肾上腺素能α1A受体基因多态与注意缺陷多动障碍共患学习困难的关联分析

目的:探讨肾上腺素能α1A受体基因(ADRA1A)多态性与注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)共患学习困难(LD)的关联.方法:依据美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)标准,诊断ADHD、划分临床亚型并评定共患病.采用中国韦氏儿童智力量表(Chinese Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children,C-WISC)评估智商.入组678例ADHD共患LD的儿童(含457个核心家系),1137例ADHD未共患LD的儿童(含792个核心家系)及936名正常对照.进行ADRA1A基因3个单核苷酸多态性位点(SNPs)的基因型检测,采用传递不平衡检验、x2检验对单个SNP位点及单体型与ADHD及其表型进行关联分析,采用协方差分析探讨基因与ADHD儿童智商的关联.结果:家系研究显示,rs17426222位点的C等位基因(校正P=0.026)及由rs17426222、rs573514、rs3808585组成的CAC单体型(校正P=0.011),在ADHD共患LD家系中存在过度传递.在ADHD共患LD样本中,rs573514位点的A等位基因频率具有高于对照组的趋势(0.596 vs.0.557,校正P=0.071),控制性别、年龄后该关联仍存在(P＜0.05).在ADHD未共患LD中,家系与病例对照研究均未发现任何关联(P＞0.05);将ADHD共患/未共患LD合并后,关联均消失(P＞0.05).协方差分析显示,rs573514位点基因型与ADHD儿童的操作智商存在关联(P＜0.05),AA基因型携带者操作智商低于AG[(95±15) vs.(97±15),P＜0.05]、GG[(95±15)vs.(98±14),P=0.007]基因型携带者.结论:ADRA1A可能与ADHD共患LD存在关联,ADHD共患LD与否可能存在遗传学差异;ADRA1A可能与ADHD操作性智商存在关联.     

中国汉族人群LPHN3基因与注意缺陷多动障碍的关联研究

目的:探讨中国汉族儿童注意缺陷多动障碍与a-latrotoxin受体基因latrophilin 3(LPHN3)基因多态之间的统计学关联。方法:选取符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)中ADHD诊断标准的1052例ADHD儿童和921例健康对照。采用儿童临床诊断性会谈量表评定患儿临床亚型,该量表将ADHD分为3个亚型:注意缺陷为主型(ADHD-I)、多动冲动为主型(ADHD-HI)和混合型(ADHD-C)。采用ADHD评定量表对患儿ADHD核心症状进行评估,包括注意缺陷分、多动分、冲动分。通过病例对照关联研究方法,对LPHN3基因的3个单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)位点的基因型进行检测,通过χ2检验对单个SNP位点与ADHD及其各亚型、性别间进行等位基因与基因型的关联分析;采用协方差分析探讨LPHN3基因与ADHD核心症状之间的关联。结果:rs11131347与ADHD总体存在名义统计学意义[P0.05,OR=0.86(0.76~0.98)],最小等位基因C在病例与对照组中的分布频率为0.409vs.0.445;分性别分析发现,rs11131347与男性ADHD存在关联[P0.05,OR=0.82(0.71~0.96)],最小等位基因C在病例与对照组中的分布频率为0.402 vs.0.449。分亚型分析,结果显示rs11131347位点与ADHD-C[P0.05,OR=0.85(0.74~0.98)]及男性ADHD-C存在名义统计学关联[P0.05,OR=0.82(0.70~0.97)],最小等位基因C在病例与对照组中的分布频率分别为0.407 vs.0.445及0.401vs.0.449。基因型分析结果显示,rs11131347位点基因型分布频率在ADHD(隐性模型,P0.05)、在ADHD男孩(加法模型,P0.05;显性模型,P0.05;隐性模型,P0.05),ADHD-C(隐性模型,P0.05)及男性ADHD-C(显性模型,P0.05)中,病例与对照组的基因型分布频率存在名义统计学差异,校正后关联消失。进行基因型与ADHD核心症状间的协方差关联分析,发现rs11131347位点与ADHD冲动症状存在名义统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:LPHN3基因多态可能参与ADHD的病理机制并对ADHD的冲动症状有一定影响。     

神经丛蛋白A2(PLXNA2)基因多态性与精神分裂症的关联研究

目的:探讨神经丛蛋白(PLXNA2)基因与汉族人群精神分裂症的关联。方法:采用DNA测序检测方法,依据ICD-10诊断标准,在735例汉族精神分裂症住院患者和1316例年龄、性别匹配的正常对照者中,探索PLXNA2基因5个单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点与精神分裂症的关联。结果:PLXNA2基因的4个SNPs位点与精神分裂症关联(均P<0.05);由rs3811383-rs841865-rs2785622组成的单体型ATT及由rs841865-rs752016组成的单体型AC与精神分裂症关联(均P<0.05)。结论:本研究结果提示PLXNA2基因多态性在中国汉族人群中与精神分裂症关联。     

儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶基因单核苷酸多态性位点与精神分裂症的关联研究

目的 探讨儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶(catechol-O-methyl transferanse,COMT)基因8个单核苷酸多态性位点(single nRcleotide polymorphism,SNP)与粤东潮汕地区精神分裂症的关系.方法 应用聚合酶链式反应-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶芯片技术检测COMf基因的8个SNP位点(rs4680、rs4818、rsl65599、rs737865、rs2075507、rs6267、rs6269、rs4633)在粤东潮汕地区的279例精神分裂症患者和100名健康对照中的分布,并借助于plink软件对所得数据进行关联分析.结果 单个位点等位基因频率在两组间的分布差异无统计学意义;单倍型(G)-G-A-A[(rs4680)-rsl65599-rs2075507-rs6269]和单倍型A-A-C-(G)[rs2075507-rs6269-rs4633-(rs6267)]频率两组分布差异有统计学意义,精神分裂症组低于正常对照组,提示它们可能是精神分裂症的保护因素.结论 在中国粤东地区汉族人群中,COMT基因的8个SNP位点(rs4680、rs4818、rsl65599、rs737865、rs2075507、rs6267、rs6269、rs4633)与精神分裂症无关联性,其中的两个单倍型可能是精神分裂症的保护因素.但本研究不能排除COMT基因可能存在其他功能性变异位点与精神分裂症相关.     

儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶基因单核苷酸多态性位点与精神分裂症的关联研究

目的 探讨儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶(catechol-O-methyl transferanse,COMT)基因8个单核苷酸多态性位点(single nRcleotide polymorphism,SNP)与粤东潮汕地区精神分裂症的关系.方法 应用聚合酶链式反应-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶芯片技术检测COMf基因的8个SNP位点(rs4680、rs4818、rsl65599、rs737865、rs2075507、rs6267、rs6269、rs4633)在粤东潮汕地区的279例精神分裂症患者和100名健康对照中的分布,并借助于plink软件对所得数据进行关联分析.结果 单个位点等位基因频率在两组间的分布差异无统计学意义;单倍型(G)-G-A-A[(rs4680)-rsl65599-rs2075507-rs6269]和单倍型A-A-C-(G)[rs2075507-rs6269-rs4633-(rs6267)]频率两组分布差异有统计学意义,精神分裂症组低于正常对照组,提示它们可能是精神分裂症的保护因素.结论 在中国粤东地区汉族人群中,COMT基因的8个SNP位点(rs4680、rs4818、rsl65599、rs737865、rs2075507、rs6267、rs6269、rs4633)与精神分裂症无关联性,其中的两个单倍型可能是精神分裂症的保护因素.但本研究不能排除COMT基因可能存在其他功能性变异位点与精神分裂症相关.     

DRD1基因4个多态性位点与注意缺陷多动障碍的关联分析

目的:探讨ADHD与DRD1基因4个多态性(G-48A,G-1251C,T-800C和T1403C)单个位点的关系.方法:对138名ADHD患者和119名正常对照进行以下遗传学分析:应用PCR-限制性内切酶分析技术分析4个SNP位点,检测各位点基因型和等位基因频率,经χ~2检验比较两组间各位点基因型及等位基因频率的差异.结果:①ADHD组中DRD1基因G-48A多态性-48C/-48G基因型频率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.318,P=0.045).②ADHD组和对照组在DRD1基因的其他3个多态性位点(G-1251C、T-800C和T1403C)等位基因和基因型频率分布均无统计学差异(P>0.05)).结论:①DRD1基因G-48A多态性与ADHD可能存在关联.-48G/-48G基因型可能是ADHD的保护因素.②DRD1基因的其他三个SNP(G-1251C,T800C和T1403C)与ADHD可能均无关联.     

儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶基因单核苷酸多态性位点与精神分裂症的关联研究

目的 探讨儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶(catechol-O-methyl transferanse,COMT)基因8个单核苷酸多态性位点(single nRcleotide polymorphism,SNP)与粤东潮汕地区精神分裂症的关系.方法 应用聚合酶链式反应-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶芯片技术检测COMf基因的8个SNP位点(rs4680、rs4818、rsl65599、rs737865、rs2075507、rs6267、rs6269、rs4633)在粤东潮汕地区的279例精神分裂症患者和100名健康对照中的分布,并借助于plink软件对所得数据进行关联分析.结果 单个位点等位基因频率在两组间的分布差异无统计学意义;单倍型(G)-G-A-A[(rs4680)-rsl65599-rs2075507-rs6269]和单倍型A-A-C-(G)[rs2075507-rs6269-rs4633-(rs6267)]频率两组分布差异有统计学意义,精神分裂症组低于正常对照组,提示它们可能是精神分裂症的保护因素.结论 在中国粤东地区汉族人群中,COMT基因的8个SNP位点(rs4680、rs4818、rsl65599、rs737865、rs2075507、rs6267、rs6269、rs4633)与精神分裂症无关联性,其中的两个单倍型可能是精神分裂症的保护因素.但本研究不能排除COMT基因可能存在其他功能性变异位点与精神分裂症相关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the association between 8 polymorphisms in the catechol-O-methyl transferase gene (COMT) and schizophrenia in Yuedong-Chaoshan region of China. Methods Eight single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), namely rs4680, rs4818, rs165599, rs737865, rs2075507, rs6267,rs6269 and rs4633, in the COMT gene were genotyped in 279 schizophrenia patients and 100 healthy controls. Results There was no significant difference between any single SNP and schizophrenia.However, association might exist between haplotypes (G)-G-A-A [(rs4680) -rs165599-rs2075507-rs6269]and A-A-C-(G) [rs2075507-rs6269-rs4633-(rs6267)] and schizophrenia. Conclusion In the population of Yuedong region of China, the eight SNPs (rs4680, rs4818, rs165599, rs737865, rs2075507, rs6267,rs6269 and rs4633) in the COMT gene are unlikely to play a major role in the susceptibility to schizophrenia.There might be protective haplotypes in the COMT gene against schizophrenia.     

抽动秽语综合征儿童的IL-1Ra基因多态性与执行功能

目的:探讨白介素1受体拮抗剂第2内含子86bp可重复多态性(IL-1Ra86bp VNTR)与汉族抽动秽语综合征儿童(TS)及执行功能的关系.方法:选取符合美国精神疾病诊断统计手册第4版TS诊断标准的儿童112例,健康对照71例.采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)等位基因分型技术对所有对象的IL-1Ra86bp多态位点进行测定,分析该位点与TS疾病的关联,同时采用Stroop色词测验(Stroop test)测定研究对象的执行功能.结果:全部112例TS组和54例单纯TS组的IL-1 Ra86bp位点基因型频率(54.0％,56.0％ vs.55.1％)和等位基因频率(77.0％,78.0％ vs.77.0％)与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).48例TS共病注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)组的IL-1Ra86bp长(L)位点基因型频率(79.0％vs.55.1％)和等位基因频率(90.0％ vs.77.0％)明显高于对照组(均P＜0.05).TS共病ADHD组L/L基因型的儿童C错误数多于对照组[(5.8±14.8)vs.(2.8±12.4),P ＜0.05].结论:IL-1Ra86bp基因多态性与共病ADHD的抽动秽语综合征可能存在关联,携带L/L基因型的抽动秽语综合征儿童执行功能可能较差.     

Neuregulin 1基因多态性与中国汉族精神分裂症关联分析

目的 探讨Neuregulin 1(NRG1)基因多态性与精神分裂症的关联.方法 在258个中国汉族精神分裂症核心家系(患者及其亲生父母)中,应用实时定量PCR技术检测位于NRGl基因5'端的4个单核苷酸多态(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)位点:rs221533(C/T)、rs7820838(C/T)、433E1006 (A/G)和rs3924999(C/T),进行基因分型,应用传递不平衡检测(transmission disequilibrium test,TDT)分析等位基因传递情况,分析该基因与精神分裂症易感性的关联.结果 在258个中国汉族核心家系中,rs221533、433E1006、rs3924999三个SNP均存在有统计学意义的传递不平衡,优先传递的等位基因分别是:C、A、T(rs221533:X2=27.45,P=0.000;433E1006:X2=56.08,P=0.000;rs3924999:X2=10.53,P=0.001).rs7820838未检到不平衡传递(X2=3.31,P=0.081).频率大于1%单倍型进行分析,rs221533-rs7820838-433E1006联合分析,单倍型C/C/G和C/C/A优先传递(C/C/G:X2=5.26,P=45.08;C/C/A:X2=0.026,P=0.000);rs221533-rs7820838-433E1006-rs3924999联合分析,单倍型C/C/G/T、C/C/A/C和C/C/A/T优势传递(C/C/G/T:X2=10.71,P=0.001;C/C/A/C:.)X2=8.83,P=0.006、C/C/A/T:X2=27.00,P=0.000).213个阳性亚型的精神分裂症核心家系中传递不平衡得出基本一致的结果 .结论 Nrg1基因多态性与中国汉族人群精神分裂症存在关联,尤其是支持与阳性亚型精神分裂症存在关联.     

注意缺陷多动障碍及共患学习困难儿童大脑灰质、白质和全脑体积磁共振成像研究

目的:探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)及共患学习困难(LD)儿童大脑灰质、白质和全脑体积的特点。方法:本研究共纳入符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)之相应诊断标准的36例ADHD儿童,以及性别、年龄均匹配的36名正常对照。ADHD儿童中有18例共患LD(ADHD+LD组)、18例不共患LD(ADHD-LD组)。以中国儿童-韦氏智力测定量表(C-WISC)、利手问卷评定被试的智商和利手状况。以磁共振成像检查收集被试的大脑影像。采用基于体素的形态学测量(voxelbased morphometry,VBM)方法研究ADHD组与对照组脑结构的差异,同时分析共病LD患者大脑体积的特点。结果:与正常对照相比,ADHD儿童大脑灰质[(746.9±68.3)mm3vs.(790.5±72.2)mm3]和全脑[(1212.4±115.2)mm3vs.(1270.6±113.1)mm3]体积减小(P0.05),白质体积组间差异无统计学意义。与对照组相比,ADHD+LD组灰质[(731.1±69.5)mm3vs.(790.5±72.2)mm3]、白质[(435.2±51.1)mm3vs.(480.1±50.5)mm3]和全脑[(1166.3±112.3)mm3vs.(1270.6±113.1)mm3]体积减小(P0.05);与ADHD-LD相比,ADHD+LD组白质[(435.2±51.1)mm3vs.(495.7±55.7)mm3]和全脑[(1166.3±112.3)mm3vs.(1258.3±100.9)mm3]体积减小(P0.05);ADHD-LD和对照组大脑体积组间差异无统计学意义。结论:ADHD儿童存在灰质体积和全脑体积减小,共患LD会使ADHD儿童大脑体积更小,提示大脑体积异常可能参与LD和/或ADHD的发病机制以及ADHD共病LD的病理机制。     

Association of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms of chromosomes 20 and X with androgenetic alopecia among ethnic Han Chinese from Yunnan北大核心CSCD

Objective: To assess the association of 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from chromosomes X and 20 with androgenetic alopecia among ethnic Han population from Yunnan province. Methods: An eight-SNP co-amplification protocol was developed for the genotyping with a SNaPshot platform. A case-control study was carried out for the 8 SNPs from chromosomes X and 20 in 115 androgenetic alopecia cases and 125 healthy controls. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS17.0, Haploview4.2, SHEsis and MDR software. Results: No association was found between the two groups with regard to the 4 SNPs located on the X chromosome. The genotypic frequencies of rs2180439, rs913063 and rs1160312 were significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05). The frequency of T allele of rs2180439 was significantly higher in the case group (P<0.05). The frequencies of A alleles of rs913063 and rs1160312 were significantly higher in the case group (P<0.05). The haplotypes of C-T-C-G, T-C-C-G and T-T-A-A based on rs6137444-rs2180439-rs913063-rs1160312 showed significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). rs6137444, rs21804393 and rs1160312 have a strong association with androgenetic alopecia. Conclusion: The 4 SNPs located on chromosome X were all monomorphic among ethnic Hans from Yunnan. The rs6152, rs16990427, rs1352015, rs1385699 SNPs located on chromosome 20 are associated with androgenetic alopecia in the same population. Individuals with T allele of rs2180439 and A allele of rs913063 and rs1160312 are more likely to develop androgenetic alopecia. © 2016, West China University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.     

共患抽动障碍的ADHD儿童的脑电生物反馈治疗研究

目的:探讨脑电生物反馈治疗共患抽动障碍的注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患儿的疗效。方法:对14例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)诊断标准,年龄7～14岁的共患抽动障碍的ADHD患儿进行平均为34次的脑电反馈治疗,治疗前后分别采用Conner父母问卷、Achenbach 量表和Rutter问卷评定行为水平,并测试中国韦氏记忆量表、韦氏儿童智力量表(C-WISC)、持续操作性测试(CPT)等项。抽动障碍严重程度采用耶鲁全面抽动严重程度量表(Yale Global Tic Severity Scale,YGTSS)进行评定。结果:治疗后Conner父母问卷多动指数(10.6±5.6)和Rutter问卷总分(11.5±8.6)较治疗前明显下降,分别为15.7±6.0和17.2±10.5,P<0.01。Achenbach 量表多动因子分治疗后较治疗前明显下降,治疗前后分别为13.2±7.4 和7.5±3.7, P<0.05。Conner父母问卷多动分数有所下降,但差异未达显著性(P>0.05)。治疗后,患儿韦氏记忆量表的记忆商(97.8±11.7)及C-WISC中注意/不分心因子分(106.3±10.6)均高于治疗前(分别为91.3±16.3和95.5±13.0),差异具有显著性(分别为P<0 .05,P<0.01)。在CPT测试中,平均反应时下降(治疗前后分别为523.3±86.7和464.3±68.2毫秒,P<0.05),正确率提高(治疗前后分别为90%和95%,P<0.05)。14例患儿运动抽动和发声抽动在     

Exon 3 polymorphisms of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Chinese children.

Dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene is implicated in the pathogenesis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The 7-repeat allele of the variable-number-of-tandem-repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in exon 3 has been reported to be associated with ADHD. However, studies in Chinese populations have yielded conflicting results. We therefore perform another study to investigate the association between ADHD and DRD4 gene polymorphism in Chinese children in Hong Kong. In this prospective family-based and case-control study during January-June 2004, we recruited consecutive Chinese children diagnosed with ADHD by DSM-IV and sex-matched controls admitted for acute upper respiratory infection, excluding those with perinatal brain insults, mental retardation, or neurological deficits. VNTR polymorphisms of the DRD4 gene were determined by standard PCR followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Sixty-four ADHD cases (52 boys, 12 girls), their family members, and 64 normal controls were recruited. The 4-repeat allele (84.4%) and the 4/4-repeat genotype (70.3%) were the most prevalent. Both family-based and case-control analyses showed no association between ADHD and DRD4 gene polymorphisms (transmission dysequilibrium test (TDT): P = 0.91 and P = 0.33 for the 7-repeat and 4-repeat alleles, respectively; OR for the 7-repeat allele = 2.01 (95% CI 0.07-60.4, P = 0.66), OR for the 4-repeat allele = 1.51 (95% CI 0.80-2.85, P = 0.2)). However, the longer repeat alleles had a positive trend association with ADHD (P = 0.01) in the case-control analysis. We concluded that ADHD is not associated with a particular VNTR polymorphism of the DRD4 gene. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of repeat length of the VNTR region of the DRD4 gene in the pathogenesis of ADHD.     

No association between VNTR polymorphisms of dopamine transporter gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Chinese children.

Dopamine transporter (DAT) gene is implicated in the pathogenesis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previously a meta-analysis concluded no association between the variable-number-of-tandem-repeats (VNTR) polymorphisms of the DAT gene and ADHD. However, significant heterogeneity was present among studies and no conclusion can be drawn about the association in any single ethnicity given the small number of studies. There were also conflicting results in Chinese populations. We therefore perform the present study to investigate the association in Chinese children in Hong Kong. In this prospective family-based and case-control study during January to June 2004, we recruited consecutive Chinese children diagnosed with ADHD by DSM-IV criteria, their family members, and sex-matched controls admitted for acute upper respiratory infection, excluding those with perinatal brain insults, mental retardation, or neurological deficits. VNTR polymorphisms of the DAT gene were determined by standard PCR followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Sixty-four ADHD cases (52 boys, 12 girls), their family members and 64 normal controls were recruited. The 10-repeat allele (92.6%) and the 10/10 repeat genotype (85.2%) were the most prevalent. Both family-based and case-control analyses showed no association between the DAT gene polymorphisms and ADHD (transmission dysequilibrium test: P = 0.99; odds ratio of 10-repeat allele = 0.89 (95%CI 0.35-2.28), P = 0.81; odds ratio of 10/10 repeat genotype = 0.69 (95%CI 0.26-1.84), P = 0.46). We concluded that VNTR polymorphism of the DAT gene is not associated with ADHD in Chinese children, and further studies are needed to clarify the polygenic and environmental influences for pathogenesis of ADHD.     

DISC1 in adult ADHD patients: An association study in two European samples

The DISC1 gene was named after its discovery in a Scottish pedigree with schizophrenia (SCZ) patients. However, subsequent studies have shown association of DISC1 variants with a range of different neurocognitive phenotypes and psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder (BPD), and major depression. Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) shares some symptoms with BPD and ADHD patients often suffer from comorbid affective disorders. We wanted to examine the role of DISC1 in ADHD, and with comorbid symptoms of mood disorders. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously implicated in SCZ and BPD, and a DISC1 duplication involving exon 1, were genotyped in 561 adult ADHD cases and 713 controls of Norwegian ancestry. The intronic SNP rs1538979 was associated with ADHD in the Norwegian sample [odds ratio (OR): 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.73, P = 0.03] and replicated in a Spanish adult ADHD sample of 694 cases and 735 controls, using the tagging SNP rs11122330 (meta‐analysis: P = 0.008, OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.06–1.47). In the Norwegian ADHD sample we also observed an association between the Phe607‐variant of rs6675281 and a positive score on the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ; OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.08–1.93, P = 0.01). To our knowledge, this is the first study to show an association between DISC1 variants and ADHD. Our study suggests that further studies are warranted to resolve if DISC1 variation is involved in several common neurodevelopmental disorders including ADHD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Learning disabilities and executive dysfunction in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

The effect of comorbid reading or arithmetic learning disabilities (LDs) on neuropsychological function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was studied. Participants were young males diagnosed with ADHD, with and without LD, and non-ADHD, non-LD male controls of similar age. LD was defined by combined regression-based and low-achievement classifications. Analyses adjusted for the effect of psychiatric comorbidity, age, and socioeconomic status on neuropsychological function. Children who had both ADHD and LD were significantly more impaired on both executive and nonexecutive functions than ADHD children without LD. Neuropsychological performance was most impaired in ADHD with combined arithmetic and reading disability. These data indicate that comorbid LD, especially arithmetic disability, significantly increases the severity of executive function impairment in ADHD.     

Effect of regular training on the anthropometric parameters and urine steroids in childhood

The changes in the anthropometric data and urine steroid metabolites caused by regular training in children in two age groups (11 and 14 years old) were investigated. The skinfolds of older girls participating in regular athletic, swimming or soccer training were thinner compared with age-matched control groups (P < 0.01) and their body mass and constitution were lower (P < 0.05). In the other groups no significant differences were observable in the anthropometric parameters. The trained children in all groups had significantly higher exercise times on the cycle ergometer (P < 0.01, in young boysP < 0.05). The strength of their hands was lower in three trained groups: in younger boys (P < 0.05), in younger girls (P < 0.01) and in older girls (right handP < 0.01, left handP < 0.05). The urinary excretion of androsterone (P < 0.02), 11-ketopregnanetriol (P < 0.01) and pregnenetriol (P < 0.02) was decreased in the older trained girls; pregnenetriol was increased in younger boys (P < 0.05). Urinary excretion of cortisol metabolites was increased in trained boys [in younger boys: tetrahydrocorticosterone (P < 0.05) and 20-hydroxycortisol (P < 0.05); in older boys allotetrahydrocortisol (P < 0.02), cortisol (P < 0.05) and 20-hydroxycortisol (P < 0.05)]. There were no significant differences in the younger girls. In the trained older girls urinary excretion of cortisol metabolites was decreased: tetrahydrocortisone (P < 0.02), allotetrahydrocorticosterone (P < 0.01), tetrahydrocortisol (P < 0.05), -cortolone (P < 0.01), cortisol (P < 0.02), 6-hydroxycortisol (P < 0.01) and 20-hydroxycortisol (P < 0.05). A multivariate analysis of the data from the trained groups and sedentary, age-matched control groups showed that regular training has a significant effect on steroid excretion.     

Association of the Catechol-o-Methyltransferase Gene Polymorphisms with Korean Autism Spectrum Disorders

This study evaluated the family-based genetic association between autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the catechol-o-methyltransferase gene (COMT), which was found among 151 Korean ASDs family trios (dominant model Z = 2.598, P = 0.009, P_FDR = 0.045). We found a statistically significant allele transmission or association in terms of the rs6269 SNP in the ASDs trios. Moreover, in the haplotype analysis, the haplotypes with rs6269 demonstrated significant evidence of an association with ASDs (additive model rs6269-rs4818-rs4680-rs769224 haplotype P = 0.004, P_FDR = 0.040). Thus, an association may exist between the variants of the COMT gene and the occurrence of ASDs in Koreans.     

The Development of State Regulation in Normal Children: An Indirect Comparison With Children With ADHD

This study examined the interaction of Attention Deficits and Learning Disabilities on the immediate memory abilities of children. Forty children, between 7 years 0 months and 13 years 11 months old, independently diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [3rd ed., rev. [DSM‐III‐R]; American Psychiatric Association, 1987]) by a pediatrician and a pediatric psychologist were matched to 40 children who were independently diagnosed with Undifferentiated Attention Deficit Disorder (UADD; criteria from DSM‐III‐R) according to Full Scale IQ, grade, and sex. These children were further subgrouped based on the presence of an identified Learning Disability (LD) in reading. Consequently four groups of children were formed, ADHD+LD, ADHD‐LD, UADD+LD, and UADD‐LD. All children were administered the Color Span Test, a test of immediate visual and verbal memory. The findings revealed that, overall, children with attention deficits and a comorbid LD (ADHD+LD, UADD+LD) had greater memory deficits, suggesting that LD had an “additive effect.” In addition, children with ADHD exhibited significantly more memory deficits than children with UADD.     

超重和正常体质量儿童对不同种类食物的内隐态度

目的:考察超重和体质量正常的儿童对不同种类食物的内隐态度。方法:从重庆市某中学初一年级学生中筛选出超重(含肥胖)儿童33名(男26名,女7名),按相应班级、年龄、性别选出匹配的正常体质量儿童33名(男26名,女7名)。所有儿童均完成外部情感西蒙任务。分别对男性和女性儿童完成外部情感西蒙任务的反应时间和错误率进行2(组别:超重组、正常体质量组)×2(食物种类:健康食物、不健康食物)×2(外在反应效价:积极、消极)的重复测量方差分析。结果:超重男性儿童对所有食物的反应时均短于正常体质量男性儿童[(686.7±32.6)ms vs.(760.8±32.6)ms,P0.05];超重男性儿童可能对所有食物按消极反应效价键的反应时长于按积极键的反应时[(702.4±32.9)ms vs.(670.9±34.5)ms,P0.01],正常体质量男性儿童对所有食物按积极键和消极键的反应时差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。女性儿童反应时的组别主效应及外在反应效价与组别的交互作用均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。对男性和女性儿童错误率的重复测量方差分析结果发现:组别的主效应、外在反应效价的主效应、外在反应效价与组别的交互作用及外在反应效价与组别、食物种类间的交互作用均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:超重儿童和正常体质量儿童对食物的内隐态度的差异可能存在着性别上的不同。超重男性儿童可能对所有种类的食物(健康和不健康食物)均持积极态度,而正常体质量男性儿童对所有食物均持中立态度;女性儿童体质量与对食物的态度之间无关系。