全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术的临床应用

目的探讨全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术（TCPC）的手术方法，总结其临床应用经验。方法回顾分析2004年11月～2006年8月我科施行心内隧道TCPC和心外管道TCPC治疗21例复杂紫绀型先天性心脏病患者的临床资料，比较两种术式间术前、术后的临床指标。结果全组共死亡2例，1例死于术后反复发生心室颤动，1例死于低心排血量综合征。术后发生并发症16例，其中胸腔积液或心包积液7例，乳糜胸5例，经行胸腔闭式引流或胸腔穿刺后治愈；心律失常、肺部感染各1例，均经保守治疗治愈。19例生存患者术后紫绀均得到有效改善；除心内隧道TCPC平均手术时间（288．5min vs．217．1min，P〈0．05），呼吸机平均使用时间（9．63h vs 65．8h，P〈0．05）长于心外管道TCPC外，两种手术方式术后中心静脉压（CVP）、血红蛋白（HGB）、红细胞压积（HCT）、动脉血氧饱和度（SaO2）、平均肺动脉压（MPAP）、上腔静脉吻合口压差（SVCPG）、下腔静脉吻合口压差（IVCPG）等均差异无统计学意义。随访16例，随访时间2个月～2年，无死亡患者。超声心动图、胸部x线片复查结果满意。结论TCPC是治疗复杂紫绀型先天性心脏病的有效方法，两种手术方法的疗效相似，但各有利弊，对婴幼儿患者选择心内隧道TCPC较为合适，对年龄较大的患者选择心外管道TCPC为佳。     

一期全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术治疗复杂先天性心脏病

目的 总结一期全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术(TCPC)治疗复杂先天性心脏病的临床经验. 方法 回顾性分析2002年1月至2011年5月解放军第91中心医院31例复杂先天性心脏病患者行一期TCPC的临床资料,其中男19例,女12例;年龄(7.2±4.5)岁;体重(23.2±10.7) kg.三尖瓣闭锁19例、单心室5例、肺动脉闭锁2例、右心室发育不良2例、右心室双出口3例.25例采用外管道手术,6例采用心房内通道手术. 结果 术后早期死亡3例(9.7％),死亡原因:低心排血量、多器官功能衰竭、心脏骤停.术后早期并发症发生率为22.6％ (7/31),主要为肺水肿、胸腔积液、心律失常、心包积液、蛋白丢失性肠病和低心排血量.术后28例患者均得到随访(100％),平均随访26(9～87)个月.随访期间再次住院率为14.3％ (4/28),其中2例再次出现胸腔积液,经胸腔引流、强心、利尿治疗好转出院;2例因自行停服肠溶阿司匹林后外管道堵塞再次行手术治疗,1例再次手术后因低心排血量死亡.其余患者恢复正常生活. 结论 对适应证明确的复杂先天性心脏病患者一期行TCPC治疗,能获得满意的效果.     

全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术早期临床结果

目的总结近期全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术早期临床结果,分析影响术后早期恢复的危险因素。方法回顾分析北京阜外心血管病医院2009年2月至2010年8月行全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术58例患者的临床资料。全部患者通过超声心动图和心血管造影检查,术前临床诊断单心室26例,三尖瓣闭锁10例,肺动脉闭锁4例,右心室双出口5例,大动脉转位1例,矫正型大动脉转位12例。1例行心内隧道手术,57例行心外管道全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术。按照术后胸腔积液引流量和引流时间将患者分为两组:大量胸腔积液组,17例,其中男10例,女7例;年龄(8.61±6.73)岁;少量胸腔积液组,41例,其中男15例,女26例;年龄(7.21±4.24)岁。分析影响两组患者早期临床结果的危险因素。结果两组患者住院期间均无死亡。术后平均住院时间(12.30±9.80)d。大量胸腔积液组平均引流时间[(18.00±5.50)d vs.(5.00±2.20)d,t=-1.967,P0.05]、胸腔引流量[(12.30±2.60)ml/(kg.d)vs.(2.80±1.70)ml/(kg.d),t=-3.221,P0.05]和住院时间[(20.10±7.20)d vs.(7.20±1.10)d,t=-2.003,P0.05]明显长于或大于少量胸腔积液组,且差异有统计学意义。单因素分析显示大量胸腔积液组术前心导管测量肺动脉压明显高于少量胸腔积液组,且差异有统计学意义[(17.42±5.34)mm Hg vs.(13.91±5.22)mm Hg,t=-2.073,P0.05]。结论全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术的近期效果很好,术前肺动脉压影响术后胸腔积液量,从而影响术后恢复进程。     

腔静脉主动脉转流下全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术的临床应用

目的总结在腔静脉主动脉转流（CAB）下行全腔静脉肺动脉连接术（TCPC）的临床经验,以评价其临床价值和应用前景。方法2006年7月至2007年8月泰达国际心血管病医院心脏外科收治5例复杂先天性心脏病患者,其中三尖瓣闭锁（TA）4例,单心室1例;均合并不同程度的肺动脉／肺动脉瓣狭窄,其中3例合并右心室流出道（RVOT）狭窄。所有患者均在CAB下行TCPC,术中使用心外管道。结果术后1例TA合并RVOT狭窄的患者术后26d死于上消化道出血、肺部感染和多器官功能衰竭。生存4例,术中转流时间63～133min,术后机械辅助通气时间14～36h,住ICU时间28～79h,住院时间28～58d。4例生存患者术后活动能力明显提高,紫绀明显改善,超声心动图提示：外管道通畅。2例TA患者发生胸腔积液,经置胸腔引流管和综合性治疗,治愈出院。随访4例,随访时间3～16个月,4例患者生活质量明显改善,心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,无恶性心律失常、血栓形成和脑部并发症发生。结论在CAB下行TCPC操作较简便,手术安全性较好,且避免了体外循环引起的并发症,疗效较满意。     

全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术及双向格林分流术治疗复杂先天性心脏病的疗效

目的评价全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术(TCPC)和双向格林分流术(Glennshunt)治疗功能性单心室等复杂先天性心脏病的疗效。方法2002年1月至2004年5月,12例患者接受了TCPC及双向Glenn分流术。病种分别为三尖瓣闭锁(TA)3例,二尖瓣闭锁(MA)1例,右位心完全性大动脉错位(D-TGA)伴完全型房室共同通道(CAVSD)1例,右位心大动脉错位1例,左旋心单心室1例,单心室2例,D-TGA3例。12例中3例行双向Glenn分流术(TA、右位心D-TGA伴CAVSD和单心室各1例),其余9例行TCPC手术(TA2例、MA1例、右位心D-TGA及肺动脉狭窄1例、左旋心1例、单心室1例、D-TGA3例)。结果手术后近期效果:12例患者中11例存活,1例D-TGA患者术后19h死于急性肾功能衰竭,住院死亡率8.3%。手术中CPB时间78～155min,升主动脉阻断时间36～122min。机械辅助通气时间8～18h,ICU监护时间15～32h,住院时间16～58d。术后中心静脉压(即肺动脉压)8～18mmHg,脉搏血氧饱和度0.80～0.96。TCPC后,2例单心室和2例D-TGA患者发生乳糜胸,经置胸腔引流管和综合性治疗,分别于术后22d、33d、36d和48d痊愈出院。手术后中远期效果:术后随访2至28个月,1例右位心D-TGA伴CAVSD患者在双向Glenn分流术后1年因肺动静脉瘘(PAVF)引发大咯血死亡;其余10例存活,心功能～级,无恶性心律失常、无血栓形成和脑部并发症发生。结论TCPC和双向Glenn分流术是治疗功能性单心室等复杂先心病的生理性矫治方法,具有较好的手术安全性和近期、中远期的效果,手术中足够大的腔静脉和肺动脉吻合口和围手术期的积极处理是取得良好临床效果的关键。     

心房内隧道打孔全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术

全腔静脉－肺动脉连接术（ｔｏｔａｌｃａｖｏｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｏｎ，ＴＣＰＣ）是一种新型改良Ｆｏｎｔａｎ手术。自１９９６年３月～１９９７年１２月，我们对２例三尖瓣闭锁患者施行心房内隧道打孔的ＴＣＰＣ，手术均获成功，效果满意。１临床资料与...     

分期全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术治疗复杂先天性心脏病

目的 总结分期全腔静脉.肺动脉连接术(TCPC)治疗复杂先天性心脏病的经验.方法 1998年6月至2008年3月,22例先天性心脏病复杂畸形患者接受分期TCPC.本组中单心室合并肺动脉狄窄9例,合并肺动脉闭锁3例;完全性大动脉转位,十字交叉心,肺动脉瓣狭窄1例;完全性房室通道,左心窒发育不良,肺动脉闭锁,房室瓣少-中量反流1例;完全性房室通道,动脉导管未闭,肺动脉狭窄,双向Glenn术后伴吻合口狭窄房室瓣大量反流1例;镜面右位心,功能性单心室,肺动脉闭锁,动脉导管未闭,体肺侧支,双侧双向Glenn术后2年,右下肺动-静脉瘘1例;三尖瓣闭锁并肺动脉狭窄4例;三尖瓣闭锁伴肺动脉闭锁,动脉导管未闭1例;镜面右位心,右心室双出口,窒间隔缺损,左心室发育小良,功能性单心房,肺动脉瓣狭窄,三尖瓣少量反流,粗大体肺侧支1例.第一期体肺分流术后,二期双向Glenn术5例,第一期单侧或双侧双向Glenn手术17例.行双向Glenn手术的年龄为(5.9±4.4)岁,Glenn术前肺动脉压为17～20 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa);房室瓣膜关闭不全3例;一期手术前Nakata指数小于200 mm2/m2者4例.接受TCPC术平均年龄为(9.6±4.9)岁,与双向Glenn术间隔时间(3.7 ±1.2)年,术前经上腔静脉置管测得肺动脉压力均小于15 mm Hg.全组22例均采用心外管道TCPC,房窜瓣成形1例.结果 全组住院死亡1例,病死率为4.5%.死亡病例为单心室,肺动脉闭锁,第一期体肺分流术后,二期左肺动脉成形双向Glenn术后5年第三期行TCPC,术后左肺反复多次大出血死亡.余患者均顺利出院,术后中心静脉压12～18 mm Hg.出院前经皮测血氧饱和度为90%～96%,活动量明显增加,发绀及气促症状消失,心功能均为NYHA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级.结论 对于高危患者根据病情选择分期TCPC,可以使更多有高危因素不能行Fontan手术的患者得到救治的机会,扩大手术适应证,并取得满意疗效.     

全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术治疗复杂先天性心脏病

目的总结全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术(TCPC)治疗复杂先天性心脏病的临床经验。方法自2001年1月至2006年7月,17例复杂先天性心脏病患者于全身麻醉、低温、体外循环下行TCPC,其中单心室伴有不同程度的大动脉错位和肺动脉/肺动脉瓣狭窄4例,三尖瓣闭锁、右心室发育不良4例,右心室双出口2例,三尖瓣下移2例,完全性心内膜垫缺损并右心室发育不良3例,单心房合并右心室发育不良2例。结果全组无手术死亡。出现不同程度的胸腔积液13例,行胸腔闭式引流3~11d治愈;并发肺水肿4例,其中2例行呼气末正压(PEEP)通气治愈。术后脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)由术前的0.70±0.07提高至0.93±0.03。所有患者均得到随访,随访时间5~18个月。紫绀、气促消失,活动量明显增加;均为窦性心律;心胸比率0.50~0.60,较术前均有不同程度的减小;超声心动图提示:静脉血流通畅,无梗阻和血栓形成,左心室射血分数(LVEF)0.61~0.72。心功能分级(NYHA)~级,能胜任日常工作或学习。结论TCPC是治疗不能行双心室矫治术的复杂先天性心脏病的有效手术方法,能获得满意的治疗效果。     

心外管道全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术治疗复杂先天性心脏病

目的总结心外管道全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术（ECTCPC）治疗复杂先天性心脏病的临床经验,并就手术适应证、手术方法及手术效果进行讨论。方法1998年6月至2006年12月,68例先天性心脏复杂畸形的患者接受了ECTCPC。包括单心室伴有大动脉转位、肺动脉瓣狭窄45例：三尖瓣闭锁、右心室发育不良19例;三尖瓣下移畸形并右心室发育不良4例。其中合并永存左上腔静脉6例,双向Glenn术后行全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术18例（其中包括单心室、肺动脉闭锁、左肺动脉狭窄双向Glenn术后1例）,单心房、单心室、心上型完全性肺静脉异位引流、多发粗大体肺侧支1例。全组采用体外循环下手术共57例,其中8例患者因需要矫正心内畸形在主动脉阻断下手术外,其余49例均在全身麻醉并行体外循环心脏跳动下进行;非体外循环下手术11例。结果术后早期死亡2例,病死率为2．9％。其中1例死于术后反复肺内出血,1例死于上消化道反复大出血。66例痊愈出院,术后随访1个月至8年,无晚期死亡。所有患者症状消失,血氧饱和度90％～96％,恢复良好。结论ECTCPC方法简便易行,术后并发症较少,效果好,较其他术式有较大优点。     

全腔静脉—肺动脉连接术的麻醉处理

报告全腔静脉－肺动脉连接术２７例麻醉处理经验：（１）诱导至转流前严防加重缺氧，诱导须缓慢平稳。及时处理低血压和严重心律失常；（２）转流期间应加强心肌保护，复跳后需用正性肌力药支持心肌收缩力；（３）转流结束后应维持较高的中静脉压，避免引起肺血管阻力增加的各种因素。除应用正性肌力药外，可并用硝普钠。     

Extracardiac conduit Fontan procedure: early and intermediate results

Objective: The extracardiac Fontan procedure, as compared with classic atriopulmonary connections, may have the potential for optimizing ventricular and pulmonary vascular function by maximizing the laminar flow principle, by the avoidance of intra-atrial suture lines and cardiac manipulation, and by minimizing cardiopulmonary bypass time. In this study the clinical results of this procedure are assessed. Methods: From January 1990 until January 1997, 45 patients (33 males and 12 females) with a median age of 4.0 years (range 2.7–38 years) underwent an extracardiac Fontan procedure for univentricular physiology. The underlying diagnoses included tricuspid atresia (n=19), double-inlet left ventricle (n=11), and complex anomalies (n=15). Forty patients (89%) were in sinus rhythm. The median ventricular ejection fraction was 60%. In 37 patients (82%) the procedure was staged. Results: Median cardiopulmonary bypass time was 72 min, with a decrease to a median time of 24 min in the last ten patients. Aortic cross-clamping was avoided in 33 patients (73%). The intraoperative Fontan pressure and transpulmonary gradient were low: 13.6±3.2 and 8.5±3.9 mmHg, respectively. Transient supraventricular tachyarrhythmias were observed in six patients (13%). There was no early or late mortality. At a median follow-up of 64 months (range 26–105 months), 39 patients (87%) were in NYHA class I, four (9%) were in NYHA class II, and two (4%) were in class III. Forty patients (89%) remained in sinus rhythm. The median ventricular ejection fraction was 59%. The median arterial oxygen saturation raised from 82% preoperatively to 97%. Functional class (P=0.02), maintenance of sinus rhythm (P=0.04), and preservation of ventricular function (P=0.05) was superior in patients who were appropriately staged. None of the patients had atrial thrombus, chronic pleural effusions, or protein losing enteropathy. Conclusions: In the majority of patients, the extracardiac Fontan procedure, when performed as a staged procedure, provides excellent early and midterm results in terms of quality of life, maintenance of sinus rhythm, and preservation of ventricular function.     

Total cavopulmonary anastomosis using atrial septal flap: technique and early results

Introduction The Fontan procedure has undergone many modifications to avoid atrial arrhythmias and thrombus formation. We used patient’s interatrial septum as a flap to direct the inferior venacaval blood to the superior venacava. Methods Seventeen patients, aged 1 to 17 years, underwent modified total cavopulmonary anastomosis. Interatrial septum was used to create the inner half of the atrial tunnel, outer half being formed by right atrial free wall. Post-operatively, all patients underwent echocardiography. Seven patients underwent 24 hour ambulatory Holter monitoring and 6 patients underwent cardiac catheterization and cineangiography. Results There was one early death due to low cardiac output. One patient had transient supraventricular arrhythmia. Two patients had singnificant pleural effusion. Holter Monitoring reveled sinus rhythm in all 7 patients studied. Follow up ranged from 18 to 60 months and patients were evaluated as they came for follow up. Long term follow up is currently being compiled. There was one late death from a non-cardiac cause. The remaining patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class I or II. All patients were in sinus rhythm. Echocardiography and cineangiography revealed absence of obstruction or leak. Conclusions Total cavopulmonary anastomosis using autogenous atrial septum is a useful modification for classical cavopulmonary anastomosis and provides good early results.     

功能性单心室的外科治疗

目的 为了使更多的先天性心脏病患者得到纠治，回顾性总结手术治疗功能性单心室的临床经验。方法 手术纠治127例功能性单心室患者，年龄7个月－12岁，体重7．5－39kg，其中丰唐手术（Fontan operation)72例，半Fontan术3例，双向上腔静脉肺动脉吻合术51例，肺动脉环缩术1例。结果 早期Fontan术19例，死亡11例；改良Fontan术53例，死亡10例；半Fontan术死亡1例；双向上腔静脉肺动脉吻合术死亡4例；总手术死亡率20．5％。结论 功能性单心室必须早期得到纠治，控制肺动脉血流，预防严重缺氧。双向上腔静脉肺动脉吻合术能减少功能性单心室的容量负荷，保持足够的心排血量。改良Fontan术是功能性单心室的最佳手术方案。     

丰唐类手术术后血栓栓塞

血栓栓塞是丰唐类手术 (Fontan operation)后的一个严重并发症。血栓形成的原因可能与术后血流状态的改变、内皮细胞功能的丧失及血液粘滞性的改变和凝血系统的异常有关。血栓形成后的表现为腔静脉梗阻、进行性紫绀、心律失常、心肌缺血、肺栓塞、脑梗塞。超声心动图检查心内有无血栓应作为 Fontan术后随访的常规检查 ,经食管超声心动图检查能确诊心内血栓。术后应用抗凝药物可能会减少血栓的发生。     

不同方式的全腔静脉—肺动脉连接术后的肿血分布

目的 评价不同方式的全腔静脉－肺动脉连接术（TCPC）术后的肺血分布特征,为选择最佳手术方式提供依据。方法 将23例TCPC术后的患者根据下腔静脉与肺动脉吻合方式的不同和有无左心腔静脉分为4组。所有患者均在术后30天内接受核素肺灌注显像检查,根据核素放射性计数在双侧肺内的分布,定性和定量分析上腔静脉、下腔静脉血液和全部肺血在左右肺内的分布特征。结果 组Ⅰ：下腔静脉血液全部或绝大多数回流到左肺;上腔静脉血液中绝大多数回流到右肺;全部静脉血液主要分布于左肺,左右肺血流量相比差别较大（P≤0．01）,与生理性肺血分布不符。组Ⅱ：上、下腔静脉血液及全部静脉血液比较均匀地分布于左右肺,左右肺血流量相比差别较小（P≥0．05）。组Ⅲ：下腔静脉血液大多数回流到右肺,左右肺血流量相比差别较大（P≤0．05）;上腔静脉血液比较均匀地回流至右肺,左右肺血流量相比差别较小（P≥0．05）;全部肺血主要回流至右肺,左右肺血流量相比差别较大（P≤0．05）,比较符合生理性肺血分布。组Ⅳ：右上腔静脉血液全部回流至右肺,左上腔静脉血液全部回流至左肺,左右肺血流量相比差别较大（P≤0．05）。结论 不同方式的TCPC可以导致不同的肺血分布;对于无左上腔静脉的患者,下腔静脉与右肺动脉端侧吻合并向右侧稍微偏移及向右扩大吻合口可能是最佳手术方式。     

Perioperative pulmonary embolism: diagnosis and anesthetic management

All perioperative patients, but especially trauma victims and those undergoing prostate or orthopedic surgery, are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism. Patients at highest risk include those with malignancy, immobility, and obesity; those who smoke; and those taking oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, or antipsychotic medications. Dyspnea, anxiety, and tachypnea are the most common presenting symptoms in awake patients, and hypotension, tachycardia, hypoxemia, and decreased end-tidal CO₂ are the most common findings in patients receiving general anesthesia. The presence of shock and right ventricular failure are associated with adverse outcomes. Helical computed tomographic scanning is the preferred definitive diagnostic study, but transesophageal echocardiography may be valuable in making a presumptive diagnosis in the operating room. Early diagnosis allows supportive therapy and possible anticoagulation (in some cases, to be started before the conclusion of surgery).     

Aortopulmonary collaterals in single ventricle: incidence,associated factors and clinical significance

Open in a separate window OBJECTIVESClinical significance of aortopulmonary collaterals (APCs) in patients with univentricular heart remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and associated factors for APCs and their influence during staged palliation.METHODSIn total, 430 patients who underwent staged palliation by bidirectional Glenn shunt and total cavopulmonary connection between 2003 and 2019 were examined. APCs were determined by angiogram. Incidence and interventions for APCs were analysed.RESULTSThe most frequent diagnosis was hypoplastic left heart syndrome in 146 (34%) patients. The median age at Glenn and Fontan was 4.9 months and 2.1 years, respectively. APCs were observed in 54 (13%) patients at Glenn and in 179 (42%) at Fontan. Closure of APCs was performed before Glenn in 12 (3%) patients, at Glenn in 13 (3%), after Glenn in 8 (2%), before Fontan in 44 (10%), at Fontan in 26 (6%) and after Fontan in 52 (12%). Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (P < 0.01) was highly associated with the development of APCs before Glenn. Lower Nakata-Index and younger age at Glenn shunt were associated with the development of APCs at Fontan procedure. The presence of APCs or intervention for APCs before total cavopulmonary connection did not influence intensive care unit stay or mortality after total cavopulmonary connection.CONCLUSIONSAPCs were most frequently observed before Fontan procedure. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome was highly associated with the development of APCs before Glenn shunt. Lower Nakata-Index and younger age at Glenn shunt were associated with APCs before Fontan procedure.     

Presurgical Evaluation of Fontan Connection Options for Patients With Apicocaval Juxtaposition Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Apicocaval juxtaposition (ACJ) is a rare congenital heart defect associated with single ventricle physiology where optimal positioning of the Fontan conduit for completion of total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) is still controversial. In ACJ, the cardiac apex is ipsilateral with the inferior vena cava (IVC), risking kinking and collapse of the Fontan conduit at the apex of the heart. The purpose of this study is to evaluate two viable routes for Fontan conduit connection in patients with ACJ, using computational fluid dynamics. Internal energy loss evaluations were used to determine contribution of conduit curvature to the energy efficiency of each cavopulmonary anastomosis configuration. This percentage of energy loss contribution was found to be greater in the case of a curved extracardiac conduit connection (44%, 4.1 mW) traveling behind the ventricular apex, connecting the IVC to the left pulmonary artery, than the straighter lateral tunnel conduit (6%, 1.4 mW) installed through the ventricular apex. In contrast, net energy loss across the anastomosis was significantly lower with extracardiac TCPC (9.3 mW) in comparison with lateral tunnel TCPC (23.2 mW), highlighting that a curved Fontan conduit is favorable provided that it is traded off for a superior cavopulmonary connection efficiency. Therefore, a relatively longer and curved Fontan conduit has been demonstrated to be a suitable connection option independent of anatomical situations.