内镜超声引导下细针穿刺抽吸术诊断上消化道及其周围占位病变的价值

目的 探讨内镜超声引导下细针穿刺抽吸术(EUS-FNA)对上消化道及其周围实质性占位病变诊断的准确性及其临床应用价值.方法 对2006年7月-2007年12月间64例因发现上消化道及其周围实质性占位病变而行EUS-FNA患者的临床资料及结果 进行回顾性分析.结果 共62例患者成功进行了EUS-FNA,穿刺成功率96.88%;EUS-FNA总的诊断准确度88.71%(55/62)、灵敏度86.54%、特异度100.00%、阳性预测值100.00%、阴性预测值58.82%;对于病灶直径>3 cm及≤3cm者,两者EUS-FNA诊断准确率及平均穿刺次数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);有实时细胞学诊断者其诊断准确率明显高于无实时诊断者(P=0.029),且平均穿刺次数也明显减少(P=0.001);应用5 ml负压者诊断阳性率显著高于应用10 ml负压者(P=0.044).结论 EUS-FNA对上消化道及周围实质性占位病变有着较高的诊断准确度、灵敏度、特异度及阳性预测值,且安全易行,现场实时细胞学诊断及适当的负压将有助于提高诊断的准确性.     

内镜超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学及囊液癌胚抗原分析诊断胰腺囊性病变的价值

目的探讨内镜超声引导下细针穿刺（EUS-FNA）细胞学检查、囊液癌胚抗原（cEA）分析对区分胰腺囊性病变良恶性的诊断价值。方法对27例胰腺囊性病变患者行EUS-FNA细胞学检查和囊液CEA分析,绘制囊液CEA受试者工作特征曲线并通过Youden指数确定诊断临界值,以手术病理诊断为金标准,统计分析EUS、EUS-FNA细胞学及囊液CEA分析鉴别诊断胰腺囊性病变良恶性的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率。结果手术病理确诊良性病变14例、潜在恶性／恶性病变13例。EUS鉴别诊断胰腺囊性病变良恶性的准确率、敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为77．8％（21／27）、69．2％（9／13）、85．7％（12／14）、81．8％（9／11）、75．0％（12／16）;EUS-FNA细胞学上述指标分别为85．2％（23／27）、76．9％（10／13）、92．9％（13／14）、90．9％（10／11）、81．3％（13／16）;以囊液CEA值22．24ng／ml为诊断临界值,上述指标分别为74．1％（20／27）、84．6％（11／13）、64．3％（9／14）、68．8％（11／16）、81．8％（9／11）。结论EUS-FNA细胞学鉴别诊断胰腺囊性病变良恶性具有较高的准确率和特异度,而囊液CEA分析（诊断临界值22．24ng／m1）鉴别诊断胰腺囊性病变良恶性的敏感度较高,选择合适的胰腺囊液CEA分析诊断临界值结合EUS-FNA细胞学检查可以基本满足临床鉴别胰腺囊性病变良恶性的需要。     

超声内镜引导下细针穿刺抽吸术对肝外胆管占位的诊治价值

目的 探讨内镜超声引导下细针抽吸术（EUS-FNA）对肝外胆管占位病变的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年12月在成都市第三人民医院行EUS-FNA的11例肝外胆管占位患者临床资料,对比病理学检查结果与术后病理及随访结果。结果 11例患者EUS-FNA均获得满意病理学标本。病灶位于近端胆管1例、远端胆管6例、壶腹部4例。EUS-FNA病理学诊断腺癌7例，发现异型细胞且怀疑恶性者1例，发现异型细胞而癌不能除外者1例，良性病变2例；与术后病理及随访结果对照，EUS-FNA对肝外胆管占位诊断的敏感度为89%（8/9），特异度100%（2/2），准确率91%（10/11），阳性预测值100%（8/8），阴性预测值67%（2/3）。术后1例出现轻症胰腺炎，无其他严重并发症。结论 EUS-FNA诊断肝外胆管占位安全、可行、有效，具有较好的临床应用价值。     

经培训内镜医师实施快速现场评估在内镜超声引导下细针抽吸术诊断胰腺实性占位中的价值

目的探讨经培训内镜医师实施快速现场评估（rapid on-site evaluation by endoscopic physicians themselves, self-ROSE）在胰腺实性占位内镜超声引导下细针抽吸术(endoscopic ultrasound-guided-fine needle aspiration, EUS-FNA)中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2017年1—12月在南京鼓楼医院接受EUS-FNA的连续124例胰腺实性占位患者的临床资料。2017年7—12月的病例行self-ROSE，纳入self-ROSE组（60例）；2017年1月—2017年6月的病例未行self-ROSE，纳入非self-ROSE组（64例）。比较self-ROSE组与非self-ROSE组患者EUS-FNA的诊断效能（灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率）、穿刺次数及并发症发生率等指标。结果self-ROSE组的EUS-FNA诊断灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确率分别为98.21%（55/56）、4/4、100.00%（55/55）、4/5和98.33%（59/60），而非self-ROSE组的EUS-FNA诊断灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确率分别为81.82%（45/55）、9/9、100.00%（45/45）、47.37%（9/19）和84.38%（54/64）。self-ROSE组EUS-FNA的灵敏度（P=0.004）和准确率（P=0.009）均显著高于非self-ROSE组。在样本满意程度评估（Kappa＝1.000，P＜0.05）和细胞病理学评估（Kappa＝0.815，P＜0.05）方面，内镜医师与病理医师均呈现出高度的一致性。2组患者穿刺次数差异无统计学意义[（2.78±0.83）针比（2.61±0.75）针，P＞0.05]。2组均无并发症发生。结论self-ROSE有助于提升胰腺实性占位EUS-FNA的诊断效能，可作为提高EUS-FNA诊断准确率的重要策略。     

内镜超声引导下细针抽吸术诊断消化道周围占位性病变的临床价值及影响因素研究

目的 探讨内镜超声引导下细针抽吸术（EUS-FNA）诊断消化道周围占位性病变的价值及其影响因素。 方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2016年5月行EUS-FNA的171例患者的临床资料,纳入病灶部位、大小、性状,穿刺次数、穿刺时抽吸负压、穿刺针型号、医师操作经验等因素进行分析。 结果 EUS-FNA诊断消化道周围恶性占位性病变的敏感度、特异度和准确率分别为78.3％（83／106）、100.0％（65／65）、86.5％（148／171）。单因素logistic回归分析示,EUS-FNA诊断恶性占位性病变穿刺阳性率的影响因素有病灶部位、性状、大小。多因素logistic分析示,病灶大小（OR=1.029,95％CI：1.011～1.047,P=0.001）、病灶性状（实性及囊实性/囊性,OR=5.098,95％CI：1.324～19.633,P=0.018）是EUS-FNA诊断恶性占位性病变穿刺阳性率的独立影响因素。171例患者中,术后2例出现发热,1例出现急性胰腺炎,并发症发生率为1.75％（3／171）,经保守对症处理后均好转。 结论 EUS-FNA是一项安全有效、敏感度和准确率高的细胞组织病理诊断手段,在鉴别消化道周围良恶性占位性病变中起重要作用。EUS-FNA诊断恶性占位性病变穿刺阳性率与病灶大小呈正相关,诊断实性恶性占位性病变的穿刺阳性率显著高于囊性病变。     

超声内镜引导下细针穿刺联合肿瘤标志物对胰腺占位诊断价值及其影响因素

目的 探讨肿瘤标志物联合超声内镜引导下细针穿刺(endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration, EUS-FNA)对胰腺占位的诊断价值,并分析其相关影响因素。方法 选取2021年8月至2022年8月于重庆医科大学附属第一医院确诊的68例胰腺占位患者,全部患者均完成EUS-FNA,分析患者的临床资料及病理结果。结果 68例患者中,EUS-FNA对胰腺占位诊断的准确率为94.12%、灵敏度为92.86%、特异度为100%;EUS-FNA穿刺阳性患者年龄>60岁、胰腺占位大小>2 cm、穿刺次数≥3次的比例高于穿刺阴性患者;恶性胰腺占位组CA19-9水平高于良性胰腺占位组;CA19-9对恶性胰腺占位诊断的准确率为75.00%、灵敏度为75.00%、特异度为75.00%;CA19-9联合EUS-FNA对恶性胰腺占位诊断的准确率为97.06%、灵敏度为96.43%、特异度为100%。结论 EUS-FNA诊断胰腺占位安全且准确率较高;EUS-FNA诊断胰腺占位的影响因素有穿刺次数、占位大小、年龄;EUS-FNA联合肿瘤标...     

超声内镜引导下细针穿刺在消化系占位性病变诊断中的价值

目的 探讨超声内镜引导下的细针穿刺检查(EUS-FNA)在消化系占位性病变诊断中的价值.方法 2007年5月-2008年12月对68例患者行超声内镜检查及超声内镜引导下的细针穿刺检查,对比细胞学和(或)病理学检查结果与术后病理结果及随访结果.结果 EUS-FNA细胞取材成功率91.18%(62/68).其中病灶位于食管4例(6.45%,4/62),胃19例(30.65%,19/62),直肠19例(30.65%,19/62),肝脏3例(4.84%,3/62),纵隔4例(6.45%,4/62),淋巴结13例(20.97%,13/62).40例患者细胞学检查结果阳性,阳性率为64.52%(40/62).22例患者获得组织碎片或细条行病理学检查,组织获得率为35.48%(22/62),其中10例病理学检查结果阳性,阳性率为45.45%(10/22).与术后病理结果及长期随访结果对照,EUS-FNA对消化系占位性病变诊断的准确率为85.48%.敏感度为90.91%,特异度为100.00%,阴性预测值为57.14%,阳性预测值为100.00%.结论 在消化系占位性病变诊断中,EUS-FNA是一项安全、有效、准确的诊断及鉴别诊断方法,在细胞学诊断中具有重要临床价值.     

共聚焦激光显微内镜对大肠管状腺癌的诊断价值

目的 通过共聚焦激光显微内镜（CLE）观察大肠管状腺癌的镜下组织学特点,制定高、中、低分化腺癌的诊断依据,评价CLE诊断大肠管状腺癌的价值.方法 首先对12个经病理证实为大肠管状腺癌的病变（高分化腺癌4个,中分化腺癌4个、低分化腺癌4个）进行CLE图像分析,制定CLE诊断管状腺癌的依据.然后应用该依据对49个大肠肿物进行前瞻性CLE诊断,最终将CLE诊断结果与病理诊断结果作比较,评价CLE的诊断效率.结果 CLE诊断管状腺癌的敏感度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为94.7%、90.9%、93.9%、100.0%和76.9%;CLE诊断高分化腺癌的敏感度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为100%、83.3%、8 8.9%、85.7%和87.0%;CLE诊断中分化腺癌的敏感度、特异度、准确率阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为86.7%、90.5%、86.1%、86.7%和90.5%;CLE诊断低分化腺癌的敏感度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为77.8%、92.6%、88.9%、100.0%和86.2%.结论 共聚焦激光显微内镜可以诊断大肠管状腺癌,并能够对大肠管状腺癌进行分级诊断.CLE可以成为一种诊断大肠管状腺癌的新工具.     

超声内镜引导不同型号细针穿刺胰腺占位病灶的前瞻随机对照研究

目的 通过分析EUS-FNA获得的细胞量及细胞学诊断结果,比较3种不同型号穿刺针在胰腺实性占位诊断中的差异.方法 纳入2010年12月至2011年5月期间两家医院胰腺实质性占位病灶长轴直径大于2 cm并进行EUS-FNA的病例.根据穿刺途径将患者分为经胃壁穿刺组(19 G或22 G或25 G)和经十二指肠壁穿刺组(22 G或25 G),分别按事先设置的随机表随机选择穿刺针型号进行EUS-FNA.穿刺过程中,固定穿刺次数、吸引负压、穿刺针在病灶内移动次数和移动距离,穿刺内容物送液基细胞学检查,由同一位细胞学医生制片及诊断对EUS-FNA获得的细胞量及细胞学诊断结果进行比较.结果 研究共纳入病例52例,经胃壁穿刺组42例,经十二指肠壁穿刺组10例.所有病例均成功完成穿刺操作并未出现与EUS-FNA操作相关的并发症.两个穿刺组中不同型号穿刺针所获得的细胞总量、细胞学诊断之间的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).但在两组中25 G穿刺针的诊断敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率均稍高.结论 EUS-FNA在胰腺实质性占位中具有较高的诊断价值,尽管25 G穿刺针对胰腺病灶的诊断略显优势,但3种不同型号的穿刺针获得的细胞量及细胞学诊断并无显著差异.     

超声内镜引导下细针穿刺活检对胰腺占位病变的诊断价值

[目的]通过超声内镜结合细针穿刺活检(EUS-FNA)确定胰腺占位病变的性质,并评价该法对胰腺病变的诊断价值。[方法]入选经影像学检查示胰腺占位病变患者113例,对占位病变行EUS-FNA检查,评价EUSFNA的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。[结果]113例患者均获得组织学或细胞学标本,穿刺成功率为100.0%。EUS-FNA对于胰腺占位病变诊断的准确性、特异性、敏感性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为:89.4%、100.0%、85.8%、100.0%、33.3%。所有患者均未发生严重并发症。[结论]EUS-FNA对诊断胰腺占位性病变安全、有效,具有重要临床意义。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.