患者经过筛选后进行外科手术的术后并发症和死亡率较低,是安全的。在患者心肺功能允许的情况下,二次手术首选肺叶切除+淋巴清扫,应避免全肺切除。     

原发性肝癌合并脾功能亢进外科治疗的Meta分析

目的 比较肝脾联合切除术与单纯肝癌切除术在治疗原发性肝癌合并脾功能亢进的围手术期并发症发生率和死亡率、术后生存率方面有无明显差异.方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、中国期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、数字化期刊全文数据库以及中文科技期刊全文数据库,同时根据以上检索所得文献的参考文献进行扩大检索.使用改良Sackett's分级法进行质量评价,采用Cochrane协作网提供的RevMan5.2.7统计软件进行Meta分析.结果 共纳入8项研究,共计772例患者.结果显示,肝脾联合切除组(HS)与单纯肝癌切除组(H)相比,在围手术期并发症发生率(OR合并=0.90,95％ CI-0.63～1.29,P-0.56)、围手术期死亡率(OR合并=1.04,95％CI=0.3～3.58,P=0.96)、以及5年生存率(OR合并=1.53,95％ CI =0.99～2.36,P=0.05)上差异并无统计学意义.然而,HS组在术后白细胞计数(MD =5.47,95％CI=5.13～5.82,P＜0.01)及血小板计数(MD=174.89,95％CI=116.61～233.18,P＜0.01)方面,较H组有显著上升,差异具有统计学意义.结论 相对于单纯肝切除而言,肝脾联合切除治疗肝癌合并脾功能亢进在围手术期并发症发生率、死亡率,以及术后5年生存率方面差异无统计学意义.然而HS组在术后白细胞及血小板得到显著回升,这可能有利于患者术后免疫功能的恢复和后续的化疗.     

胸科手术术后认知功能障碍的危险因素分析

目的 分析行单肺通气的胸科手术患者发生术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的危险因素.方法 46例需单肺通气的胸科手术患者于术前1 d和术后7 d分别行神经心理测验,以此评价手术前后认知功能的改变,并分析围术期因素和患者发生POCD的关系.结果 共有12例患者发生POCD.单肺通气后乳酸升高和脑氧饱和度下降与患者POCD的发生呈正相关.结论 单肺通气后乳酸升高和脑氧饱和度下降是行单肺通气的胸科手术患者发生POCD的危险因素.     

腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏危险因素的Meta分析

目的 系统分析影响腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏发生的危险因素.方法 对2003年8月至2013年8月国内外公开发表的有关腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏发生危险因素的文献进行Meta分析.数据采用优势比（OR）和95％可信区间（95％ CI）表示,采用x2检验和I2对异质性进行分析,采用固定或随机效应模型合并数据.结果 共纳入文献8篇,包括3 289例直肠癌患者,吻合口漏的发生率为6.050％（199/3 289）.男性腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术患者术后吻合口漏发生风险高于女性（OR =2.17,95％ CI：1.54 ～ 3.06,P＜0.05）;新辅助化疗亦可能增加术后吻合口漏发生风险（OR=1.53,95％ CI：1.00～2.32,P＜0.05）;围手术期输血可能增加术后吻合口漏发生风险（OR=4.80,95％ CI：2.98 ～7.73,P＜0.05）;低位直肠癌较高位直肠癌术后吻合口漏发生风险高（OR=1.60,95％CI：1.14～2.23,P＜0.05）;切割闭合器钉匣数目≥3个增加术后吻合口漏发生风险（OR =0.46,95％CI：0.27 ～0.78,P＜0.05）.而ASA分级、肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移、预防性肠造口与术后吻合口瘘发生风险无关（OR=0.66,0.91,1.25,0.78,95％CI：0.36～1.20,0.55～1.51,0.75 ～2.09,0.50 ～1.23,P＞0.05）.结论 男性、新辅助化疗、围手术期输血、低位直肠癌、切割闭合器钉匣数目≥3个是腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏发生的主要危险因素.     

深低温停循环主动脉弓手术术后急性肾损伤的危险因素

目的 目的分析深低温停循环主动脉弓手术术后急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的危险因素.方法 回顾2005年1月至2011年6月549例行深低温停循环主动脉弓部手术患者的资料,按照术后是否发生AKI分为两组进行单因素分析,单因素分析差异有统计学意义的logistic回归多因素分析.结果 术后102例(18.6％)患者发生AKI,27例(4.9％)行透析治疗.Logistic回归多因素分析显示,体质量指数(BMI)(OR=1.072,95％ CI:1.006 ～1.141,P=0.031)、术前血清肌酐(OR=1.011,95％ CI:1.006 ～1.017,P=0.000)、体外循环(CPB)时间(OR=1.006,95％ CI:1.002 ～1.009,P=0.005)和术中血糖峰值(OR=1.007,95％CI:1.002 ～ 1.011,P=0.003)是AKI发生的独立危险因素.结论 患者术前BMI、血清肌酐高预示术后较高的AKI发生率,术中减少CPB时间和积极控制血糖水平可降低AKI的发生.     

肺切除术后肺部并发症发生的危险因素分析

目的分析肺切除术后肺部并发症(PPC)发生的危险因素,尽可能减少术后PPC的发生,降低病死率。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2009年12月在我科行肺切除术302例患者的临床资料,其中男228例,女74例;年龄23～91岁,平均年龄63.38岁。统计术后各种肺部并发症的发生率,并收集术前、术中及术后相关资料和数据,采用logistic多元回归分析肺切除术后PPC发生的独立危险因素。结果围术期共死亡22例(7.28%),75例(24.83%)发生110例次PPC,最主要的PPC为胸膜腔持续漏气/支气管胸膜瘘(8.94%,27/302),院内肺炎(6.95%,21/302)和急性呼吸衰竭(6.29%,19/302)。logistic多因素分析结果显示:ASA分级≥3级(OR=2.400,P=0.020)、术后即刻气管内插管机械通气时间延长(OR=1.620,P=0.030)是肺切除术后发生PPC的独立危险因子。结论以患者一般情况和各器官功能状态为基础的ASA分级和术后机械通气时间是肺切除术后PPC的独立预测因子。对高危患者需特别注意完善术前准备,改善患者各器官功能状况,保护肺功能,术后尽量缩短机械通气时间,尽可能减少PPC的发生。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.