鼻内镜鼻窦手术前筛窦颅底高度的CT评估价值

目的 探讨内镜鼻窦手术前应用CT评估筛窦颅底高度的价值。 方法 选取就诊于我院的100例共200侧的鼻窦冠状CT扫描图像,测量筛前动脉水平的筛顶中点至眶水平中线的距离,根据测量数据进行分型,同时进行Keros分型,用皮尔森相关系数来确定两者之间是否存在相关性。 结果 筛前动脉管水平的筛顶中点至眶水平中线的距离作为筛窦颅底高度。根据筛窦颅底的高度进行分型,其中Ⅰ型即筛窦颅底高度>7 mm(高位颅底)占44%(88/200),Ⅱ型即筛窦颅底高度介于4~7 mm(中位颅底)占41%(82/200),Ⅲ型即筛窦颅底高度<4 mm(低位颅底)占15%(30/200)。按Keros方法进行测量并分型,Ⅰ型占37%(74/200),Ⅱ型占52%(104/200),Ⅲ型占11%(22/200);Keros分型与筛窦颅底高度之间的皮尔森相关系数为0.384(P<0.001),Keros分型与筛窦颅底高度呈弱相关性。 结论 筛窦颅底高度存在明显差异,术前进行CT影像评估,可有效识别低颅底变异,有助于避免颅底损伤,进而减少内镜手术并发症。     

The surgeon's view of the anterior ethmoid artery

Objectives: To define the relationship of the anterior ethmoid artery to the frontal recess and secondly whether the degree of pneumatisation of the suprabullar recess/supraorbital cell correlates with the distance between the anterior ethmoid artery and the skull base thus making it more vulnerable to damage during surgery. Method: Thirty‐four cadaver head sides were perfused with pink latex. All specimens had high‐resolution computed tomography (CT) scans using bone windows in the axial, coronal and sagittal planes. The specimen's nasal septum was removed and the ethmoid sinuses dissected to locate the anterior ethmoid artery. Calipers were used to measure distance between the artery and the frontal recess and from the skull base. Results: The anterior ethmoid artery was found in all the specimens and scans. The distance between the anterior ethmoid artery and the posterior wall of the frontal recess was 11 mm (range 6–15 mm). In all specimens, the artery was seen between the second and third lamella. The commonest location of the artery was in the suprabullar recess (85.3%). Supraorbital cells were seen in 16 specimens. The ethmoid sinuses were well pneumatised with a large supraorbital cell in 10 of these specimens and in these the artery was lying 3.7 mm (range 1–8 mm) away from the skull base. Six specimens had poor pneumatisation and a small supraorbital cell and in these the artery was found close to or with in the skull base. In specimens without a supraorbital cell, the artery lay at the skull base in all but one. Conclusions: The position of the anterior ethmoidal artery is very variable. The artery is found between the second and third lamella. When the ethmoid sinuses are more pneumatised and in particular when there is a supraorbital cell, the artery lies below the skull base. A good strategy is to identify the degree of pneumatisation of the ethmoid sinuses from CT scans preoperatively to see if the artery is at an increased risk of being damaged.     

Surgical anatomy of the anterior ethmoidal canal in ethmoid roof

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: This study was undertaken to examine three main relationships. First, the distance and angle from the anterior ethmoidal canal to the limen nasi and the sill were measured. Second, the location of the anterior ethmoidal canal was examined in relation to the lamellas and the skull base. Third, the existence of bony defects in the canal and the course of the canal through the anterior cranial fossa were studied. STUDY DESIGN: This study employed both sagittal computed tomography and cadaver dissection. METHODS: Seventy sagittally divided heads from randomly chosen Korean adult cadavers were used. Sagittal computed tomography was performed on all specimens. Then they were meticulously dissected under a surgical microscope. RESULTS: The mean distance and angle between the limen nasi and the anterior ethmoidal canal were 49.0 mm and 54.5 degrees, respectively. The anterior ethmoidal canal was located between the second and third lamella in 61 of 70 cases. In 60 of 70 cases it was attached to the base of the skull, and in the remaining 10 cases it ran 2 to 3 mm below the skull base. When viewed from the superior side, the course of the anterior ethmoidal canal formed a diagonal line from the lateral to the medial side. Partial bony defects of the anterior ethmoidal canal were observed in eight cases, and complete bony defects in none. CONCLUSION: This study provides surgeons with a better understanding of the anatomy of the anterior ethmoidal canal.     

Value of digital volume tomography in patients with conductive hearing loss

Digital volume tomography (DVT) is an extension of panoramic tomography. With this diagnostic technique, characterized by high resolution, a narrow section width (0.125 mm) and three-dimensional display, small pathological processes can be well visualized. Twenty-five patients with the history of a progressive hearing loss were examined with DVT (Accu-I-tomo, Morita, Japan). The results were compared with pre- and intraoperative findings to evaluate the diagnostic value of DVT in cases of erosion of the ossicular chain. With high resolution and artifact-free demonstration of the middle ear and the ossicular chain, it was possible to define its continuity preoperatively by DVT in all 25 cases. An intact ossicular chain was found by DVT in 13 cases and was later confirmed by surgery. The predicted erosion of the ossicles was verified in 12 patients, and a tympanoplasty type III was performed. Digital volume tomography is an excellent technique to examine the middle ear cleft and inner ear, and expands the application of diagnostic possibilities in the lateral skull base. Therefore, improvement in preoperative diagnosis is achieved along with more accurate planning of the surgical procedure. Digital volume tomography delivers a small radiation dose with a high resolution and a low purchase price for the equipment.     

以筛前动脉为蒂的鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣在额窦后壁缺损重建中的应用

 目的介绍一种以筛前动脉为血管蒂的鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣应用于额窦后壁缺损修复重建的新方法,并总结其疗效和初步应用体会。方法回顾性分析应用带蒂鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣修复15例额窦后壁脑脊液鼻漏病例,其中男12例,女3例,年龄12~51岁,平均年龄32岁,均为外伤引起的颅底骨折、术前均经过至少1个月保守治疗无效的脑脊液鼻漏患者。采用内镜下DrafIIB型额窦开放+上方带蒂的鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣进行颅底修复。结果所有病例均一次性重建成功,术后1个月拔除填充物后无脑脊液鼻漏发生,随访1~3年,无脑脊液鼻漏和颅内感染发生,额窦及上颌窦均引流通畅,上皮化好。主要副反应为鼻腔干燥结痂。结论以筛前动脉为血管蒂的鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣取材方便,应用于额窦后壁颅底缺损修复疗效满意,该术式有创新性。     

Vidian canal: analysis and relationship to the internal carotid artery

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to describe the anatomy and relationships of the vidian canal to known endonasal and skull base landmarks. This will allow the endoscopic skull base surgeon to safely approach the anterior genu of the petrous carotid artery during expanded endonasal approaches to the skull base. STUDY DESIGN: The study is a prospective cohort study. METHODS: Axial, coronal, and sagittal computed tomography scans of the paranasal sinuses and skull base of 44 patients were examined. Individuals with known skull base pathology were excluded. Measurements included the length of the vidian canal, the relationship of the vidian canal to the anterior genu of the petrous carotid artery, and the type of pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus as it pertains to foramen rotundum and the vidian canal. In addition, we will focus on the relationship of the vidian canal to the sphenopalatine foramen and base of the medial pterygoid plate. RESULTS: The degree of pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus is highly variable. The mean length of the vidian canal is 18 mm (10-23 mm). The vidian canal is found entirely within bone in 27% to 30% of scans reviewed. The anterior genu of the petrous internal carotid artery is found superior-medial to the vidian canal in 44 of 44 of the CT scans reviewed. The vidian canal runs medial to lateral in 93% to 98% of patients studied. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of this study the endoscopic skull base surgeon has a number of anatomical landmarks and measurements that may be helpful in safely localizing the anterior genu of the petrous internal carotid artery during expanded endonasal approaches to the skull base.     

Preoperative sagittal CT evaluation of the frontal recess

Endoscopic surgical approaches for chronic frontal sinusitis require the reestablishment of adequate frontal sinus ventilation and drainage for relief of symptoms. After the resection of anterior ethmoid mucosal disease and cellular structure, the anterior to posterior depth of the nasofrontal beak to the base of skull at the insertion of the ethmoidal bulla (frontal sinus ostium) often represents a critical margin for functional success. However, little information concerning this dimension is available. Depending on intraoperative surgical judgment of this distance, extended endoscopic surgical procedures involving additional bone resection may be indicated. These approaches may be hazardous due to the proximity of the cranial cavity and orbit. In addition, secondary stenosis can result from the subsequent inflammatory response. Improved CT imaging, high resolution sagittal reformatting, and computer workstations provide the ability to obtain direct preoperative measurements of the frontal recess. We used a paramedian sagittal section and recorded the maximal anterior to posterior depth from the nasofrontal beak to the base of skull at the insertion of the ethmoidal bulla in 20 patients, 31 sides, undergoing primary endoscopic frontoethmoidectomy. In addition, we found a positive correlation between this distance and agger nasi air cell size measured in the same 31 sides.     

Orientation of Human Semicircular Canals Measured by Three-Dimensional Multiplanar CT Reconstruction

Analysis of vestibulo-ocular reflex experiments requires knowledge of the absolute orientations (with respect to skull landmarks) of semicircular canals (SCC). Data relating SCC orientations to accessible skull landmarks in humans are sparse, apart from a classic study of 10 skulls, which concluded that the horizontal and anterior SCC are not mutually orthogonal (111 ± 7.6°). Multiple studies of isolated labyrinths have shown the inter-SCC angles are close to 90°. We hypothesized that a larger sample would yield mean absolute SCC orientations closer to the mutual orthogonality demonstrated for isolated labyrinths. We measured canal orientations with respect to accessible skull landmarks using 3-D multiplanar reconstructions of computerized tomography scans of the temporal bones of 22 human subjects. Images were acquired with 0.5-mm thickness and reconstructed with in-plane resolution of 234 μm. There was no significant difference between the left and a mirror image of the right (p > 0.57 on multiway ANOVA of orientation vector coefficients), so data were pooled for the 44 labyrinths. The angle between the anterior and posterior SCC was 94.0 ± 4.0° (mean ± SD). The angle between the anterior and horizontal SCC was 90.6 ± 6.2°. The angle between the horizontal and posterior SCC was 90.4 ± 4.9°. The direction angles between a vector normal to the left horizontal SCC and the positive Reid's stereotaxic X (+nasal), Y (+left), and Z (+superior) axes were 108.7 ± 7.5°, 92.2 ± 5.7°, and 19.9 ± 7.0°, respectively. The angles between a vector normal to the left anterior SCC and the positive Reid's stereotaxic X, Y, and Z axes were 125.9 ± 5.2°, 38.4 ± 5.1°, and 100.1 ± 6.2°, respectively. The angles between a vector normal to the left posterior SCC and the positive Reid's stereotaxic X, Y, and Z axes were 133.6 ± 5.3°, 131.5 ± 5.1°, and 105.6 ± 6.6°, respectively. The mean anterior SCC–contralateral posterior SCC angle was 15.3 ± 7.2°. The absolute orientations of human SCC are more nearly orthogonal than previously reported.     

Outcomes of endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation for epistaxis: a five-year series from a single institution

Epistaxis is a common emergency seen by the otolaryngologist. A minority of cases require surgical intervention. Multiple surgical procedures have been tried in the past, including endoscopic ligation of the sphenopalatine artery (ELSPA), which is considered an effective surgical modality in the management of epistaxis. This study examines the outcome of 33 ELSPA procedures over a 5-year period. Three of 4 cases that were not controlled with ELSPA were successfully managed with subsequent anterior ethmoidal ligation. Failed ELSPA procedures may represent an incorrect choice of procedure rather than a failure of the procedure. High-resolution computed tomography can identify the position of the anterior ethmoidal artery; it may be possible to infer vulnerability to hemorrhage from this artery and hence target procedure selection.     

Die digitale Volumentomographie in der HNO-Heilkunde

Digital volume tomography (DVT) is an advancement of panoramic tomography used in dentistry. DVT enables precise display of fine osseous structures without any disturbing artefacts. This makes its application interesting in the field of the lateral, anterior skull base and paranasal sinuses, as well as for the diagnosis of nasal bone fractures. The tomograms can be completed according to need by volume rendering or panoramic slices within a short time. Assuming they have the appropriate technical qualifications in radiation protection, ENT specialists are even able to perform tomography independently using DVT.     

Lista de verificación de tomografía computarizada de hueso temporal y base de cráneo lateral

Computed tomography scan of the temporal bone is a fundamental imaging modality for both the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of pathologies affecting this complex structure. Temporal bone computed tomography scan provides a more detailed depiction of bone structures, compared with magnetic resonance imaging and, for this reason computed tomography scan is the imaging modality of choice in the planning of otological surgery.The aim of this article is to present a checklist to allow the otolaryngologist to assess systematically and in an organized manner the main anatomical landmarks, anatomical variants, as well as the most common postoperative surgical changes, which can be identified before any safe otological surgery.This revision was promoted by the Spanish Society of Otolaryngology and elaborated in a checklist template divided into the different areas of the temporal bone and the lateral skull base.     

New guidelines for endoscopic localization of the anterior ethmoidal artery: a cadaveric study

OBJECTIVES: To determine objective data to improve the methods of identification of the anterior ethmoidal artery during endoscopic dissection. STUDY DESIGN: Cadaveric dissection of adult human heads. METHODS: A 0 degrees, 4-mm rigid endoscope was used to guide uncinectomy and frontoethmoidectomy. The location of the anterior ethmoidal artery was first determined visually and then confirmed by passing a needle through the anterior ethmoidal foramen from the orbit into the nose in all cases. The distances were endoscopically measured using a simple ruler between two nasal landmarks and the anterior ethmoidal artery. RESULTS: Fifty-six nasal fossae in 28 cadavers were dissected endoscopically. The median distance between the artery and the "axilla" formed by the anterior attachment of the middle turbinate to the lateral nasal wall was 20 mm (range, 17-25 mm), irrespective of the side. The measurement differed by less than 2 mm between the sides in the same individual. The median distance between the artery and the "axilla" formed by the medial and lateral crura of the lower lateral cartilage (superomedial edge of the nostril) was 62 mm (range, 55-75 mm) for both sides. The artery was found to be in direct alignment with the two "axillae" formed by the middle turbinate and the nostril edge. CONCLUSIONS: The distance between the ethmoidal artery and the axilla of the middle turbinate showed the least intraindividual and interindividual variations. The tip of the endoscope (or the ruler) points directly at the anterior ethmoidal artery in the fovea ethmoidalis when its edge is aligned with the two nasal landmarks. These simple guidelines can aid the identification of the artery in endoscopic frontoethmoidectomy.     

颅底临床解剖标志与颅底肿瘤手术的安全性

目的　探讨颅底手术的重要解剖标志 ,保证颅底手术的安全性并彻底根治肿瘤。方法对我院 10年来 2 9例不同颅底手术进行回顾性总结 ,分析颅底的鸡冠、翼突和颞骨棘、茎突和颈内动脉及其各自的毗邻解剖结构在术前诊断、不同手术进路切除肿瘤时的应用情况。结果　本组初期3例手术中有 2例术后颅底有部分肿瘤残留 ;其余 2 6例颅底手术中 ,皆在直视下完全切除肿瘤 ,无手术死亡及严重颅脑并发症。本组 2 9例中 ,侵犯颅底的恶性肿瘤行不同的颅底手术 19例 ,其 3年生存率为 72 2 % (13/ 18) ,5年生存率为 35 7% (5 / 14 )。结论　鸡冠、翼突和颞骨棘、茎突和颈内动脉及其各自的毗邻解剖结构分别是不同的颅底手术重要标志 ,正确认识这些临床解剖标志是颅底手术安全成功的保证     

颅底临床解剖标志与颅底肿瘤手术的安全性

目的 探讨颅底手术的重要解剖标志，保证颅底手术的安全性并彻底根治肿瘤。方法 对我院10年来29例不同颅底手术进行回顾性总结，分析颅底的鸡冠、翼突和颞骨棘、茎突和颈内动脉及其各自的毗邻解剖结构在术前诊断、不同手术进路切除肿瘤时的应用情况。结果 本组初期3例手术中有2例术后颅底有部分肿瘤残留；其余26例颅底手术中，皆在直视下完全切除肿瘤，无手术死亡及严重颅脑并发症。本组29例中，侵犯颅底的恶性肿瘤行不同的颅底手术19例，其3年生存率为72．2％(13／18)，5年生存率为35．7％(5／14)。结论 鸡冠、翼突和颞骨棘、茎突和颈内动脉及其各自的毗邻解剖结构分别是不同的颅底手术重要标志，正确认识这些临床解剖标志是颅底手术安全成功的保证。     

Anatomical landmarks for transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery

Resection of midline skull base lesions involve approaches needing extensive neurovascular manipulation. Transnasal endoscopic approach (TEA) is minimally invasive and ideal for certain selected lesions of the anterior skull base. A thorough knowledge of endonasal endoscopic anatomy is essential to be well versed with its surgical applications and this is possible only by dedicated cadaveric dissections. The goal in this study was to understand endoscopic anatomy of the orbital apex, petrous apex and the pterygopalatine fossa. Six cadaveric heads (3 injected and 3 non injected) and 12 sides, were dissected using a TEA outlining systematically, the steps of surgical dissection and the landmarks encountered. Dissection done by the “2 nostril, 4 hands” technique, allows better transnasal instrumentation with two surgeons working in unison with each other. The main surgical landmarks for the orbital apex are the carotid artery protuberance in the lateral sphenoid wall, optic nerve canal, lateral optico-carotid recess, optic strut and the V2 nerve. Orbital apex includes structures passing through the superior and inferior orbital fissure and the optic nerve canal. Vidian nerve canal and the V2 are important landmarks for the petrous apex. Identification of the sphenopalatine artery, V2 and foramen rotundum are important during dissection of the pterygopalatine fossa. In conclusion, the major potential advantage of TEA to the skull base is that it provides a direct anatomical route to the lesion without traversing any major neurovascular structures, as against the open transcranial approaches which involve more neurovascular manipulation and brain retraction. Obviously, these approaches require close cooperation and collaboration between otorhinolaryngologists and neurosurgeons.     

DVT在诊断SSCDS及颅底微小病变的价值

数字容积CT扫描（digital volume tomography，DVT）是依赖计算机技术的进步新近发展起来的CT扫描技术，具有快速、高质、三维重建特点，在诊断上半规管裂综合征（superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome，SSCDS）及颅底微小病变方面具有较大价值，可以有效避免此类疾病误诊、漏诊，提高疾病检出率。本文就DVT特点、国内外应用及其在诊断SSCDS及颅底微小病变的价值做一介绍。     

Endoscopic resection of ossifying fibroma involving paranasal sinuses and the skull base in a series of 15 cases

Conclusion: The key technical challenges in the resection of OFs are rapid removal of tumors by image-guided navigation, determining the boundary of the resection and the proper control of blood supply through the anterior or posterior ethmoidal arteries.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the clinical data of adult patients with paranasal ossifying fibromas involving the anterior skull base and orbit. The surgical technique and indications are also discussed.

Methods: This study reviewed the clinical data of 15 patients (age >16 years) who underwent resection of paranasal ossifying fibromas involving the anterior skull base and orbit by endoscopic surgery with an image guidance system between October 2006 and October 2014.

Results: The mean age of the 15 patients was 33.2 years (range?=?16–58 years). All tumors were completely resected via endoscopic surgery. Intra-operative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks (four cases) were repaired endoscopically. The mean follow-up duration was 43.1 months. One patient lost vision after surgery, recurrence was observed in two patients, one underwent a third excision 8 years after the second surgery, and the other exhibited residual osteoarthritis 3 years after the first surgery and remained under regular observation. One patient was lost to follow-up.     

Endoscopic surgery of the olfactory cleft

The olfactory cleft is the specific site of development of many tumours (respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma, intestinal-type adenocarcinoma, neuroblastoma, inverted papilloma, glomangiopericytoma, etc.) and is also the site of CSF rhinorrhoea via the cribriform plate (cribri-rhinorrhoea). Olfactory cleft surgery must therefore be considered to be a specific type of surgery, complementary to ethmoidal labyrinth surgery and anterior skull base surgery. Olfactory cleft tumours can be resected according to five different surgical procedures: olfactory cleft mucosal resection, partial resection of the olfactory cleft, total resection of the olfactory cleft, unilateral endoscopic anterior skull base resection, and bilateral endoscopic anterior skull base resection. The diagnosis and closure of cribri-rhinorrhoea (i.e. documented CSF rhinorrhoea, demonstrated to arise from the cribriform plate during endoscopic examination of the olfactory cleft under general anaesthesia in a patient with no localizing signs on imaging) completes this range of treatment options.     

Long-term follow-up of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas: Analysis of recurrences

Objectives: Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma often recurs if the tumor is large. This report is a long-term follow-up of these cases. It establishes the prognostic values of tumor extensions, analyzes the anatomic factors involved in recurrences, describes the spontaneous evolution of remnants based on a radiographic follow-up, and evaluates the pertinence of complex combined surgical approaches for invasive tumors and the value of complementary endoscopy. Study Design: Retrospective review of 44 cases treated between 1985 and 1996. Methods: Statistical analysis of the correlation between recurrence and tumor extension as evaluated by systematic analysis of 18 putative tumor extensions on preoperative computed tomography scans. Results: Invasion of the skull base affected two-thirds of the patients, and the rate of recurrence was 27.5%. Extensions to the infratemporal fossa, sphenoid sinus, base of pterygoids and clivus, the cavernous sinus (medial), foramen lacerum, and anterior fossa were correlated with more frequent recurrence. Long-term radiographic follow-up revealed putative residual disease in nine asymptomatic patients: these remnants gradually involuted. Conclusions: The data in the current study emphasize the prognostic value of skull base invasion and the difficulty of complete resection of extended lesions. Tumor remnants detected in symptom-free patients should be kept under surveillance by repeated computed tomography scan, since involution may occur. Recurrent symptoms may be treated by radiotherapy (30 Gy) rather than by extended combined procedures. Endoscopic surgery should be combined with surgery for better control of skull base extensions.