三维超声评价起搏心电图对右心室流出道起搏电极导线的定位作用

目的 根据三维超声心动图精确定位的起搏心电图特点来评价起搏电极导线位于右心室流出道的位置.方法 40例植入永久性起搏器的患者,植入术中经二维X线影像定位示心室起搏电极导线位于右心室流出道高位间隔部,植入术后行心脏三维超声心动图检查以评价心室电极导线位于右心室流出道的精确位置,并分析起搏电极导线位于不同部位的体表起搏心电图特点.结果 三维超声心动图示起搏电极导线位于高位间隔者23例(57.5%),低位间隔者6例(15.0%),游离壁者11例(27.5%).与游离壁相比,起搏电极导线位于高位间隔时,其下壁导联起搏心电图的R波振幅高[(1.28±0.18)mV vs(0.88±0.18)mV,P＜0.001]、QRS时限短[(132.5±8.3)ms vs(155.3±6.9)ms,P＜0.001]、顿挫少(21.7% vs 90.9%,P＜0.001),胸前导联R/S移行早(大于V4,24%vs 81%,P＜0.05);起搏电极导线位于低位间隔时,其R波振幅也较高[(1.43±0.13)mV vs(0.88±0.18)mV,P＜0.001]、时限也较短[(143.5±4.3)ms vs(155.3±6.9)ms,P=0.004],胸前导联R/S移行早(大于V4,24%vs 81%,P＜0.05).而高位间隔与低位间隔相比,高位间隔QRS波时限更短[(132.5±8.3)ms vs(143.5±4.3)瑚,P=0.003].另外,当起搏电极导线位于后间隔时,Ⅰ导联上的QRS波以正向波为主,位于前间隔时则以负向波为主.结论 三维超声心动图有利于心室起搏电极导线在右心室流出道的精确定位;不同部位起搏的心电图具有不同的特点,这些特点有利于植入术中起搏电极导线在右心室流出道的定位,当起搏电极导线位于后间隔时,其起搏心电图Ⅰ导联为正向波,前间隔时为负向波.     

右心室流出道主动固定电极和心尖部被动固定电极体表起搏心电图的研究

目的 观察右心室流出道主动固定电极和右心室心尖部被动电极体表起搏心电图的变化. 方法 比较右心室流出道主动固定电极(游离壁12例,间隔部16例)和右心室心尖部被动固定电极(20例)起搏心电图的QRS波群主波方向及时间,比较6个肢体导联上起搏和自主QRS波形态的相似性. 结果 QRS时间间隔部起搏(0.113±0.020)S较游离壁(0.135±0.027)S和右心室心尖部10.151±0.032)s起搏短,差异有显著性或非常显著性意义(P<0.05、0.01);后两者之间无显著性差异.6个肢体导联上,间隔部起搏QRS形态较接近自主QRS形态.间隔部起搏Ⅰ和aVL QRS波群主波向下的比例显著高于游离壁起搏(P<0.05).游离壁起搏ORS波群切迹比例显著高于间隔部起搏(P<0.05). 结论 右心室流出道间隔部起搏可以改善患者血流动力学.心电图特征性改变可指导起搏器起搏位置的选择.     

右心室流入道起搏治疗缓慢性心律失常44例临床观察

目的:采用右心室流入道和传统的右心室心尖部起搏2种不同的方法,观察慢性心律失常患者起搏参数、并发症、心电图QRS时限和心功能的变化。方法:随机将永久性双腔起搏器治疗的缓慢性心律失常患者86例,分为右心室流入道起搏组44例,右心室心尖部起搏组42例,分别观察2组起搏器植入时、起搏3个月和6个月不同时期,起搏参数、并发症、心电图QRS时限和心功能的变化。结果:2组不同时期,起搏参数、并发症比较,其差异无统计学意义;而右心室流入道起搏组心电图QRS时限明显短于右心室心尖部组,心功能改善也显著优于右心室心尖部组,其差异有统计学意义,且心功能随起搏时间延长呈逐步好转趋势,而心电图QRS时限不同时期时限较固定。结论:采用右心室流入道起搏治疗缓慢性心律失常患者,其心功能改善明显优于传统的右心室心尖部起搏,值得在临床上推广。     

经CT定位不同部位间隔起搏的心电图特征分析

目的 探讨不同间隔部位起搏的体表心电图特征.方法 观察31例永久性心脏起搏器间隔起搏患者体表心电图特征,使用64排双源CT精确定位起搏导线在间隔部的具体位置,比较不同位置间隔起搏的心电图参数变化.结果 ①仅根据X线植入的起搏导线,起搏导线误置于前壁的占12.9%.②前壁起搏的QRS间期（148±19）ms,宽于高位间隔起搏QRS间期（118±24）ms（P＜0.05）.③中位间隔起搏QRS波群移行6.00±0.76,晚于高位间隔（4.13±1.56）和低位间隔（3.75±2.99）（均P＜0.05）.④高位间隔起搏RIII（1.11±0.70）mV,大于低位间隔起搏RⅢ（0.038±0.075）mV（P＜0.05）.⑤高位间隔起搏（46.7%）及中位间隔起搏（37.3%）I出现q波或QS的比例有多于前壁起搏的趋势.结论经CT定位不同部位间隔起搏的体表心电图存在明显不同,一些参数有助于判断导线位置.     

右心室流人道起搏治疗缓慢性心律失常44例临床观察

目的:采用右心室流人道和传统的右心室心尖部起搏2种不同的方法,观察慢性心律失常患者起搏参数、并发症、心电图QRS时限和心功能的变化.方法:随机将永久性双腔起搏器治疗的缓慢性心律失常患者86例,分为右心室流入道起搏组44例.右心室心尖部起搏组42例,分别观察2组起搏器植入时、起搏3个月和6个月不同时期,起搏参数、并发症、心电图QRS时限和心功能的变化.结果:2组不同时期,起搏参数、并发症比较,其差异无统计学意义;而右心室流人道起搏组心电图QRS时限明显短于右心室心尖部组,心功能改善也显著优于右心室心尖部组,其差异有统计学意义,且心功能随起搏时间延长呈逐步好转趋势,而心电图QRS时限不同时期时限较固定.结论:采用右心室流入道起搏治疗缓慢性心律失常患者,其心功能改善明显优于传统的右心室心尖部起搏,值得在临床上推广.     

右心室流入道间隔部起搏血流动力学研究

目的本文旨在对右心室流入道间隔部起搏的血流动力学进行分析,以确立右心室流入道间隔部起搏的临床地位。方法本研究通过射频消融房室结建立Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞模型,结合影像学及心电图定位方法于右心室流入道间隔部置入螺旋电极导线,并分别比较右心室心尖部、右心室流出道及右心室流入道间隔部起搏后急性血流动力学指标变化,并随访右心室流入道间隔部起搏2周后的血流动力学指标。结果即刻血流动力学研究结果显示,右心室流入道间隔部较心尖部和右心室流出道起搏心排血量高(P<0.05),左心室舒张末期压力较低(P<0.05),而右心室流入道间隔部起搏前后各项血流动力学无显著变化。结论右心室流入道间隔部起搏具有良好的血流动力学效应,可作为右心室心尖部起搏的替代起搏部位。     

右心室高位室间隔起搏和心尖部起搏对心功能和左室重构的影响

目的:观察右心室高位室间隔起搏和心尖部起搏对心功能和左室重构的影响。方法:40例患者分别行右心室高位室间隔部起搏及右心室心尖部起搏治疗,于术前1d、术后6个月行常规心电图,超声心动图,24h动态心电图,血浆脑钠肽(BNP)检查。结果:与右心室心尖部起搏比较,右心室高位室间隔起搏QRS波时限增宽程度小,左心室射血分数(LVEF)及每搏出量(SV)降低程度小,左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)和BNP增加程度小。结论:右心室高位室间隔起搏与右心室心尖部起搏比较,对心室重构及心功能的不利影响较小,更接近生理性起搏,使血流动力学更接近生理状态,是更佳的起搏部位。     

右心室不同间隔部位起搏对左心室收缩功能的影响

目的 通过比较右心室心尖部及不同间隔部位（室间隔高位、中位、低位）起搏患者血浆N端B型利钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）水平、QRS时限,探讨右心室不同部位起搏对左心室收缩功能的影响.方法 选择植入VVI或DDD型起搏器患者122例,按照右心室不同起搏部位采用随机数字法分为4组：右心室心尖部起搏（RVAP）组、右心室间隔面起搏高位组（RVSP1组）、右心室间隔面起搏中位组（RVSP2组）、右心室间隔面起搏低位组（RVSP3组）,观察4组患者起搏器植入术前及术后18个月心电图QRS时限、血浆NT-proBNP水平、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、左心室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）以及出现心血管事件等指标.结果 所有患者均顺利完成导线和起搏器植入,并完成随访.心血管事件发生率比较,RVSP2组较RVAP组显著减低（4.5％对40％,P＜0.05）.术后RVAP组QRS时限最宽,RVSP2组起搏QRS时限最窄,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;术后18个月患者RVAP、RVSP1、RVSP3组NTproBNP均有不同程度增加,其中RVAP组最高（P＜0.05）;4组患者LVEDV术后18个月与术前比较,RVSP3组与RVAP组有不同程度增加（P＜0.05）,其中RVAP组增加显著（P＜0.05）;术后18个月RVSP组LVEF均无显著减低（P＞0.05）,而RVAP组显著减低（P＜0.05）.结论 选择右心室中位间隔部起搏,起搏QRS时限最窄,患者NT-proBNP水平低,可能为起搏器植入患者理想的起搏部位.     

右心室起搏导线位置对心脏再同步治疗效果的影响

目的 评价右心室起搏导线位置对心脏再同步治疗（CRT）效果的影响.方法 71例顽固性心力衰竭患者接受CRT手术,53例左心室导线植入侧壁或侧后壁,18例植入前壁或下壁（非侧后壁）;48例右心室导线植入心尖部,23例植入流出道间隔部.术前记录受试者心功能（NYHA分级）、QRS时限（QRSd）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）及左心室收缩末期内径（LVESD）;术后6个月对上述参数进行随访,比较不同右心室起搏部位对CRT临床疗效的影响.结果 术后6个月,右心室心尖部起搏组LVEF高于流出道间隔部起搏组[（0.44±0.07）对（0.40±0.07）,P=0.048],余心功能、QRSd、LVEDD、LVESD等各项指标均差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.根据左心室起搏部位进一步分为侧壁或侧后壁与非侧后壁两组,就侧壁或侧后壁组,右心室心尖部起搏较间隔部起搏可更好地提高心输出量LVEF[（0.45±0.07）对（0.40±0.08）,P=0.027],改善心功能[（2.59±0.59）对（3.00±0.68）,P=0.038],对于非侧后壁组,比较右心室心尖部与流出道间隔部起搏,各项指标均差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 若无视左心室起搏部位,右心室心尖部起搏略优于流出道间隔部起搏;而对于左心室侧壁和/或侧后壁起搏者,应尽量将右心室导线置于心尖部,以获得较好疗效.     

右心室流出道起搏电极定位的心电图研究

目的：探讨右心室流出道起搏的电极放射影像定位与心电图特点,为确定起搏导线的植入位置提供帮助。方法：选取我院心内科过去5年间植入DDD永久起搏器的缓慢性窦房结功能失调或二度以上房室传导阻滞患者,采用主动固定螺旋电极行右室流出道起搏。根据室间隔起搏的部位不同分为高位、中位,低位组。评价不同部位起搏的术中12导联心电图特征,包括QRS波形态、时限及振幅。结果：符合入选标准且完成起搏器植入的患者共计98例,中间隔起搏QRS波时限最短(139±21ms),较之高地位间隔起搏有差异。间隔部起搏位置升高,胸前导联R/S移行越靠前。下壁导联R波振幅与间隔部起搏位置存在相关。结论：右心室流出道起搏术中心电图分析对室间隔起搏电极定位有实用性意义。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.