自体带瓣心包片在右心室流出道重建中的应用

目的 评价自体带瓣心包片在右心室流出道重建中的应用价值。方法 18例先天性心脏病患者行右心室流出道重建手术，术中采用带心包瓣的自体心包片扩大右心室流出道，直径大小按体重和年龄而定，用一块“Δ↓”形的心包片作为右心室流出道的瓣膜，其长短为肺动脉瓣口至右心室切口的最低点。术后随访15例，随访时间3～24个月，采用彩色多普勒超声心动图检测瓣膜的远端、近端和瓣膜水平的流出道直径和压差的大小。结果 术后无死亡患者，出院前复查，5例有轻度肺动脉瓣反流；经24个月复查，9例患者重建的肺动脉(瓣膜水平)直径增加1．0～2．5mm，4例无变化，2例减小1．0～1．5mm，3例失随访；随访中无需再次手术患者。结论 采用自体带瓣心包片重建右心室流出道不需长期抗凝，操作容易、简便，随着时间推移组织能生长，再次手术率也较低。     

牛颈静脉带瓣管道重建犬右心室流出道的血流动力学研究

目的观察自制牛颈静脉带瓣管道重建犬右心室流出道后的血流动力学性能. 方法应用经戊二醛处理的牛颈静脉带瓣管道对7只犬行肺动脉与右心室连接,重建右心室流出道前后测定肺血流动力学,行超声心动图检查牛颈静脉带瓣管道通畅情况. 结果重建术后1年7只犬均存活.重建右心室流出道前后肺动脉收缩压、舒张压和平均压均无明显改变,右心室舒张压无明显变化,收缩压和平均压显著增加(P<0.01).术后超声心动图检查瓣膜关闭良好,无明显反流,跨瓣压差小;术后1年超声心动图检测发现全部带瓣管道通畅,未见明显血栓形成,除1只犬瓣叶活动稍差合并轻度反流外,其余犬瓣叶活动良好.心导管测压显示肺动脉与右心室之间压差为3～19 mm Hg(1kPa=7.5mmHg),管道内舒张压显著高于右心室舒张压,右心室造影显示牛颈静脉带瓣管道和肺动脉无明显梗阻.结论戊二醛处理牛颈静脉带瓣管道重建右心室流出道具有良好的血流动力学性能.     

重建右心室流出道中BalMedic管道与同种异体带瓣管道比较

目的 比较国产牛颈静脉带瓣BalMedic管道与同种异体带瓣管道(Homograft)在右心室流出道重建中的临床效果.方法 2003年1月至2009年7月,使用Homograft管道重建右心室流出道患者10例,使用BalMedic管道重建右心室流出道患者14例.术后1年复查超声心动图,检测移植管道内径、远端吻合口压差、新建肺动脉瓣跨瓣压差、有无血栓形成或瘤样扩张及肺动脉瓣反流程度.结果 Homograft组9例治愈出院,1例因感染性心内膜炎引起多器官功能衰竭死亡,与管道明确相关;BalMedic管道组13例治愈出院,1例于术后第2天因心力衰竭死亡.两组肺动脉瓣及远端吻合口均未见明显狭窄(压差＜ 20 mm Hg)(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),且组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组均无血栓形成,且未见瘤样扩张.Homograft组肺动脉瓣轻度反流2例,中度1例;BalMedic管道组轻度反流4例,无中、重度反流.结论 对于右心室流出道重建,两种管道可获相同治疗效果.鉴于BalMedic管道方便获取、易于保存及更加匹配等特点,将有更好的应用前景.     

小儿法乐四联症跨瓣环补片重建右心室流出道

作者采用跨瓣环补片重建右室流出的方法对５２例小儿法乐四联症进行手术治疗，并随访４７例生存者，发现术后近，远期右室流出道无梗阻发生。大部分患者术后一年肺动脉瓣在有定程度关闭不全，但随生存时间延长肺动脉瓣返流不断好转，为此，作者对跨越瓣环补片重建右室流出道的适应证，补片材料选择及肺动脉瓣加宽的标准进行了分析，强调跨越瓣环补片应正确掌握适应证，补片材料以自体心包为优选。     

解剖性双心室流出道重建技术:双根部调转手术

目的 总结双根部调转术治疗合并室间隔缺损(VSD)和左心室流出道狭窄的心室大动脉连接异常的中期结果.方法 2007年12月至2013年9月,78例患者接受双根部调转手术.男55例,女23例;年龄0.3～22.0岁,中位年龄3.0岁.涤纶补片修补VSD,主动脉根部调转时进行冠状动脉再植,用带单瓣的牛颈静脉或同种血管片重建肺动脉.随访2～ 98个月,中位随访时间56个月,超声心动图评估双侧心室流出道功能.结果 院内死亡3例,占4.4％,死因分别为肾功能衰竭、低心排血量综合征和脓毒血症.随访期间无再次手术;2例死亡,原因分别是心功能衰竭和猝死.术后超声心动图提示患者重建后的双心室流出道血流动力学满意,心功能正常.左心室流出道压差接近正常,提示左心室流出道疏通满意;平均右心室流出道压差10.4 mmHg(1.38 kPa),多数患者的肺动脉仅少到中量反流.结论 采用带单片的补片和自体肺动脉重建的右心室流出道,保持通畅性和生长潜能.双根部调转手术中期随访结果良好,从心脏血流动力学的角度来看,此方法是对合并室间隔缺损和左心室流出道狭窄的大动脉转位和右心室双出口这一疾患的真正意义上的解剖学矫治.     

人工肺动脉瓣重建技术在右心室流出道重建中的应用

目的评估人工肺动脉瓣重建技术在右心室流出道重建手术中的可行性。方法回顾性分析我中心自2012年2月至2016年12月之间右室流出道重建手术35例患儿术中使用人工肺动脉瓣重建技术的情况,并随访其近中期临床结果。男19例、女16例,平均接受手术年龄10岁(5个月至42岁),体重26(8～62)kg。人工肺动脉瓣重建技术类型包括:人工单瓣技术21例,人工双瓣技术6例,综合成形法8例。结果平均体外循环时间75～251(120±37)min,主动脉阻断时间32～185(72±28)min,术后呼吸机辅助时间6～68(24±18)h,重症监护室停留时间14～225(59±51)h,术后早期死亡3例均与人工肺动脉瓣重建技术无明显相关性。平均随访时间15个月。术前瓣膜反流情况:无反流22例,轻度1例、中度7例、重度3例。术后随访终点瓣膜反流情况:无瓣膜反流8例,轻度反流22例,中度反流5例,无重度反流患者。术后肺动脉瓣相关狭窄2例,均为轻度狭窄。无瓣膜相关再次手术,延迟关胸3例。术后早期死亡3例,未随访到远期死亡患者。生存32例患者,心功能评级(NYHA)Ⅰ级20例,Ⅱ级10例,Ⅲ级2例。结论在右室流出道重建手术中运用人工肺动脉瓣重建技术,可以减轻术后早期右心室容量负荷,使患者平稳度过围术期,其外科技术简便易施行,费用低廉,近中期安全性较好,远期仍需进一步观察随访。     

自体心包跨环补片在右心室流出道重建中的应用

目的　探讨自体心包同时扩大肺动脉瓣环与瓣膜的跨环补片技术在右心室流出道(RVOT)重建术中的应用效果。方法　 2 5例肺动脉发育较差的先天性心脏病病人在行心室矫治和RVOT重建术中 ,按跨环补片手术方法 ,13例为自体心包同时扩大肺动脉瓣环与瓣膜的跨环补片组 (试验组 ) ;12例同期行常用的心包带瓣或不带瓣跨环补片组 (对照组 )。比较两组手术前、后主要临床及随访资料。结果　两组无手术死亡和再手术病例。术毕测右心室与左心室收缩压比值及右房压力 ,术后观察多巴胺用量及肺动脉瓣反流等指标 ,两组比较差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1) ,试验组明显优于对照组。结论　采用自体心包同时扩大肺动脉瓣环与瓣膜的跨环补片技术重建RVOT ,可取得满意的防止肺动脉瓣反流的早期手术疗效。操作简单、取材方便、易于掌握 ,可作为RVOT重建术的很好补充 ,有一定的应用价值 ,但瓣膜功能远期效果有待于进一步观察。     

经右心房切口行右心室流出道疏通术

目的总结右心室流出道梗阻经右心房切口、三尖瓣口行右心室流出道疏通术的经验。方法自2007年6月至2010年12月,安徽医科大学第一附属医院对21例右室双腔心、单纯右心室流出道狭窄及法洛四联症患者[(14例右室双腔心、4例单纯右心室流出道狭窄和3例法洛四联症,流出道压差为(52.56±17.31)mm Hg],经右心房切口、三尖瓣口行右心室流出道疏通术,切除异常纤维环和增生肥厚肌束,疏通右心室流出道,对并发肺动脉瓣或瓣下狭窄的患者,再经肺动脉根部切口协助显露,同时矫正其他并发畸形。结果所有患者手术顺利,术后心功能均恢复满意,术后超声心动图复查提示:右心室流出道疏通效果满意,压差<20 mm Hg,7例术后有轻度收缩期杂音。术后随访至6个月,随访期间所有患者体力活动完全恢复;复查心脏彩色超声心动图提示:无明显右心室流出道室壁肥厚增生和再梗阻,右心室流出道压差进一步缩小或消失。结论经右心房切口行右心室流出道疏通术适用于右室双腔心、单纯右心室流出道狭窄及部分法洛四联症患者,可避免直接切开右室壁引起的心肌、冠状动脉损伤,减轻了术后瘢痕纤维增生,有利于术后心功能恢复。     

同种带瓣主动脉和肺动脉移植在复杂先心病治疗中的应用

目的　研究同种带瓣主、肺动脉移植应用于复杂性先天性心脏病矫治的疗效。方法　制备同种带瓣管道 89根 (主动脉 5 5根、肺动脉 3 4根 ) ,临床应用 3 1例 ,其中主、肺动脉单瓣作右室流出道跨瓣补片术 14例 ,Rastelli手术 11例 ,右心室 -肺动脉连接 (RV -PA) 3例 ,肺动脉瓣置换1例 ,Ross手术 1例 ,改良Fantan手术 1例。结果　主、肺动脉单瓣作右室流出道跨瓣补片组 14例 ,1例术后 3d死于右心功能不全 ,存活 13例 ,随访 ( 4 3± 3 .2 )个月 ,超声心动图检查显示移植后瓣膜启闭功能良好 ,无增厚及粘连。复杂性先天心脏病矫治组 17例 ,死亡 7例 ,存活 10例 ,随访( 3 4.3± 6.3 9)个月 ,管道血流通过顺畅 ,管壁无变薄、钙化。结论　①同种带瓣管道具有管壁弹性好 ,易于缝合 ,术后排斥反应少等优点 ,可广泛应用于复杂性先天性心脏病矫治术 ,左、右室流出道的重建 ;②同种带瓣管道补片既能加宽右室流出道 ,且有良好抗返流作用 ,有利于术后患儿心功能恢复 ,使部分复杂的病例能够一次手术根治     

Nikaidoh手术的临床应用

目的 总结Nikaidoh手术治疗右心室双出口(DORV)和大动脉转位(TGA)患者的临床经验,以提高手术疗效. 方法 3例先天性心脏病患者中DORV 1例,TGA 2例(平均年龄11.6岁),均行Nikaidoh手术,术中行Lecompte操作,Gore-tex人工血管补片修补室间隔缺损并重建左心室流出道,18＃带单瓣牛心包片补片重建肺动脉及右室流出道. 结果 术后无早期死亡,平均住院时间13.6d.发生低心排血量综合征1例,肝功能损害2例,二次开胸止血1例,均经相应的处理治愈.随访3例,随访时间3～5个月,复查超声心动图未发现左、右心室流出道梗阻;其中2例发现轻度至中度主动脉瓣关闭不全,但定期随访未发现继续加重. 结论 采用Nikaidoh手术治疗DORV和TGA患者,术后可获得良好的血流动力学效果,早期临床结果满意.     

Use of bovine jugular vein to reconstruct the right ventricular outflow tract: early results

OBJECTIVE: We evaluate early results of bovine jugular vein conduits in the pulmonary outflow. METHODS: Between April 2000 and September 2001, 31 conduits were placed in the outflow of the right ventricle. Patients who received a conduit as a staged surgical procedure were excluded (n = 3). Implantation age ranged from 0 to 21 years (median, 3.4 years). Conduit diameter ranged from 12 to 20 mm (median, 14 mm). Transthoracic echocardiography was performed at discharge and 3 months after surgery. Patients with significant pulmonary regurgitation and/or stenosis underwent cardiac catheterization. RESULTS: Four patients died during the follow-up period. Three deaths were unrelated to the conduit. One death was related to the complete thrombosis of the conduit. At 3 months evaluation, pulmonary valve regurgitation was absent or trivial in 19, mild in 2 and severe in 3 of 24 survivors. Four patients had nonfatal conduit-related complications. A transient thrombus formation within 1 leaflet was noted postoperatively in a patient with a moderate pulmonary regurgitation. Three patients required reoperation 3 to 5.8 months after the implantation for conduit failure (mean, 4.3 months). Cardiac catheterization before replacement revealed an aneurysmal dilation of the conduit below a severe stenosis of the pulmonary bifurcation due to important neointimal proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: Early failure of bovine jugular vein valved conduits can occur because of exaggerated intimal proliferation or thrombotic process within the conduit. Because of these complications, close echocardiographic follow-up is mandatory during the first weeks after implantation.     

Evaluation of corrective surgery for tetralogy of Fallot from late results by multivariate statistical analysis

From 1966 to 1985, 469 pediatric patients with the tetralogy of Fallot (mean age, 4.9 years) were corrected (hospital mortality 11.9%). There were 9 late deaths (1.9%). In 186 patients, hemodynamic studies were performed 2-14 years postoperatively (mean age, 10.4 years). An increased cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) of 60% or more was found in 42 patients with impaired postoperative physical activity. The factors affecting the late results were investigated in relation to CTR by the quantification method of multivariate analysis. As for the enlarged CTR, pulmonary regurgitation was more of a contributing factor than pulmonary stenosis. In pulmonary regurgitation, the pulmonary artery area index (PAAI) and reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) were highly significant factors. For pressure gradient, the VSD site was the most significant factor. These analyses suggest that preservation and/or reconstruction of the pulmonary valve, or trans-annular patching with the necessary minimal area for the RVOT (PAAI) not to exceed 4 cm2/m2 at the time of operation is important for satisfactory late results.     

肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损行肺动脉下拉重建右心室流出道

目的明确肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损行肺动脉下拉重建右心室流出道后肺动脉发育、瓣膜反流及右心功能情况。方法回顾性分析2002年11月至2012年9月广东省人民医院31例肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损患者的临床资料,其中男20例,女11例;患儿手术时14d～14．50岁（47．90±53．84）个月,均采用肺动脉下拉重建右心室流出道。随访评估其吻合口及肺动脉发育情况、肺动脉与三尖瓣反流及其与随访时间的相关关系;采用右心室应变等指标评估右心功能。结果术后早期死亡3例。随访27例（27／31,87．1％）,随访时间4～129（35．97±28．24）个月。随访期间无死亡。根治术后元吻合口再狭窄,姑息术后吻合口相对狭窄4例。吻合口及左、右肺动脉的直径均明显大于术后早期;肺动脉反流及i尖瓣反流加重,但肺动脉反流量与随访时间无相关关系。远期右心功能整体良好。结论肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损行肺动脉下拉重建右心室流出道效果良好,吻合口及肺动脉分支可生长发育,术后中远期右心功能良好。     

Results with the freestyle porcine aortic root for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction in children

BACKGROUND: The ideal choice for valved reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) in children is undetermined. This study explores the Freestyle porcine aortic root for these patients. METHODS: From January 1998 to December 2002, 56 patients ages 1.6 to 29.9 years old (mean 11.8 years old) underwent RVOT reconstruction using a Freestyle porcine aortic root. The patients averaged 1.9 prior operations (range 0 to 5) for tetralogy of Fallot +/- pulmonary atresia (28 patients), critical pulmonary stenosis (10 patients), Ross procedure (5 patients), pulmonary atresia/intact ventricular septum (4 patients), complete atrioventricular septal defect +/- tetralogy of Fallot (4 patients), and others (5 patients). At time of RVOT reconstruction, 42 patients (75%) had additional procedures including the following: tricuspid or mitral repair (24 patients), pulmonary arterioplasty +/- Glenn (12 patients), ventricular septal defect closure (5 patients), aortic valve replacement (3 patients), placement of a cardioverter/defibrillator or pacemaker (3 patients), and others (8 patients). RESULTS: One patient developed mediastinitis; another was treated for Candida endocarditis (his excised homograft unexpectedly grew Candida). All patients are well on follow-up from 2 to 60 months (mean 30 +/- 20 months) with no deaths. The patient with endocarditis underwent conduit replacement for recurrent pulmonary stenosis 3.5 years postoperatively. Echocardiography revealed mild or no pulmonary insufficiency in 93%. The calculated mean peak systolic RVOT gradient by echocardiography was 19.7 +/- 15.4 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate excellent results with the Freestyle bioprosthesis for RVOT reconstruction in children. This valve may serve as a readily available alternative to homograft valves in RVOT reconstruction, particularly since early insufficiency seems to be less problematic. Questions of long-term durability and significance of echocardiographic stenosis remain unanswered.     

Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型永存动脉干的外科治疗结果及随访分析

目的分析单中心过去5年内Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型永存动脉干患者外科治疗及随访结果,以提高其临床治疗效果。方法回顾性研究分析2006年5月至2010年10月阜外心血管病医院共收治17例共同动脉干患者的临床资料,其中Ⅰ型共同动脉干13例,Ⅱ型4例;平均年龄4.7(0.7～19.0)岁。合并其它心脏畸形分别为共同瓣关闭不全、肺静脉异位引流、二尖瓣关闭不全和房间隔缺损等。术前心导管检查测得肺血管阻力(4.4±2.2)Wood.U。所有患者均行一期根治术,其中右心室到肺动脉的连接材料分别为同种主动脉(3例)、同种肺动脉(2例)和牛颈静脉管道(12例)。对所有生存患者进行随访。结果术后死亡1例,早期死亡率5.8%(1/17),生存16例;体外循环时间(165±52)min,主动脉阻断时间(114±29)min,术后呼吸机使用时间(106±148)h;有2例发生胸腔积液,2例气管切开,其余患者无相关并发症。随访16例,随访0.6～5.0年,生存质量良好,无再次手术患者。结论对于年龄错过了最佳治疗期的Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型永存动脉干患者,术前应常规进行心导管检查,对肺血管阻力在可接受范围内的患者应积极治疗,可以取得较好的近期生存率,但其远期生存率还有待进一步随访。     

Right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction using Contegra® conduit in Tetralogy of Fallot: single centre experience

Background

Right Ventricular Outflow Tract {RVOT} reconstruction using a conduit may be used in Tetralogy of Fallot patients who would otherwise require a trans-annular patch with the advantages of avoidance of free pulmonary regurgitation with its deleterious short and long term effects. Whereas an ideal conduit remains undefined, Contegra® bovine jugular vein bioprosthesis has been increasingly favored for this purpose worldwide. Present study summarizes the early and midterm outcome of Contegra bioprosthesis in RVOT reconstruction in patients of Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF).

Methods

Between Jan 2000 to April 2009, 34 patients of TOF required conduit reconstruction of RVOT using Contegra at our centre. Hospital records of these patients were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Patients were in the age range of 2 to 20 years [mean age 3.2 years] and weighing between 12 to 57 kg [mean weight 15 kg].There were two early and no late deaths at a mean follow up of 23 months [range 6–110 months]. There were no reintervention or reoperations. All patients had trans-thoracic echo before leaving hospital with a mean pulmonary valve pressure gradient of 11.7?±?6.1 mmHg. During the whole follow-up, there was no pressure gradient detectable across the conduit valve in 15 patients (44%). The maximal transvalvular peak gradients of 22–28 mmHg were measured in 3 patients (8%). Also, there was no valvular incompetence at all detectable in 20 patients (58%). Grade 1 regurgitation was seen in 10 patients (29%).

Conclusions

The Contegra bovine xenograft offers many advantages. It is suitable for patients of all age groups and is technically simple and safe to implant and provides excellent midterm hemodynamic results.

     

Transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation in native pulmonary outflow tract using the Edwards SAPIEN? transcatheter heart valve

Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI) is now an accepted alternative option to conventional surgery for patients with dysfunctional conduits between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. PPVI will reduce the total number of repeat operations in such patients. However, surgery remains the primary option in postoperative tetralogy of Fallot patients with severe pulmonary regurgitation who underwent transannular patch reconstruction of their right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). Traditionally, an RVOT patch is considered a relative contraindication to PPVI, however, in selected patients PPVI was successfully performed. We report the case of a 12-year-old patient after neonatal repair of tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia, who developed advanced liver disease and severe pulmonary regurgitation. In this patient, the risk for surgical valve replacement was considered too high and he was treated with percutaneous implantation of the Edwards SAPIEN? transcatheter heart valve.     

Simultaneous enlargement of the pulmonary annulus and the pulmonary cusp with autologous pericardium in right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Surgical repair of obstructive lesions of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) commonly creates pulmonary valve incompetence, which continues to stimulate research for the optimal materials and surgical techniques to reconstruct RVOT. In this study, we present the early results with simultaneous enlargement of the pulmonary annulus and the pulmonary cusp with a transannular patch of autologous pericardium in RVOT reconstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 2003 to December 2005, the surgical technique of simultaneous enlargement of the pulmonary annulus and the pulmonary cusp was used in 32 patients who had complex congenital heart anomalies with pulmonary artery hypoplasia. The functional status of the patients was followed up in the cardiologic clinic of our institute. The motion of the newly constructed valve and the degree of pulmonary insufficiency were evaluated by echocardiography before discharge and at 2-6 months, 12 months, and 36 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Early death occurred in one patient (3.1%). Postoperative complications occurred in six patients but they recovered uneventfully. During the follow-up, 28 of 31 operative survivors were in New York Heart Association functional class I without medication and the other three were in class II. Seventeen patients had no or trivial pulmonary regurgitation; mild regurgitation was present in 12 patients, and moderate regurgitation was seen in 2 patients. None of these patients needed reoperation and echocardiography showed good motion of the reconstructed valve. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical technique of simultaneous enlargement of the pulmonary annulus and the pulmonary cusp with a transannular patch of autologous pericardium is a safe, reliable, and effective way for RVOT reconstruction. Satisfactory early results have been achieved; however, long-term follow-up is necessary to determine the true value of this technique.     

Current strategy of repair of tetralogy of Fallot in children and adults: emphasis on a new technique to create a monocusp-patch for reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract

Abstract Objectives: In older children (>four years) and adults the strategy of repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) should have a low rate of transannular patch to avoid pulmonary insufficiency (PI), and in addition, we developed a new method of reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) to reduce PI. Methods: From 2001 through 2005, 74 patients (50 male, 24 female; mean age of 13.6 ± 0.8 years, ranging from four to 34 years) with TOF (67) or double outlet RV (DORV)‐type‐TOF (seven) underwent complete repair. The resection of RVOT stenosis ± pulmonary valvotomy was principally through RA. A new two‐patch technique to create a folded mono‐cusp valve by using autologous pericardium was applied since August 2004. Results: The repair was through RA in 52 patients and through RA + RVOT/PA in 22 patients (18/4). TAPR was performed in 17 patients (23%, eight non‐valved and nine valved). The aortic cross‐clamp time was 130.1 ± 6.8 min in TAPR group and 85.8 ± 4.6 min in non‐TAPR group (p < 0.0001). The operative mortality was 4.0% (3/74) in all and 2.9% (2/67) in TOF patients (due to low output, uncontrollable bleeding, and repeated bleeding from the pulmonary collateral vessels late) and was similar in TAPR or non‐TAPR. The valved patch‐repaired patients had mild PI and good RV function postoperatively up to eight to 12 months. Conclusions: Repair of TOF in older children/adults should include low rate of TAPR of RVOT. If indicated, the new folded monocusp‐patch technique is recommended. It is an effective and simple way to markedly reduce postoperative PI with no additional cost.