Macular Hole Formation in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment after Scleral Buckling

Purpose

To describe early macular hole (MH) development in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) after scleral buckling (SB) based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings.

Methods

The medical records and spectral domain OCT images of patients in whom MH developed after RRD repair were evaluated retrospectively.

Results

A postoperative MH was detected in five eyes that underwent SB during a 6-year period. All had fovea-off RRD without MH at the time of surgery. OCT showed partial loss of the inner retina with a preserved photoreceptor layer in early postoperative days. On average, 7 days (range,5 to 8 days) after surgery, outer retinal tissues disappeared, resulting in the full-thickness MH.

Conclusions

Serial OCT findings revealed that partial-thickness lamellar holes progressed to full-thickness MHs, which were formed by the degeneration of the outer retina in eyes with preceding loss of the glial cone in the fovea.     

巩膜扣带术治疗孔源性视网膜脱离

目的 观察巩膜扣带术治疗孔源性视网膜脱离的疗效。方法 160例（168眼）行巩膜扣带术，术中均在双目间接检眼镜直视下定位裂孔、冷凝封闭裂孔。术后随访，观察视网膜复位情况。结果 本组病例初次手术视网膜解剖复位率94．0％。二次巩膜扣带术后视网膜解剖复位率为97．6％。结论 巩膜扣带术是治疗孔源性视网膜脱离的有效方法。合理联合视网膜下液引流、玻璃体气体填充及眼底激光光凝可提高手术成功率。     

单纯巩膜外垫压术治疗黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离

采用单纯巩膜外垫压术，治疗黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离２８例，全部治愈。介绍了手术要点，讨论了本术式的构思，可行性和优点，术中不作热凝或冷凝，不放液，球内不注气，无需观察眼底，不仅缩短了手术时间，减轻了病人痛苦，重要的是避免了各种并发症的发生，有效地保护和提高视功能。     

Changing Trends in Surgery for Retinal Detachment in Korea

Purpose

To analyze trends in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery among the members of the Korean Retina Society from 2001 to 2013.

Methods

In 2013, surveys were conducted by email and post to investigate the current practice patterns regarding RRD treatment. Questions included how surgeons would manage six cases of hypothetical RRD. Results were compared to those reported in 2001.

Results

A total of 133 members (60.7%) in 2013 and 46 members(79.3%) in 2001 responded to the survey. Preference for pneumatic retinopexy has decreased in uncomplicated primary RRD (p = 0.004). More respondents in 2013 selected vitrectomy as the primary procedure when mild vitreous hemorrhage (p = 0.001), myopia (p = 0.044) and history of successful scleral buckling on the fellow eye (p = 0.044) were added to the primary scenario. Vitrectomy was over twice as popular in cases of pseudophakic, macula-off RRD with posterior capsular opacity (p = 0.001).

Conclusions

For RRD with myopia, pseudophakia and media opacity, surgical interventions over the last decade have drastically shifted from scleral buckling and pneumatic retinopexy to vitrectomy.     

巩膜外垫压术治疗家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变合并孔源性视网膜脱离

目的 探讨巩膜外垫压术治疗家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变合并孔源性视网膜脱离的效果.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2012年10月间在我院住院行巩膜外垫压术（或联合环扎术）治疗的6例（6只眼）家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变合并孔源性视网膜脱离患者的临床资料.本组所有患者视网膜裂孔检查明确,且位于赤道或赤道前,增生性玻璃体视网膜病变C2级以下;具有阳性家族史;荧光素眼底血管造影特征明显.其中1个裂孔者4只眼,2个裂孔者2只眼.1例硅胶海绵纵行垫压,5例硅胶轮胎环行垫压并联合环扎.所有患者术后均补充视网膜激光光凝.结果 6例患者术后视网膜均复位良好,视力改善,经激光治疗无灌注区,随访稳定.结论 对于家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变合并孔源性视网膜脱离患者,选择部分病例行巩膜外垫压手术治疗,术后及时补充视网膜激光光凝,可取得很好效果.     

玻璃体视网膜手术联合巩膜扣带术治疗复杂性视网膜脱离

使用玻璃体视网膜手术联合巩膜扣带术的方法，进行复杂性视网膜脱离的治疗，达到提高治愈成功率的目的。（１）进行常规的巩膜扣带术，（２）进行睫状体平部三切口的闭合式玻璃体切除手术，包括膜剥离、气体、硅油眼内填充等技术。随访１－１６月，２９眼中，２２眼达到解剖复位，成功率７５．８％；其中，１５眼行硅油眼内填充，１２眼视网膜复位，成功率８０％，闭合式玻璃体手术的开展，使复杂性视网膜脱离的治疗成为可能，其解剖     

孔源性视网膜脱离成功复位后中心凹形态与视力的关系

目的 评价孔源性视网膜脱离(rhegmatogenous retinal detachment,RRD)巩膜扣带术后黄斑中心凹形态与最佳矫正视力(Best-corrected visual acuity, BCVA)的关系.方法 回顾性连续病例观察研究.对象为73例(73只眼)RRD患者,男39例(53.4％),女34例(46.6％),平均年龄(46.6±11.2)岁,均行巩膜冷凝扣带术成功视网膜复位.其中孔源性视网膜脱离累及黄斑者48只眼,未累及黄斑者25只眼.术后利用SD-OCT (spectral domain-optical coherence tomography)扫描患眼后极部视网膜评估黄斑中心凹的结构.评价患者成功术后中心凹形态与BCVA的关系.结果 SD-OCT扫描发现术后黄斑中心凹视网膜异常眼59只眼(80.8％).黄斑中心凹持续视网膜下液者47只眼(64.4％),黄斑前膜16只眼(21.9％),视网膜水肿11只眼(15.1％),感光细胞内外节(IS/OS)连接中断或消失33只眼(45.2％).31只眼视网膜下液全部吸收,平均吸收时间(5.8±2.6)个月.其中IS/OS连接中断或消失均出现在术前视网膜脱离累及黄斑眼中.伴有视网膜下液、黄斑前膜和视网膜水肿眼的术后最佳矫正视力与无上述视网膜异常眼之间差异无统计学意义.术后最佳矫正视力IS/OS连接完好眼显著优于IS/OS连接中断或消失眼(P ＜0.001).Logistic回归分析显示患者中心凹IS/OS连接形态显著影响术后最佳矫正视力(r=0.835,P＜0.001),其余中心凹异常未见显著影响.结论 孔源性视网膜脱离巩膜扣带术后,视网膜下液吸收缓慢,约需6个月.术后感光细胞层内外节形态与术后视力显著相关,其异常形态可能为术后视力不全恢复的决定性因素.     

Intravitreal injection of 0.3 ml of SF6 gas for persistent subfoveal fluid after scleral buckling for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Purpose  To determine the efficacy of intravitreal injection of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas for reducing persistent subfoveal fluid after scleral buckling surgery for macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Methods  We injected 0.3 ml of SF6 gas into the vitreous cavity of two eyes of two patients with persistent macular retinal detachment 3 and 5 months after successful scleral buckling. Optical coherence tomography was performed before and after surgery. Results  Subfoveal fluid was displaced peripheral to the fovea immediately after gas injection and the fluid was absorbed gradually in both eyes. Conclusions  Persistent subfoveal fluid after scleral buckling may be treated with intravitreal SF6 gas injection. The authors have no proprietary interest in any aspect of this report     

A New Microsurgical Technique to Correct Retinal Detachment

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of a new technique to repair retinal detachments (RD) under the microscope. Methods : Thirty-six consecutive patients (36 eyes) who presented to our clinic with rhegmatogenous RD without severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy ( ≤C1) were included. The sutures for buckling and/or encircling bands were preplaced according to the preoperative location of the breaks using a three-mirror contact lens. Drainage of subretinal fluid, retinal cryotherapy, buckling, locating the retinal breaks, and intravitreal gases injection were performed under surgical microscopy. The surgical effects were compared with those in 37 consecutive patients with rhegmatogenous RD who underwent surgery under binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Results: The simultaneous intraoperative observation of fundus details and the sclera through the microscope was excellent in all cases. The effect of retinal cryotherapy was clearly visible. Mild opacity of the refractive media did not interfere with observing cryotherapy and locating the breaks. Retinal reattachment was obtained in 31 eyes (86%) during the primary surgery and in three eyes after a second surgery (94% total). The best-corrected visual acuity was <0.1 in 6 eyes (16.7%) , 0.1-0.4 in 15 eyes (41.7%) and ≥ 0.5 in 15 eyes (41.7%). The results were similar to that of RD surgery performed under indirect ophthalmoscopy. Conclusions : This microsurgical procedure to correct RD is simple, convenient, reliable, provides an upright image, and facilitates good recovery similar to conventional RD surgery.     

A New Microsurgical Technique to Correct Retinal Detachment

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of a new technique to repair retinal detachments (RD) under the microscope. Methods: Thirty-six consecutive patients (36 eyes) who presented to our clinic with rhegmatogenous RD without severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy (≤ C1) were included. The sutures for buckling and/or encircling bands were preplaced according to the preoperative location of the breaks using a three-mirror contact lens. Drainage of subretinal fluid, retinal cryotherapy, buckling, locating the retinal breaks, and intravitreal gases injection were performed under surgical microscopy. The surgical effects were compared with those in 37 consecutive patients with rhegmatogenous RD who underwent surgery under binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy.Results: The simultaneous intraoperative observation of fundus details and the sclera through the microscope was excellent in all cases. The effect of retinal cryotherapy was clearly visible. Mild opacity of the refractive media did not interfere with observing cryotherapy and locating the breaks. Retinal reattachment was obtained in31 eyes (86%) during the primary surgery and in three eyes after a second surgery(94% total). The best-corrected visual acuity was ＜0.1 in 6 eyes (16.7%), 0.1～0.4 in 15 eyes (41.7%) and ≥ 0.5 in 15 eyes (41.7%). The results were similar to that of RD surgery performed under indirect ophthalmoscopy.Conclusions: This microsurgical procedure to correct RD is simple, convenient,reliable, provides an upright image, and facilitates good recovery similar to conventional RD surgery.     

Electroretinogram changes after scleral buckling surgery of retinal detachment

Objective To observe changes in visual function after a single scleral buckling surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) by using ERG (electroretinogram). Methods One eye from 56 patients with rhegmatogenous RD was chosen. Forty-three corresponding normal fellow eyes from these patients were chosen as controls. Single scleral buckling surgery was carried out and a full-field ERG was performed before the surgery, and 1 and 6 months after surgery. Results The mean amplitude of ERG decreased and the latency (except for the a-wave) was delayed in the eye with a retinal detachment, and wavelets of the oscillatory potential decreased or were completely lacking. One month after surgery, the amplitudes of the a and b waves were noticeably improved (except for the 30 Hz flicker responses), but the latency (except for the a-wave) was still delayed. The ratio of b/a (mixed response) increased 1 month after surgery, with no further changes thereafter. The amplitude of the scotopic b wave was 58.1% of the control eyes, while the 30 Hz flicker responses was only 45.8% of controls; the difference between the two responses was significant (P < 0.001). The number of oscillatory potential wavelets increased, but the total amplitude of the oscillatory potentials did not exhibit any obvious changes during the follow-up period (P = 0.20). In the 41 patients whose detachment involved the macula preoperatively, the amplitude of the 30 Hz flicker responses improved significantly after surgery (P = 0.037). Six months after the operation, the wave amplitudes were not significantly different from 1 month after surgery, but there was a tendency toward a decrease in the latency. Conclusions After reattachment of the retina, visual function showed dramatic improvement 1 month after the surgery. The postreceptoral responses recovered more than the a-wave. The rod system recovered more quickly and completely than the cone system during the follow-up period. The incomplete recovery observed by using ERGs indicates that there is irreversible damage that likely occurs following retinal detachment and surgery.     

改良式充气性视网膜固定术长期疗效分析

目的 比较改良式充气性视网膜同定术与常规巩膜扣带术治疗单纯孔源性视网膜脱离的长期疗效及并发症.方法 回顾性对比分析43例单纯性上方裂孔的孔源性视网膜脱离患者行改良式充气性视网膜同定术(PR)23例23只眼、常规巩膜扣带术(SB)20例20只眼治疗前后的临床资料.平均随访32月.结果 R组术后视力提高者19只眼(82.61%),SB组视力提高者19只眼(95.00%),两组之间差异没有统计学意义(x2=1.5985,P=0.2061).PR组16只眼经一次手术达到视网膜复位,占69.57%,SB组18只眼经一次手术达到视网膜复位,占90.00%,两组之间差异没有统计学意义(x2=2.6993,P=0.1004).两组最终手术复位率为100%.在圆形裂孔的病例中,PR组的一次手术复位率为86.67%(13/15).SB组的一次手术复位率为90.91%(10/11),两组之间差异没有统计学意义(x2=0.1119,P=0.7380).PR组并发症包括新裂孔形成(17.39%),视网膜下液(8.7%),增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变(4.35%),白内障(4.35%),与SB组相比均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 改良式充气性视网膜固定术治疗单纯性上方裂孔的视网膜脱离疗效确切,并发症少,在圆形裂孔的患者中可以达到与巩膜扣带术相同的疗效.     

巩膜扣带术联合氪多波长激光光凝治疗视网膜脱离

目的 评价巩膜扣带术后限期应用双目间接眼底镜激光光凝封闭裂孔治疗视网膜脱离的疗效。方法 回顾性分析在我院行巩膜扣带术后接受氪激光光凝治疗的孔源性视网膜脱离患者39例(39只眼)的临床资料。结果 术后随访3～6个月，39只眼中，视网膜一次性复位36只眼(92．3％)。结论 巩膜扣带术后限期经光导双目间接眼底镜激光光凝治疗孔源性视网膜脱离，简便快捷、安全可靠，减少了术后并发症，是治疗孔源性视网膜脱离的有效方法之一。应用宽环扎，能更好的缓解玻璃体牵引；采用光导间接眼底镜进行光凝，可以减轻患者不适、对创口无污染、不压迫眼球。     

巩膜环扎术是否必须?——玻璃体视网膜手术方法的探讨

目的探讨巩膜环扎带对玻璃体手术治疗孔源性视网膜脱离(RRD)治愈率及视力预后的影响。方法回顾分析有随访纪录的以玻璃体手术治疗的孔源性视网膜脱离140例(140眼)(除去黄斑孔),按是否做巩膜环扎术分为环扎组和非环扎组。比较环扎组与非环扎组在不同增生型玻璃体视网膜病变(PVR)分级及裂孔不同位置的复位率以及两组术后视力的改善情况。结果环扎组79眼,视网膜完全复位67眼,复位率84.81%。非环扎组61眼视网膜完全复位52眼,复位率85.25%。非环扎组视网膜解剖复位率略高于环扎组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组在不同PVR级别以及裂孔不同位置的视网膜复位率相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后视力改善者,环扎组63眼占79.75%;非环扎组49眼占80.33%,两组间差别无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论有玻璃体手术指征的RRD提高玻璃体视网膜手术成功率的关键是彻底松解视网膜固定皱襞及裂孔周围的牵引,彻底地封闭所有视网膜裂孔及有效的眼内填充,巩膜环扎术并非必须。     

巩膜扣带术联合氪多波长激光治疗单纯孔源性视网膜脱离

目的：探讨巩膜扣带术联合氪多波长激光治疗单纯孔源性视网膜脱离的疗效、适应证及其临床意义。方法：巩膜扣带术治疗47例（47只眼）单纯孔源性网脱，术中不用冷凝而待术后视网膜下液吸收后用氪多波长激光封闭裂孔，观察其疗效，对结果进行评价。结果：术后随访2-30个月，47例中视网膜完全复位的45例（95.74%），术后矫正视力≥0.05者41例（87.23%），最佳矫正视力为1.0。结果：巩膜扣带术联合氪多波长激光治疗单纯孔源性视网膜脱离，术中不用冷凝，简化了手术操作，无冷凝的相关并发症，术后采用氪多波长激光封闭裂孔，可以根据裂孔的部位及屈光介质混浊的程度选用不同波长的激光进行封孔，是治疗单纯孔源性网脱的有效方法之一。     

不同手术方式治疗孔源性视网脱离术后OCT的对比观察

目的观察比较累及黄斑的孔源性视网膜脱离行巩膜扣带术和玻璃体切割术后黄斑区OCT的变化。方法孔源性视网膜脱离患者34例34眼根据病情分为2组，A组22例22眼行巩膜扣带术。B组12例（12眼）行玻璃体切割联合眼内激光、惰性气体充填。术后1m、3m、6m、12m行眼部全面检查和OCT检查，平均随访12m。比较两组术后OCT形态变化，中心凹厚度及最佳矫正视力，并行统计学处理。结果（1）术后1月间接眼底镜检查所有患眼视网膜成功复位。（2）OCT观察到A组术后有神经上皮下积液、色素上皮局限脱离两种形态。其中神经上皮下积液包括中心凹处和旁中心凹处，术后1m12例占55％，3m9例占41％，6m6例占28％，12m2例占9％。2例色素上皮脱离发生在术后1m，分别于术后6m，15m消失。B组仅有1例术后1m时发现中心凹处神经上皮下积液，术后2m复查时消失。（3）OCT测量术后1m时的中心凹厚度值平均为A组（282．27±87．65）μm，B组（171.33±17．00）μm，两组比较差异有显著性（P=0．04）。A组随时间延长，中心凹厚度逐渐减小，至12m时恢复正常。B组随时间延长，厚度值无明显变化。（4）术后1mA组矫正视力低于B组，差异有显著性（P=0．001），A组随时间延长矫正视力逐渐缓慢提高。B组术后3m就达最佳矫正视力，6m后有下降趋势。（5）A组术后并发硅胶海绵脱出并感染2例，结膜下血肿2例。B组并发白内障5例。结论OCT显示玻璃体切割术后早期黄斑区形态即恢复正常，而巩膜扣带术后部分患者黄斑下亚临床积液可以持续存在数月之久。残余黄斑下积液可能是巩膜扣带术后视力延迟恢复的部分原因。     

双目间接检眼镜直行下行巩膜扣带术治疗视网膜脱离

目的观察双目间接检眼镜直视下行巩膜扣带术治疗非复杂性孔源性视网膜脱离的疗效。方法58例（58只眼）非复杂性孔源性视网膜脱离行巩膜扣带术。术中在双目间接检眼镜直视下进行：精确的裂孔定位、适度的冷凝和恰当的放置外垫压物。术后随访3～6个月,观察视网膜复位情况、视力、眼压及并发症。结果视网膜复位55只眼,失败3只眼。术后视力提高54只眼,不变3只眼,下降1只眼。眼压升高3只眼,服药后恢复正常。冷凝过度1只眼。结论双目间接检眼镜直视下行巩膜扣带术治疗非复杂性孔源性视网膜脱离简单可靠、手术成功率高。     

Scleral buckling surgery using multiple radial buckles: A valid option?

Purpose

To determine whether radial buckling surgery using two or more radial buckles with or without circumferential silicone tires is still a treatment option for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in the current scenario.

Methods

Retrospective chart review. Patients with RRD with two or more horse-shoe tears with/without proliferative vitreoretinopathy up to grade C1 who underwent buckling surgery using at least two radial buckle segments without encircling bands or drainage and with at least a 3 year follow up were included in the study. Data collected included demographics, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) at baseline and final follow up, details of the examination, surgical procedure(s) and complications noted, if any. Appropriate statistical analysis was done. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Outcome measures

Proportion of patients who had an attached retina at final follow up, improvement in CDVA and complications.

Results

25 patients (25 eyes; 12 males and 13 females; 9 pseudophakic) were included.

Median age

35.15 ± 8.32 years. Median baseline CDVA: 1.97 ± 1.12 log MAR. Median final CDVA: 0.65 ± 0.37 log MAR (significant improvement). Most common presenting complaint was decreased vision (87.5%). Number of radial buckle segments placed varied between 2 and 4 per eye. One patient required vitrectomy for persistent retinal detachment. One required buckle removal for infection 5 years after the primary procedure. One patient required strabismus surgery.

Median follow up

12.25 years ± 2.14 years. None of the other patients had any complications.

Conclusion

Radial buckling surgery (two or more segments) is a reasonably safe and valid alternative to vitrectomy for RDs with multiple breaks in different planes.     

巩膜外垫压联合玻璃体内注气术治疗玻璃体手术后无硅油填充眼视网膜脱离的临床效果

目的 探讨巩膜外垫压联合玻璃体内注气术治疗玻璃体手术后无硅油填充眼视网膜脱离的临床效果.方法 回顾性系列病例研究.收集2001年1月至2004年5月间在西京医院眼科行巩膜外垫压(或联合环扎)联合玻璃体内注气术治疗的52例(52只眼)玻璃体手术后在无硅油填充状态下发生视网膜脱离患者的临床资料,分析视网膜复位的效果、视力改善情况以及手术并发症等.结果 手术后随访6个月至2年,视网膜复位36只眼(69.2%);4只眼术后早期视网膜复位不良即接受了玻璃体切除联合硅油注入术;12只眼于再次手术后2个月后视网膜脱离复发,需行玻璃体切除术.视力提高32只眼(61.5%),不变3只眼(23.1%),下降8只眼(15.4%).术后发生黄斑前膜和气体性白内障各有1例(1只眼),余未见发生严重并发症者.结论 巩膜外垫压联合玻璃体内注气术对部分玻璃体手术后无硅油填充眼的视网膜脱离具有一定疗效,可减少再次行玻璃体切除术的机会.     

外路手术治疗陈旧性裂孔性视网膜脱离

目的 探讨外路手术治疗陈旧性裂孔性视网膜脱离的疗效,分析陈旧性裂孔性视网膜脱离的临床特点.方法 陈旧性裂孔性视网膜脱离34例(34只眼),在双目间接检眼镜直视下行裂孔及变性区定位,在裂孔及变性区周围行视网膜冷凝后,根据情况分别采用巩膜表面加压术、环扎术或环扎加压术.术后定期观察视力、玻璃体及视网膜复位情况.结果 ①随访1～6个月,术后视网膜裂孔封闭,完全复位28只眼,再脱离6只眼,均发生在手术后1个月;其中2例手术后不足10d再脱离.②视力情况:视力提高28只眼,矫正视力＜0.3者18只眼,≥0.3者10只眼.③视网膜下液吸收情况:3d完全吸收19例,6d完全吸收7例,3～4周吸收2例.④冷凝反应:Ⅰ级10只眼,Ⅱ级14只眼,Ⅲ级4只眼.结论 在双目间接检眼镜直视下,外路手术治疗陈旧性裂孔性视网膜脱离的手术效果良好,值得临床推广.手术后视网膜的复位和视力与病程有密切关系.陈旧性裂孔性视网膜脱离多是因为早期的误诊造成,应引起临床医生注意.