开胸手术治疗心脏起搏装置相关感染的术后护理

15例心脏起搏装置相关感染患者接受开胸心脏直视手术移除起搏装置及赘生物,2例同期放置起搏器,1例同期放置心脏电复律除颤器,10例术后应用心外膜临时起搏器,术后20~45d再次放置起搏器,2例单纯行心内电极导线取出。结果15例起搏装置相关感染患者全部治愈,出院后随访2周至1年,未有复发。提出对心脏起搏装置相关感染接受外科治疗的患者,做好起搏器治疗的护理、营养支持、用药护理、呼吸道护理等有效措施,可以提高手术成功率,减少术后并发症。健康指导时应加强患者自我保健意识的提高,避免起搏装置感染的复发。     

左心瓣膜置换术后远期三尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的探讨左心瓣膜置换术后远期三尖瓣关闭不全(tricuspid incompetence, TI)发生的可能机制、外科治疗方法的选择和结果. 方法 12例风湿性心瓣膜病患者,第1次手术时行二尖瓣和主动脉瓣双瓣膜置换术(DVR)8例,二尖瓣置换术(MVR)4例,同时行DeVega三尖瓣成形术(TVP)3例,因三尖瓣无明显异常未作处理9例.距第1次手术后5～17年,平均10.2年,所有患者发生重度TI,其中8例行三尖瓣置换术(TVR),4例行TVP. 结果早期死亡2例,病死率16.7%.随访10例,随访时间4～36个月,平均18.2±7.8个月.6例行TVR患者术后心功能恢复良好,4例TVP患者出现轻度TI,6个月后,其中2例TI有逐渐加重的趋势. 结论左心瓣膜置换术后远期TI可能与持续肺动脉高压、右心室不可逆损害以及左心功能的恢复情况有关.重度TI行TVR的疗效可靠,而一些TVP患者TI有逐渐加重的趋势.     

44例永久起搏器手术临床疗效分析

目的:总结分析永久起搏器植入术后心脏功能、并发症种类及原因.方法:随访永久起搏器植入术后患者左心室射血分数(LVEF),观察并发症的种类,分析其原因.结果:右室心尖部起搏(RVA)术后6个月时LVEF明显低于术前,右室间隔部起搏(RVS)组无明显变化.发生起搏器并发症4例,起搏器囊袋血肿2例,电极移位及电极导线断裂各1例.结论:RVS更符合心脏生理起搏节律,术后心功能改善优于RVA.严格执行操作规范,术后加强随访,以降低并发症发生率.     

心脏外科体外循环术后留置心外膜临时起搏导线患者的康复CSCD

目的探讨心脏外科体外循环术后留置心外膜临时起搏导线的康复经验。方法选取2015年9月至2016年4月69例体外循环术后留置心外膜临时起搏导线患者,其中男26例、女43例,平均年龄(50.2±11.5)岁。予术前及术后干预措施、出院指导和随访,评价康复效果。结果患者术后平均住院时间(9.8±2.6)d,69例患者均顺利出院,其中57例患者顺利拔除心外膜临时起搏器导线,1例患者因Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞继续留置临时起搏器电极,11例患者残留临时起搏导线出院,出院后两周随访发现2例患者的临时起搏导线体内残端露出体表。结论心外膜临时起搏电极是心脏外科术后常见的风险防范手段之一,掌握临时起搏器导线的管理及临时起搏器应用的相关知识,合理管理能有效地降低术后并发症的发生,可促进患者术后康复。做好患者宣教,避免因沟通不畅导致的医患纠纷发生。     

心脏外科体外循环术后留置心外膜临时起搏导线患者的康复

目的探讨心脏外科体外循环术后留置心外膜临时起搏导线的康复经验。方法选取2015年9月至2016年4月69例体外循环术后留置心外膜临时起搏导线患者,其中男26例、女43例,平均年龄(50.2±11.5)岁。予术前及术后干预措施、出院指导和随访,评价康复效果。结果患者术后平均住院时间(9.8±2.6)d,69例患者均顺利出院,其中57例患者顺利拔除心外膜临时起搏器导线,1例患者因Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞继续留置临时起搏器电极,11例患者残留临时起搏导线出院,出院后两周随访发现2例患者的临时起搏导线体内残端露出体表。结论心外膜临时起搏电极是心脏外科术后常见的风险防范手段之一,掌握临时起搏器导线的管理及临时起搏器应用的相关知识,合理管理能有效地降低术后并发症的发生,可促进患者术后康复。做好患者宣教,避免因沟通不畅导致的医患纠纷发生。     

31例永久性心脏起搏器植入术后患者的临床护理及健康教育

目的总结安置永久性心脏起搏器植入术后患者的临床护理及健康教育措施,为提高患者术后生活质量提供客观参考。方法对31例安装永久性人工心脏起搏器的患者给予术后严密监测病情变化、加强并发症的预防和护理及规范实施健康教育等措施。结果本组患者术后1周内发生囊袋血肿2例,术后3个月发生起搏器综合征1例,经对症处理和抗心衰等综合治疗及护理后康复。未发生切口及囊袋感染、电极导线脱位、起搏阈值升高、心外肌肉收缩等其他并发症。复查起搏器感知及起搏功能良好。结论对永久性心脏起搏器植入术后患者采取系统护理和健康教育等干预,可降低术后并发症发生率,提高患者健康意识和自觉规避起搏器的不规范使用习惯,以改善其生活质量。     

全胸腔镜心脏手术术中放置心外膜临时心脏起搏导线的改良方法

目的探讨完全胸腔镜术中放置心外膜临时起搏导线的有效性和安全性。方法2013年9~11月,50例有胸腔镜心脏手术治疗适应证的心脏病患者在我院心外科行全胸腔镜下心脏手术治疗,按照放置心外膜临时起搏导线方法将患者分为两组:改良组,30例男17例、女13例,年龄(45.6±15.7)岁;传统组,20例男12例、女8例,年龄(44.2±17.7)岁。比较两组放置起搏导线时间和患者围手术期并发症发生情况。结果两组均未出现死亡病例,无术中出血、心脏压塞、起搏导线引发的感染等严重并发症。改良组起搏导线放置时间较传统组短(P0.001)。所有患者在中期随访期间,未发现中量以上心包积液、起搏导线移位等情况。结论在完全胸腔镜下心内直视手术中经我们改良的放置心外膜临时起搏导线放置方法简单易行缩短了术中起搏导线的放置时间,效果良好。短期随访无不良并发症发生,但长期效果仍有待观察。     

二尖瓣置换术后三尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的总结二尖瓣置换术后三尖瓣关闭不全患者的外科治疗经验。方法14例心脏瓣膜疾病患者行二尖瓣置换术后发生中度或重度三尖瓣关闭不全,其中相对性关闭不全12例,器质性关闭不全2例。行三尖瓣成形术4例,均使用人工瓣环成形;行三尖瓣置换术10例,其中置换生物瓣6例,双叶机械瓣4例。在心脏不停跳下手术4例,常规心脏停搏手术10例。结果全组无手术死亡,术后发生低心排血量综合征3例,用升压药维持循环,患者均顺利出院。术后复查超声心动图,右心房、室均明显缩小,右心室前后径(22.5±5.6mm)较术前(31.9±5.9mm)明显减小(P<0.001)。随访14例,随访时间1.8±1.3年,心功能级2例、级9例,级2例,1例于术后4年因心力衰竭死亡。结论二尖瓣置换术后远期三尖瓣关闭不全的患者经外科矫治后疗效满意,合理掌握手术指征、手术时机和良好的围术期治疗是手术成功的关键。     

人工血管环代成形环治疗三尖瓣关闭不全56例

目的探讨以人工血管环代替成形环治疗三尖瓣关闭不全的临床效果。方法回顾性分析第二军医大学长海医院2000年7月至2010年7月收治三尖瓣关闭不全56例患者的临床资料,其中男24例,女32例;年龄14～73(45.7±21.8)岁;均经心脏彩色多普勒超声心动图明确诊断为三尖瓣中度至大量反流(瞬时反流量>6 ml),其中风湿性心脏瓣膜病47例,先天性心脏病三尖瓣下移畸形9例。均采用人工血管环代替成形环治疗三尖瓣关闭不全。结果全组患者无早期死亡。术后1个月心脏超声心动图提示无三尖瓣关闭不全或轻度关闭不全,发生并发症3例,其中术后呼吸功能衰竭1例,肾功能不全1例,开胸止血1例。远期随访48例,平均随访3.8(1.0～9.5)年,无晚期死亡,发生抗凝并发症(脑梗死)1例;心功能分级(NYHA):Ⅰ级16例,Ⅱ级26例,Ⅲ级6例。随访期间超声心动图检查提示:三尖瓣无关闭不全36例,轻度关闭不全10例,中度关闭不全2例,无严重并发症。结论人工血管环代替成形环治疗三尖瓣关闭不全可以取得较满意的早期和中期的临床疗效,可作为治疗三尖瓣关闭不全的手术方法之一。     

三尖瓣关闭不全外科治疗282例

目的探讨三尖瓣关闭不全(TI)外科治疗时机、手术方式与疗效的关系。方法回顾性分析中山大学附属第一医院2003年1月至2010年10月手术治疗的282例TI患者的临床资料,其中男115例,女167例;年龄(42.00±15.90)岁。按手术方式分为三尖瓣置换术(TVR)34例,三尖瓣成形术(TVP)248例(包括改良De Vega成形术、Kay’s成形术、瓣裂修补术、人工瓣环成形术),评价患者疗效。结果术后早期死亡13例,死于低心排血量综合征7例,室性心律失常3例,感染性休克2例,心脏破裂1例。早期死亡率为4.61%(13/282)。手术时间(167.47±37.34)min,体外循环时间(109.67±27.98)min,主动脉阻断时间(66.20±18.42)min,住院时间(16.46±5.29)d。术后1年随访249例,三尖瓣反流改善总有效率为90.76%(226/249)),其中改良De Vega成形术有效率为91.41%(117/128),Kay’s成形术为80.49%(33/41),瓣裂修补术为92.31%(24/26),人工瓣环成形术为96.00%(24/25),TVP为96.55%(28/29)。术后肺动脉压较术前明显降低(P<0.01),右心室内径缩小。结论对中-重度TI或瓣环明显扩大者,应积极手术干预;Kay’s成形术后三尖瓣反流复发率较高,人工瓣环成形术效果良好;对于瓣膜发育不良或毁损者应首选TVR。     

Surgical treatment of rheumatic tricuspid valve disease

The rheumatic tricuspid valve is relatively rare in this country. We report the study on surgical treatment of 27 patients with rheumatic tricuspid valve. Surgical procedure on 7 cases out of them was tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) with bioprosthesis and tricuspid valvuloplasty (TVP) was performed in the remaining 20 cases. There were two operative deaths in TVR group, however, there were no major complications, such as thrombosed valve, the valve dysfunction or prosthetic valve endocarditis in the remaining five cases after the operation. The method of TVP in twenty cases consisted of two Kay's TAPs, six tricuspid commissurotomies (OTC), ten OTC with Key's TAPs and two OTC with DeVega's TAPs. Doppler cardiography (DCG) revealed residual tricuspid regurgitation (TR) more than 3/4 degrees in 7 cases of TVP group immediately after operation. Moreover, the increment of residual TR was seen in 7 cases during the following period and TVR was performed in 3 cases out of these 7 cases. In conclusion, it is suggested that TVR may be preferred to TVP for the rheumatic tricuspid valve because of severe residual TR in many cases of TVP group.     

左心瓣膜置换术后远期三尖瓣关闭不全的外科处理

目的探讨左心瓣膜置换术后远期三尖瓣关闭不全(TR)发生的可能机制以及外科治疗方法的选择和结果.方法 56例左心瓣膜置换术后远期发生TR行再次瓣膜手术的病人,10例人工瓣膜功能正常(A组)者中行二尖瓣置换(MVR)4例,主动脉瓣、二尖瓣双瓣置换(DVR)6例;46例人工瓣膜功能障碍(B组)者中MVR 36例,主动脉瓣置换(AVR)4例, DVR 6例.在A、B两组中,46例第1次手时三尖瓣未见明显异常,10例第1次手术时已行DeVega三尖瓣成形(TVP),第2次手术时发现缝线断裂3例,缝线撕脱7例.56例TR病人再次手术时9例行三尖瓣替换(TVR),其中6例三尖瓣呈风湿性改变;47例行TVP.结果 TVP和TVR各死亡1例,病死率3.6%.54例获随访,随访时间6～132个月,平均(79.4±34.8)个月.8例TVR病人术后心功能恢复良好,46例TVP者40例为轻度TR,5例出现中度TR,仍需强心、利尿药维持,1例再次出现重度TR.结论左心瓣膜置换术后远期TR可能与持续肺动脉高压、右心室不可逆损害、三尖瓣风湿性病变、左心功能的恢复情况以及持续心房纤颤有关.重度功能性TR和三尖瓣风湿性病变者行TVR的疗效可靠.随访发现部分TVP病人功能性TR仍有逐渐加重趋势.     

静脉注射吸毒者感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的 探讨静脉注射毒品所致感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗经验.方法 17例患者静脉注射毒品史2～10年,均有心脏瓣膜赘生物;其中三尖瓣赘生物并关闭不全16例,二尖瓣赘生物并关闭不全合并室间隔缺损1例,术前血培养阳性8例.三尖瓣置换术8例,三尖瓣成形术8例,二尖瓣置换同期室间隔缺损修补术1例.术后平均随访(44.7 ±19.1)月.结果 全部患者治愈出院,心功能明显改善,随访期间抗凝不当致大咯血1例,三尖瓣重度返流1例.结论 外科手术修复受累瓣膜或置换瓣膜是治疗静脉吸毒性感染性心内膜炎的有效手段.     

Cardiac Pacemaker Infection: Surgical Management With and Without Extracorporeal Circulation

Background. Pacemaker infections are rare, but serious complications of pacemaker therapy. The generator pocket, the pacing leads, or both may be involved.

Methods. We report on 12 patients with infected pacemaker systems. Four patients suffered from localized generator pocket infections, 6 had infected leads, and 2 patients had both. Pacemaker systems were completely removed in all patients. When the infection was limited to the generator pocket, the pacemaker system was removed at the original implantation site. Extracorporeal circulation was employed for the explantation of infected pacing leads.

Results. No complications occurred in patients with localized generator pocket infections. One patient with infected leads who was preoperatively already in a serious clinical condition died of septic shock in the early postoperative period; another patient died of pulmonary complications after tricuspid valve replacement 14 months after pacemaker explantation. No recurrent infections were observed.

Conclusions. Explantation of the complete pacemaker system has proved a reliable method to eradicate infection. Complications have been rare, except in patients in a critically ill state who undergo cardiopulmonary bypass.     

CT19PTRICUSPID VALVE REPAIR IN ‘TORRENTIAL TRICUSPID REGURGITATION’ FOLLOWING PERMANENT PACEMAKER LEAD EXTRACTION – A CASE REPORT

Introduction Traumatic tricuspid regurgitation secondary to blunt chest trauma has been reported in literature. We report our experience with a case of ‘Torrential Tricuspid Regurgitation’ following permanent pacemaker lead extraction which was successfully treated with tricuspid valve repair and annuloplasty. Report A 67 year old woman was treated for Sick sinus syndrome with permanent pacemaker implant. She had three generator changes for end of life and repositioning.Erosion of generator, led cardiologist to plan lead and generator extraction with the surgical backup. During lead extraction a small piece of papillary muscle was avulsed. The patient remained hemodynamically stable in the theatre. However in ward she developed right sided cardiac failure not responding to conservative therapy. A transthoracic echo (TTE) revealed torrential tricuspid regurgitation with a freely mobile posterior leaflet with attached chordae and avulsed papillary muscle.During surgery the tricuspid valve was successfully repaired and transesophageal (TOE) images showed trivial to mild tricuspid regurgitation at the end of repair procedure. Additional procedure also included ligation of both atrial appendages and implantation of epicardial leads and pacemaker. Patient made good recovery from operation. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge this is first report of repair of tricuspid valve in ‘Torrential Tricuspid Regurgitation’ following pacemaker lead extraction. We share our experience with tricuspid valve repair technique and annuloplasty.     

成人Ebstein’s畸形的临床特征及外科治疗策略

目的探讨成人Ebstein’s畸形的临床特征及外科治疗策略。方法 2008年1月至2011年12月阜外心血管病医院手术治疗成人Ebstein’s畸形78例,其中男24例,女54例;年龄18~54（33.0±9.5）岁。术前心功能分级（NYHA）Ⅰ~Ⅱ级72例,Ⅲ级以上6例。临床表现主要为运动耐力下降和活动后心累。术前二维超声心动图示三尖瓣隔瓣下移20~60（34.8±12.7）mm,隔瓣严重发育不良或缺如3例;后瓣下移20~70（46.8±11.6）mm,后瓣缺如1例;三尖瓣瓣环明显扩大为37~70（60±10）mm;平均房化心室占右心室约40%;三尖瓣中量反流18例,中大量反流60例。75例行三尖瓣成形术。除2例未处理房化心室外,余均进行了房化心室折叠（56例）或房化心室去除（20例）。32例应用了人工三尖瓣瓣环。3例行三尖瓣置换术。结果术后死亡2例,死亡率2.5%。患者术后恢复尚可,无严重房室传导阻滞等其他并发症。出院前常规检查提示三尖瓣功能良好,无三尖瓣中度以上反流。平均随访时间26个月,无1例需要再次手术。结论成人Ebstein’s畸形患者急性心功能衰竭发生率低。外科治疗以成形为主,术后可达到外科治疗的主要目的,即改善心功能、增加患者的远端耐力和改善生活质量。     

Off-pump tricuspid valve replacement for severe infective endocarditis

A 30-year-old man who is a heroin addict was diagnosed with uncontrolled tricuspid valve endocarditis and repeated lung abscesses. He underwent tricuspid valvectomy for the endocarditis. After surgery the patient had severe tricuspid regurgitation and hypoxemia develop. Due to severe tricuspid regurgitation-induced ventricular distension and persistent low cardiac output, reimplantation of the tricuspid valve was planned for 2 weeks after the first operation. To avoid lung injury caused by the cardiopulmonary bypass and to preserve right ventricular function, a self-made superior and inferior vena cava shunt was connected to the pulmonary artery. The tricuspid valve was implanted without cardiopulmonary bypass.     

Diastolic heart failure in patients with aortic valve disease

From March 2002 to August 2005, 53 patients with age between 30 and 86 underwent surgical treatment for aortic valve disease. Preoperative diastolic heart failure was observed in 15 cases (28.3%). Operative procedures consisted of aortic valve replacement (AVR) in 42 cases [AVR and mitral valve replacement (MVR) in 3], aortic valve plasty (AVP) in 2, and aortic root replacement in 4. Concomitant procedures included maze procedure in 2 cases, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in 6, mitral valve surgery in 15, and tricuspid valve annuloplasty (TAP) in 8. There were 7 cases for patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM) [13.2%]. There were 2 hospital deaths (both were low-output syndrome). Among the surgical survivors, there were 2 late cardiac-related complications (all cases were cardiac failure). There was no recurrence or re-operation. Although all cases had severe diastolic failure, their systolic function was almost normal. Our study suggested that in patients with aortic valve disease, not PPM but diastolic heart failure correlated strongly with postoperative event and survival.     

Pulmonary vein isolation for chronic atrial fibrillation associated with mitral valve disease: the midterm results.

OBJECTIVE: The Cox Maze procedure is widely performed for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. However it requires numerous incision lines and therefore is a time-consuming operation. We report a simplified operation for chronic atrial fibrillation associated with mitral valve disease. METHODS: Pulmonary vein isolation procedure was performed on atrial fibrillation associated with mitral valve disease in thirteen patients. This simple procedure consisted of isolation of the four pulmonary veins only. Combined mitral valve surgery involved mitral valve plasty, mitral valve replacement with or without aortic valve replacement and tricuspid annuloplasty. RESULTS: Eleven patients returned to sinus rhythm (84.6%). Mean follow-up time is 32.7 +/- 11.7 months. Three patients required a DDD pacemaker implant for sick sinus syndrome but two out of these three resumed sinus rhythm most of the time recently. Left atrial contraction was detected in eight cases by trans-esophageal echo. One patient died of liver failure two months postoperatively. Eight patients had no blood transfusion. Twelve patients are classified as New York Heart Association class I. CONCLUSION: Compared with the Maze procedure, this operation was less invasive and preserved the atrial appendage and was thought to have a normal level of secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide. This study suggests that the pulmonary vein isolation procedure may be an effective and simple maneuver for atrial fibrillation associated with mitral valvular disease.     

心脏瓣膜置换同期双极射频消融的围术期护理体会

目的探讨心脏瓣膜病合并房颤的患者,在行瓣膜置换的同时联合进行双极射频消融术时,在围术期各阶段所采取的护理措施。方法我科从2012年6月至2013年4月对80例风湿性心脏瓣膜病合并房颤的患者,实施了心脏瓣膜置换联合双极射频消融术,其中二尖瓣置换＋双极射频消融术17例,二尖瓣置换＋三尖瓣成形术＋双极射频消融术31例,主动脉瓣置换＋二尖瓣置换＋双极射频消融术9例,主动脉瓣置换十二尖瓣置换＋三尖瓣成形术＋双极射频消融术23例。结果本组共11例患者出现心律失常,其中7例为室上速,4例口服可达龙后心率维持在100~／min左右,3例经静脉泵入后心率维持在100～120~／min,上述患者出院时心率基本正常,嘱患者出院后继续口服可达龙;另有4例出现窦性心动过缓,心率50～60次／min,经过停用可达龙,1例心率恢复正常,2例给予异丙肾上腺素0．01—0．05斗∥（kg·min）微量泵泵入,2～7d后心率恢复正常,1例使用心表临时起搏器,2周后顺利停用,恢复正常心率。所有患者均康复出院,出院时维持窦性心律。出院后随访3—12个月,均维持窦性心律,未见心脑血管意外等并发症。结论心脏瓣膜病合并房颤的患者,在行瓣膜置换的同时联合进行双极射频消融术,具有安全、疗效显著、远期复发率低等优点。在围术期各阶段采取正确、有针对性的护理措施,有利于促进患者更快的恢复,并有效防止远期并发症的发生。