二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣前叶脱垂的疗效分析

目的总结二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣前叶脱垂的经验,分析其临床效果。方法回顾性分析1997年2月至2007年3月152例二尖瓣前叶脱垂的非风湿性心脏病患者在我院行二尖瓣成形术的临床资料,男96例,女56例;年龄10～73岁(38.54±17.22岁)。其中瓣膜退行性病变119例,先天性二尖瓣病变24例,缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全3例,感染性心内膜炎6例。术前超声心动图提示:二尖瓣反流量中度70例,中度至重度63例,重度19例;前叶病变87例,前叶+后叶病变65例;152例患者均在低温体外循环下行二尖瓣成形术。结果术中经注水实验或食管超声心动图评价成形效果满意,术后早期无死亡。随访3个月～8.5年,随访135例,随访率88.82%(135/152);心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅰ级93例,Ⅱ级35例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级4例;超声心动图提示:术后左心房内径(41.09±10.40mmvs.45.32±10.07mm,t=4.186,P=0.000),左心室舒张期末内径(52.04±7.74mmvs.60.70±7.72mm,t=9.676,P=0.000)与术前比较均明显缩小;无或微量反流36例,轻度反流45例,轻度至中度反流38例,中度反流9例,中度至重度反流7例。5例术后行二尖瓣置换术,晚期死亡3例,其中2例死于心力衰竭,1例死亡原因不明。结论虽然二尖瓣前叶病变成形手术相对复杂,但根据患者的具体病变情况选用相应的成形手术方法治疗二尖瓣前叶脱垂,可取得较满意的临床效果。     

国产瓣膜成形软环在二尖瓣成形术中的应用

目的分析国产瓣膜成形软环在二尖瓣成形术中应用的临床效果,为合理选择人工瓣环大小提供依据。方法 2002年4月至2009年11月,北京阜外心血管病医院连续对66例二尖瓣关闭不全患者[男55例,女11例;年龄11~69岁（44.62±15.94岁）]应用国产瓣膜成形软环施行二尖瓣成形术。在选用人工瓣成形环大小时遵循以下原则：先用测瓣器测量二尖瓣前叶瓣环距离,若测得该距离大于30号,则选用至少小2个号的人工瓣成形环;若测得瓣环在30号以内,则选用小1个号的人工瓣成形环。术后采用超声心动图对患者进行随访,以观察二尖瓣成形效果。结果所有患者均治愈出院。出院时超声心动图提示：二尖瓣少量至中量反流1例,少量反流11例,其余54例患者二尖瓣关闭正常或仅有微量反流;二尖瓣前向流速1.40±0.30 m/s,无二尖瓣狭窄或二尖瓣前叶收缩期前向运动（SAM）征象。随访51例,随访时间2个月~7年（24.60±25.90个月）。随访期间有38例患者超声心动图检查提示：二尖瓣中量反流1例,少量至中量反流5例,少量反流9例,二尖瓣关闭正常或有微量反流23例;二尖瓣前向流速1.50±0.40 m/s;无二尖瓣狭窄、SAM征象和左心室流出道梗阻现象;随访期间左心房内径（43.19±10.48 mm vs.48.59±9.40 mm,t=4.524,P=0.000）和左心室舒张期末内径（52.64±7.35 mm vs.62.69±8.77 mm,t=7.607,P=0.000）均较术前减小。结论应用国产瓣膜成形软环,通过放置较小号人工瓣环行限制性二尖瓣瓣环成形术,在二尖瓣修复成形中的临床应用效果明确,而且有很好的时间持续性。     

冠心病合并慢性中度缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的 探讨冠心病合并中度缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全(IMR)的外科治疗及其预后.方法 从1998年1月至2006年5月共收治冠心病合并中度IMR患者28例,均为冠状动脉病变合并单纯二尖瓣关闭不全,手术均在中度低温体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)和同期二尖瓣手术.二尖瓣成形术(MVP)24例,其中Reed法成形9例,Reed法成形同时加成形环8例,脱垂二尖瓣叶切除同时加成形环7例;二尖瓣置换术(MVR)4例,其中置换机械瓣1例,生物瓣3例.结果 术后早期无死亡患者,应用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)1例.术后随访26例,随访3～80个月,平均41个月,远期死亡2例(MVP 1例、MVR 1例).随访MVP患者生存22例,心功能Ⅰ级13 例,Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级3例,较术前明显改善;多普勒超声心动图检查二尖瓣无反流5例,微量反流7例,轻度反流6例,中度反流3例,重度反流1例,左房容积(LAV)54.1±12.7ml,左心室舒张期末容积(LVEDV)60.9±14.8 ml,左心室射血分数(LVEF)0.59±0.15,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).随访MVR患者生存2例,心功能Ⅰ级1 例,Ⅱ级1例;多普勒超声心动图检查瓣膜功能良好.结论 对冠心病合并中度IMR患者应在行CABG时同期进行处理,IMR处理的方法以MVP同时加用成形环的早期临床效果较好,但是对左室功能差和左室壁运动异常的患者远期效果需要进一步观察.     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全患者的心功能改变

目的探讨非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump CABG)对缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全患者心功能改变的影响,以提高治疗效果。方法53例缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全患者,男45例,女8例;年龄51～73岁,平均年龄63.3岁。53例患者均行off-pump CABG,术前及术后12个月分别采用超声心动图检测心功能改变及二尖瓣反流情况。结果术后3h死于突发心室颤动1例;术后发生大出血1例,于术后6h行二次开胸止血手术。随访52例,随访时间12个月,其中行超声心动图检查48例。术后12个月左心室收缩期末内径(34.75±6.83mm vs.38.80±7.21mm,t=-3.550,P=0.001),左心室舒张期末内径(50.50±10.31mm vs.53.85±11.20mm,t=-6.364,P=0.000)和二尖瓣反流面积(25.32%±9.80% vs.29.45%±12.30%,t=2.129,P=0.001)均较术前减小,左心室射血分数(62.10%±24.20% vs.57.75%±22.10%,t=2.132,P=0.038)较术前增加。结论冠心病合并中度二尖瓣关闭不全患者行off-pump CABG术后12个月二尖瓣反流量减少,左心室功能改善。     

冠心病合并缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全的处理方法

目的　探讨冠心病合并缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全 (IMR)病例 ,在行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)时是否要对二尖瓣进行处理及最合适的处理方法。方法　回顾分析 2 0 0 0年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 1 0月期间连续行CABG者中 37例合并IMR者在不同手术处理前后的变化。结果　术前合并有轻 -重度IMR者中 2 4例仅行CABG ,无手术死亡 ,术后 1周左室舒张直径由 5 2 95mm降至 4 8 1 8mm(P =0 0 0 1 ) ,左室射血分数从 0 46上升到 0 5 5 (P <0 0 0 1 ) ,二尖瓣反流面积 (MR)由 3 93cm2 下降至 1 48cm2 (P <0 0 0 1 ) ;1 3例同期行CABG和二尖瓣成形或置换 ,手术死亡 1例。结论　缺血性心脏病合并无二尖瓣明显病理结构改变的IMR ,单纯行再血管化后左心室收缩功能改善、IMR短期内明显减轻或消失。中度以上IMR并有二尖瓣发生病理结构改变时 ,需同期对二尖瓣进行干预 ,但是手术死亡率较高。     

亚急性心肌梗死合并重度缺血性功能性二尖瓣关闭不全的处理方式探讨

目的 探讨亚急性心肌梗死合并重度二尖瓣关闭不全患者的处理方法及手术时机. 方法 2005年1月至2011年12月北京安贞医院采用外科手术治疗89例亚急性心肌梗死合并重度二尖瓣关闭不全患者[男66例,女23例；平均年龄64(55～73)岁].所有患者手术前先用药物治疗3个月后行单纯冠状动脉旁路移植术,二尖瓣病变未做处理.就诊时、术前和术后6个月做超声心动图检查,观察二尖瓣反流情况,并检测左心室收缩期末内径、左心室舒张期末内径和左心室射血分数(LVEF). 结果 无手术死亡,无围术期心肌缺血和其它严重并发症发生.随访81例(91.0％),随访时间6～60个月,术后6个月二尖瓣反流面积[(3.1±1.3) cm2 vs.(5.6±2.3)cm2]、左心室舒张期末内径[(51.3±4.2) mm vs.(54.3±5.5)mm]和左心室收缩期末内径[(31.7±3.9) mm vs.(34.6±4.3) mm]均较术前明显减小(P＜0.05),而术后6个月LVEF与术前比较差异无统计学意义(59.1％±3.9％vs.58.9％±5.6％,P＞ 0.05).术后3年起,随访患者每年行冠状动脉血管CT检查1次,未发现移植血管存在明显狭窄(狭窄＞50％). 结论 对亚急性心肌梗死合并重度二尖瓣关闭不全患者,适当的延缓手术,结合正确的药物治疗,可能不再需要同期处理二尖瓣病变,可降低手术风险,减少医疗费用.     

“缘对缘”二尖瓣成形术对左心室舒张功能的影响

目的探讨＂缘对缘＂二尖瓣成形术对术后左心室舒张功能的影响,以了解该成形方法的有效性及安全性。方法将2006年2月至2007年12月北京安贞医院收治的30例中至重度二尖瓣关闭不全患者,按手术方法不同分为两组,对照组：15例,二尖瓣后叶脱垂患者施行后叶楔形切除二尖瓣成形术;实验组：15例,前叶或双叶脱垂患者施行＂缘对缘＂二尖瓣成形术;所有患者均用二尖瓣成形环（Medtronic成形环）成形。用漂浮Swan-Ganz导管监测术前、术毕、术后2 h、4 h、6 h和12 h的血流动力学变化。术前和术后1周,运用脉冲多普勒、组织多普勒测定患者左心室舒张功能指标,包括术前和术后左心室舒张峰值血流速度E峰与A峰的比值（E/A）,舒张期E峰血流速度与舒张早期二尖瓣环的最大运动速度的比值（E/Em）,舒张早期二尖瓣环的最大运动速度与舒张晚期二尖瓣环的最大运动速度的比值（Em/Am）。结果两组患者二尖瓣成形二尖瓣瓣口面积均较本组术前明显减小（对照组3.63±1.06 cm2vs.7.18±2.41 cm2;实验组3.44±1.02 cm2vs.6.51±3.06 cm2;P〈0.05）,二尖瓣反流均较本组术前明显减少（对照组0.53±0.64 cm2vs.3.60±0.51 cm2;实验组0.67±0.82 cm2vs.3.40±0.63 cm2,P〈0.05）;但术前、术后两组间二尖瓣瓣口面积和二尖瓣反流比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。实验组术后E/A、E/Em和Em/Am与术前比较差异无统计学意义（E/A 1.28±0.36 vs.1.95±1.06;E/Em 8.79±2.16 vs.8.13±3.02;Em/Am 1.39±0.38 vs.1.31±0.41;P〉0.05）,两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。实验组肺动脉楔压与对照组比较差异亦无统计学意义（13.60±4.37 mm Hg vs.12.20±3.53 mm Hg,P〉0.05）。结论＂缘对缘＂二尖瓣成形术效果良好,对左心室舒张功能无明显影响,双孔二尖瓣具有与正常二尖瓣相似的的血流动力学特征。     

心肌梗死后室壁瘤及二尖瓣反流的外科治疗

目的 总结心肌梗死后室壁瘤和二尖瓣反流的外科治疗经验,以提高手术疗效和生存率.方法 回顾性分析2000年12月～2007年6月间收治的37例心肌梗死后室壁瘤及中度以上二尖瓣反流患者的临床资料,大多数患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术加室壁瘤切除后左心室重建、二尖瓣成形或置换术.结果 术后死亡3例,死亡率8.1%,其中死于肾功能衰竭2例,脑部并发症1例.随访30例,随访率88.2%(30/34),4例失访;随访时间1个月至6年.随访期间死亡2例,其中1例死于抗凝治疗失败并发的大面积脑梗死,1例死于肺部感染和心力衰竭.术后6个月复查心脏彩色超声心动图提示:左心房内径较术前明显缩小(30.1±3.5mm vs.39.3±3.7mm, P=0.004),左心室舒张期末内径较术前明显缩小(48.4±4.3mm vs.61.2±5.1mm, P=0.003),旷置的室壁瘤大小无明显变化(直径＜5 cm),二尖瓣成形和旷置者无反流或轻微反流12例,轻度反流2例,中度反流1例.结论 对不同类型的心肌梗死后室壁瘤和二尖瓣反流患者制定相应的手术治疗方案,能取得良好的近、远期疗效,绝大部分患者心功能改善明显,生存率提高.     

二尖瓣成形术在感染性心内膜炎二尖瓣关闭不全治疗中的应用

目的评价二尖瓣成形术治疗感染性心内膜炎二尖瓣关闭不全的疗效。方法自2002年3月至2012年1月共有33例感染性心内膜炎二尖瓣关闭不全患者在北京阜外心血管病医院接受二尖瓣成形术,其中男23例、女10例,年龄10～67（35.7±17.8）岁。13例有心脏基础解剖病变。术前二尖瓣轻度反流5例,中度反流15例,重度反流13例。心功能分级（NYHA）Ⅰ级5例,Ⅱ级23,Ⅲ级4例,Ⅳ级1例。所有患者均行二尖瓣成形术,活动期手术14例。同期行主动脉瓣置换术6例,三尖瓣成形术5例,冠状动脉旁路移植术1例,左心房粘液瘤切除术1例,主动脉窦瘤修补术1例。成形方法包括心包修补穿孔5例,瓣叶切除缝合17例,双孔法成形3例,腱索转移及人工腱索5例,15例使用人工成形环。结果围术期死亡1例,于术后7 d并发急性心肌梗死死亡。32例存活患者均康复出院。出院前超声心动图提示：左心室舒张期末内径、左心房内径分别为（48.9±7.6）mm及（31.7±7.4）mm,较术前有明显改善（P=0.000）。32例患者完成随访,随访时间6～125（73.0±38.6）个月。随访期间无死亡,无心内膜炎复发及出血栓塞等并发症。1例术后3年因二尖瓣狭窄而行二尖瓣机械瓣置换术。心功能分级（NYHA）Ⅰ级25例,Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲ级2例。二尖瓣有少量反流4例,中量反流1例,无反流26例;舒张期二尖瓣流速偏快（1.7 m/s）1例,主动脉瓣中量反流1例。左心室舒张期末内径及左心房内径与术后早期比较差异无统计学意义,射血分数较术后早期改善（60.9%±6.6%vs.57.5%±6.7%;P=0.043）。结论二尖瓣成形术治疗感染性心内膜炎二尖瓣关闭不全疗效可靠,左心房、左心室内径显著减小,心功能改善明显。     

人工腱索结合瓣环成形术治疗二尖瓣脱垂伴关闭不全

目的评价人工腱索结合二尖瓣成形环行二尖瓣成形术(MVP)治疗二尖瓣脱垂的效果。方法 2012年1月至2014年3月间福建省心血管病研究所共收治58例二尖瓣脱垂患者,其中男33例、女25例,年龄(53.7±14.3)岁。采用膨体聚四氟乙烯线(PTFE)为人工腱索加二尖瓣成形环行二尖瓣成形术,其中单纯前瓣或后瓣成形术47例,前、后瓣同期成形术11例。结果全组无死亡。本组3例改行二尖瓣置换术,余55例患者术后经食管超声心动图(TEE)显示,48例患者二尖瓣无或仅有微量反流,7例有轻度反流。左心房内径、左心室内径、左心室收缩期末容积和左心室舒张期末容积均较术前明显缩小(P0.05)。随访6个月至2年患者心功能较前均有不同程度改善。结论 PTFE人工腱索结合人工二尖瓣成形环植入二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣脱垂伴关闭不全是有效、可靠的技术,早中期效果良好。     

经主动脉路径同期手术修复主动脉根部或主动脉瓣病变合并的中度功能性二尖瓣关闭不全

目的探讨经主动脉路径同期手术修复主动脉根部或主动脉瓣病变合并的中度功能性二尖瓣关闭不全的手术技术,分析随访结果。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2012年6月新华医院25例主动脉根部或主动脉瓣病变合并中度功能性二尖瓣关闭不全患者经手术治疗的临床资料,其中男18例,女7例;年龄42～75（57．9±9．6）岁。所有患者除主动脉根部或主动脉瓣病变均合并中度功能性二尖瓣关闭不全。Carpentier分型均为Ⅰ型。手术方法均在全身麻醉低温体外循环下行主动脉瓣置换或主动脉根部置换加二尖瓣成形术（均为经主动脉切口交界缝合成形）。通过门诊复查,电话等随访观察,评价二尖瓣及心脏结构和功能。结果术中食管超声心电图提示2例有残余微量反流,其余23例患者无反流,无瓣膜狭窄,成形效果满意。全组患者无死亡。术后复查超声心动图提示：左心房内径、左心室舒张期末内径与术前比较明显缩小（t=4．086,P=0．000;t=4．442,P=0．000）;左心室射血分数与术前比较有所降低（t=3．671,P=0．001）。术后二尖瓣瓣环直径与术前比较缩小[（32．4±3．6）mm vs．（35．6±6．4）mm]。术后二尖瓣瓣口压差[（1．4±0．7）mmHg vs．（1．5±0．7）mmHg],二尖瓣瓣口峰值压差[（3．7±2．2）mmHg vs．（3．3±1．5）mmHg]与术前比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。患者出院后随访23例,随访率92％,随访时间7～92（50．4±25.3）个月;2例失访。随访期间出现二尖瓣轻度反流3例。最后一次随访二尖瓣瓣环直径（33．9±4．6）mm,二尖瓣瓣口压差（1．3±0．6）mmHg,二尖瓣瓣口峰值压差（3．6±2．3）mmHg。结论主动脉瓣或主动脉根部手术时,经主动脉路径修复中度功能性二尖瓣关闭不全安全、方便、有效。     

Posterior pericardial annuloplasty: a physicological correction?

Since the introduction of the annuloplasty ring, many attempts have been made to obtain a flexible ring that preserves the physiological motion of the mitral annulus. We experimented with a new technique using autologous pericardium to construct a more flexible ring. Twenty patients underwent mitral valve repair for degenerative disease and were treated by a posterior pericardial annuloplasty and the usual valvuloplasty procedures. A long strip of pericardium was prepared, marked with metal clips and rolled up in a tubular fashion with the serosal surface on the outside. The pericardial tube was apposed on the posterior annulus just beyond the commissures. No patient required early or late reoperation. Doppler analysis showed good valve function: 18 patients had no or mild, and 2 had moderate regurgitation. Transmitral flow indexes were nearly normal (MVA = 3.7 +/- 0.4 cm2; flow velocity peak = 1.06 +/- 0.2 m/s). Fluoroscopic examination was employed for assessing annular motion using the metal clips as radiopaque markers. Planimetry of the hemiarea showed a mild narrowing (mean 8.5% +/- 6.4%) of annular size during ventricular systole. There was a trend toward a systolic reduction of the anteroposterior diameter of the annulus. These findings demonstrate that the mitral orifice preserves its flexible properties after this type of annuloplasty. Posterior pericardial annuloplasty seems to be a physiological correction of annular dilatation in patients with degenerative disease.     

术前左心室大小及其术后缩小程度与二尖瓣成形早期预后的相关性研究

目的分析影响退行性二尖瓣反流行成形术早期预后的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2011年1～11月在北京阜外心血管病医院行二尖瓣成形术的二尖瓣退行性变患者,入组患者132例,随访患者114例（86．4％）,平均年龄（51．21±12．78）岁,其中男76例（66．7％）、女38例（33．3％）,通过回访成形术早期的效果对术前危险因素进行分析。结果入选患者合并心房颤动25例（21．9％）,术前射血分数63．88％±6．93％,术前超声心动图提示左心室舒张期末内径指数（31．61±5．51）mm／m^2,合并i尖瓣关闭不全者56例（49．1％）,其中34例（29．8％）同期行三尖瓣成形术,10例（8．8％）应用三尖瓣成形环。术后死亡2例,再次行二尖瓣置换术或成形术2例,超声心动图复查提示二尖瓣中量及以上反流15例。影响二尖瓣成形早期预后的危险因素包括合并心房颤动（36．8％vs．18．9％,P=0．035）、较大的左心室舒张期末内径指数[（34．02±3．76）mm／m^2 vs．（31．15±5．68）mm／m^2,P=-0．042]、功能性二尖瓣反流（15．8％vs．1．1％,P=0．007）。多因素分析结果显示手术前后左心室内径改变（主要是缩小）越大,术后事件发生率降低[HR0．002,95％CI（〈0．001,0．570）,P=0．031]。结论对于二尖瓣退行性反流的患者,术前左心室扩张是影响二尖瓣成形术早期预后的独立危险因素,而此类患者中,左心室内径明显缩小者,术后事件发生率降低。     

A clinical study of annular geometry and dynamics in patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation: new insights into asymmetrical ring annuloplasty.

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies in animals showed that regional annulus distortion is a major determinant of ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) and accordingly suggested new surgical approaches with asymmetrical annuloplasty rings. As accurate measurement of annulus in patients is still a challenge, we performed this study to analyze the changes in three-dimensional annular geometry in patients with IMR compared to primary valvular lesions. METHODS: We studied 110 patients divided into three groups: (1) 30 with coronary artery disease without IMR, (2) 38 with chronic IMR, and (3) 42 with MR due to primary valvular lesions. Longitudinal and septal-lateral annulus diameters; global diastolic and systolic annular area and its percentual shortening, diastolic and systolic areas of six regions corresponding to the segmental Carpentier classification were measured by 3D-echocardiography. The degree of MR was assessed by three-dimensional color Doppler. Global and regional left ventricular geometry were assessed by sphericity index and by measuring anterior and posterior tethering of papillary muscles. RESULTS: Patients with significant IMR (group 2) showed larger longitudinal (52.7+/-3.9 mm vs 41.8+/-2.9 mm; p<0.01) and antero-lateral (31.8+/-3.5mm vs 26.7+/-2.8mm; p<0.01) annular diameters than the patients with MR due to primary valvular lesions (group 3). Diastolic (997.8+/-64.9 mm(2) vs 700.7+/-46.8mm(2); p<0.01) and systolic (894.9+/-57.3mm(2) vs 547.3+/-35.0mm(2); p<0.01) annular areas were larger in group 2 than in group 3. Annular area change was significantly lower in the group with ischemic mitral regurgitation than in the group with primary valvular lesions (10.3+/-1.1% vs 21.9+/-1.6%; p<0.01). Regional annular areas of the six sectors were homogeneously larger in group 2 than in group 3. The sector P3 did not show larger area than the other ones. The degree of MR, as assessed by the volumes of regurgitant jets, was higher in the group with primary valvular lesions than in the patients with IMR (32.6+/-13.4 cm(3) vs 23.1+/-11.1cm(3); p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that annular enlargement in patients with IMR affects the different annular regions to the same extent. An ideal surgical repair of IMR should be individually tailored after quantitative assessment measurement of geometry and function of each single component of the mitral valve complex.     

Functional mitral regurgitation in chronic ischemic coronary artery disease: analysis of geometric alterations of mitral apparatus with magnetic resonance imaging

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic coronary artery disease have double the mortality rate if the condition is combined with functional mitral regurgitation. An understanding based on geometric alterations of the mitral apparatus in functional mitral regurgitation is desirable. METHODS: Twenty-nine subjects were enrolled in the study, including 9 healthy volunteers (control group), 12 patients with chronic coronary artery disease without functional mitral regurgitation (CAD group), and 8 patients with chronic coronary artery disease with functional mitral regurgitation (CAD+FMR group). Cine magnetic resonance imaging was performed to acquire multiple short-axis cine images from base to apex. Left ventricular end-systolic volume, left ventricular ejection fraction, mitral area, and vertices of the mitral tetrahedron, defined by medial and lateral papillary muscle roots and anterior and posterior mitral annulus, were determined from reconstructed images at end-systole. Anterior-posterior annular distance, interpapillary distance, and annular-papillary distance (the distance from the anterior or posterior mitral annulus to the medial or lateral papillary muscle roots) were calculated. RESULTS: Left ventricular end-systolic volume was inversely associated with left ventricular ejection fraction (R(2) = 0.778). Left ventricular end-systolic volume was highly associated with distances related to ventricular geometry (R(2) = 0.742 for interpapillary distance, 0.792 for the distance from the anterior mitral annulus to the medial papillary muscle root, and 0.769 for distance from the anterior mitral annulus to the lateral papillary muscle root) but was moderately associated with distances related to annular geometry (R(2) = 0.458 for anterior-posterior annular distance and 0.594 for mitral area, respectively). Moreover, interpapillary distance of greater than 32 mm and distance from the anterior mitral annulus to the medial papillary muscle root of greater than 64 mm readily distinguished the CAD+FMR group from the other groups. CONCLUSION: In patients with coronary artery disease, an increase in left ventricular end-systolic volume is associated with inadequate approximation of the mitral tetrahedron during systole, which consequently leads to functional mitral regurgitation. Our study suggests that interpapillary distance and distance from the anterior mitral annulus to the medial papillary muscle root are sensitive to the increase in left ventricular end-systolic volume and reliably indicate the presence of functional mitral regurgitation.     

限制性二尖瓣环成形联合冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗缺血性二尖瓣反流

目的 探讨限制性二尖瓣环成形联合冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)治疗缺血性二尖瓣反流的近、中期效果及其在逆转左心室重构中的作用.方法 2000年1月至2008年6月,111例伴有中重度缺皿性二尖瓣反流的冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者接受限制性二尖瓣环成形联合CABG.男性81例,女性30例;平均年龄(63±18)岁.术前经胸超声心动图示二尖瓣反流中度7例,中重度65例,重度39例.比较患者手术前后及术后各时期经胸超声心动图资料.结果 院内死亡3例.术毕经食管心脏超声显示二尖瓣无反流69例,轻度反流34例,轻中度反流5例,中重度反流3例,该3例术中改行二尖瓣置换.术后3、12和24个月的生存率分别为96.2%、93.5%和89.7%.射血分数从术前的(46±6)%升至术后的(53±6)%(P＜0.01);左心房内径从术前(58±6)mm下降到术后(46±6)mm(P＜0.01);左心室舒张末内径从(61±8)mm下降到(48±10)mm(P＜0.01).术后二尖瓣反流程度明显下降(P＜0.01),心功能(NYHA分级)有明显改善(P＜0.01).24个月的随访期内,2例冉行二尖瓣置换术.结论 限制性二尖瓣环成形联合CABG治疗缺血性二尖瓣反流的近、中期效果满意,其对左心室重构有着明显逆转作用.

Abstract：

Objective To retrospectively summarize and analyze the short and mid term follow-up outcomes of combined coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG) and restrictive mitral annuloplasty in curing ischemic cardiomyopathy and ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) , and to study its effect on reverse left ventricular remodeling. Methods From January 2000 to June 2008,111 patients of coronary artery disease with morderate to severe IMR underwent combined CABG and restrictive mitral annuloplasty, downsizing by 1-2 ring sizes. There were 81 male and 30 female patients. The age ranged from 36 to 83 years with a mean of (63 ± 18) years. Preoperative transthoracic echocardiography showed minimal to moderate IMR in 7 cases, moderate to severe in 65 cases and severe in 39 cases. The left artrial diameter (LAD) was (58 ±6) mm, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) was (61 ±8) mm, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 46% ±6%. Serial studies were performed to assess the survival rate, the extent of mitral regurgitation (MR), LVEF, the leaflet coaptation height, LAD, LVEDD, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class. Results Hospital mortality was 2.7% (3 cases). Each case received an undersized ring. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed that no regurgitation in 69 cases,minimal in 34 cases, minimal to moderate in 5 cases, moderate to severe in 3 cases which received mitral valve replacement. The 3-, 12- and 24-month survival rate was 96. 2% , 93. 5% and 89. 7% respectively.Mitral regurgitation grade decreased after the operative prodecures (P ＜0. 01). LVEF increased from (46 ± 6) % to (53 ±6) % (24 months follow-up) (F＜0. 01). LAD decreased from (58 ±6) mm to (46 ±6)mm(24 months follow-up) (P ＜0. 01). LVEDD decreased from (61 ±8) mm to (48 ± 10) mm (24 months follow-up) (P ＜ 0. 01 ) . There was no significant decline of LVEDD in 18 cases ( 16. 2% ) whose preoperative mean LVEDD was (69 ±9) mm. NYHA functional class improved after operative procedures ( P ＜ 0. 01) . At 24 months follow-up, 2 cases received valvular replacement Conclusions Combined CABG and restrictive mitral annuloplasty is a feasible and effective treatment for IMR, the short and mid term outcomes are satisfactory, and a significant reduction of LVEDD and an increase of LVEF due to reverse ventricular remodeling were observed.     

Surgical treatment of ischemic mitral regurgitation

Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is a serious problem, which conveys adverse prognosis, doubling mortality after myocardial infarction. It is common and increases mortality even when mild. IMR is often associated with the occlusion of left circumflex coronary artery, such as second or third obtuse marginal branches by experimental model. However, cause of IMR still remains unclear in many respects. Several study using echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging show some probable reasons left ventricular structure and deformity of left ventricle may cause mitral leaflet restriction and mitral annulus deformity, lead to tethering. The aim of surgical treatment of IMR is to reduce the grade of mitral regurgitation and left ventricular remodeling. Recent study clarified the advantage of valve repair in IMR opposed to valve replacement that may affect the patient poor quality of life. Some new technique of saddle shaped ring repair, second chordal cutting, edge-to-edge repair are available but these long-term outcome remain unclear. It may be effective combined left ventricular revascularization and mitral valve repair. Understanding mechanism of IMR will improve therapies for targeted primary causes with new therapeutic options provided a more flexible approach for surgical repair of IMR.     

The effects of mitral annuloplasty rings on mitral valve complex 3-D geometry during acute left ventricular ischemia.

OBJECTIVE: Annuloplasty rings are used to treat ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR), but their exact effects on 3-D geometry of the overall mitral valve complex during acute left ventricular (LV) ischemia remain unknown. METHODS: Radiopaque markers were sutured to the mitral leaflet edges, annulus, papillary muscle tips, and ventricle in three groups of sheep. One group served as control (n = 5), and the others underwent Duran (n = 6) or Physio (n = 5) ring annuloplasty. One week later, 3-D marker coordinates at end-systole were obtained before and during balloon occlusion of the circumflex artery. RESULTS: In all control animals, acute LV ischemia was associated with: (i) septal-lateral separation of the leaflet edges, which was predicted by lateral displacement of the lateral annulus during septal-lateral mitral annular dilatation; (ii) apical restriction of the posterior leaflet edge, which was predicted by displacement of the lateral annulus away from the non-ischemic anterior papillary muscle; (iii) displacement of the posterior papillary muscle, which was not predictive of either septal-lateral leaflet separation or leaflet restriction; and (iv) mitral regurgitation. In the Duran group during ischemia, the posterior leaflet edge shifted posteriorly due to posterior movement of the lateral annulus, but no IMR occurred. In the Physio group during ischemia, neither the posterior leaflet edge nor the lateral annulus changed positions, and there was no IMR. In both the Duran and Physio groups, displacement of the posterior papillary muscle did not lead to IMR. CONCLUSIONS: Either annuloplasty ring prevented the perturbations of mitral leaflet and annular--but not papillary muscle tip--3-D geometry during acute LV ischemia. By fixing the septal-lateral annular dimension and preventing lateral displacement of the lateral annulus, annuloplasty rings prevented systolic septal-lateral leaflet separation and posterior leaflet restriction, and no acute IMR occurred. The flexible ring allowed posterior displacement of the posterior leaflet edge and the lateral annulus, which was not observed with a semi-rigid ring.     

Mechanism of higher incidence of ischemic mitral regurgitation in patients with inferior myocardial infarction: quantitative analysis of left ventricular and mitral valve geometry in 103 patients with prior myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE: The mechanism of higher incidence of ischemic mitral regurgitation in patients with inferior compared with anterior myocardial infarction despite less global left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction is controversial. We hypothesized that inferior myocardial infarction causes left ventricular remodeling, which displaces posterior papillary muscle away from its normal position, leading to ischemic mitral regurgitation. METHODS: In 103 patients with prior myocardial infarction (61 anterior and 42 inferior) and 20 normal control subjects, we evaluated the grade of ischemic mitral regurgitation on the basis of the percentage of Doppler jet area, left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, midsystolic mitral annular area, and midsystolic leaflet-tethering distance between papillary muscle tips and the contralateral anterior mitral annulus, which were determined by means of quantitative echocardiography. RESULTS: Global left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction were significantly less pronounced in patients with inferior myocardial infarction (left ventricular end-systolic volume: 52 +/- 18 vs 60 +/- 24 mL, inferior vs anterior infarction, P<.05; left ventricular ejection fraction: 51% +/- 9% vs 42% +/- 7%, P <.0001). However, the percentage of mitral regurgitation jet area and the incidence of significant regurgitation (percentage of jet area of 10% or greater) was greater in inferior infarction (percentage of jet area: 10.1% +/- 7.5% vs 4.4% +/- 7.0%, P =.0002; incidence: 16/42 (38%) vs 6/61 (10%), P <.0001). The mitral annulus (area = 8.2 +/- 1.2 cm2 in control subjects) was similarly dilated in both inferior and anterior myocardial infarction (9.7 +/- 1.7 vs. 9.5 +/- 2.3 cm2, no significant difference), and the anterior papillary muscle-tethering distance (33.8 +/- 2.6 mm in control subjects) was also similarly and mildly increased in both groups (35.2 +/- 2.4 vs 35.2 +/- 2.8 mm, no significant difference). However, the posterior papillary muscle-tethering distance (33.3 +/- 2.3 mm in control subjects) was significantly greater in inferior compared with anterior myocardial infarction (38.3 +/- 4.1 vs 34.7 +/- 2.9 mm, P =.0001). Multiple stepwise regression analysis identified the increase in posterior papillary muscle-tethering distance divided by body surface area as an independent contributing factor to the percentage of mitral regurgitation jet area (r2 = 0.70, P <.0001). CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that the higher incidence and greater severity of ischemic mitral regurgitation in patients with inferior compared with anterior myocardial infarction can be related to more severe geometric changes in the mitral valve apparatus with greater displacement of posterior papillary muscle caused by localized inferior basal left ventricular remodeling, which results in therapeutic implications for potential benefit of procedures, such as infarct plication and leaflet or chordal elongation, to reduce leaflet tethering.