根类药材商品规格等级标准研究模式探讨

中药商品规格等级标准作为市场商品流通中的重要组成部分,对约束市场秩序,保证药材质量具有重要意义。国务院发布的《中药材保护和发展规划(2015—2020年)》也明确提出了"完善中药材流通行业规范,完善常用中药材商品规格等级"的重要任务。根类药材作为中药材中的一大类,其传统规格等级的划分复杂,而在现行等级标准的制定上尚缺少较为合理的研究模式。该文通过全面梳理商品规格等级标准及相关研究背景,分析根类药材商品规格等级研究现状及问题,总结标准制定中的关键环节,并以太子参为例介绍了根类药材商品规格等级标准的研究思路,为其它根类药材商品规格等级标准的制定提供研究参考。     

Administration of Ginseng radix decreases nitric oxide synthase expression in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Alternation of NOS expression is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous secondary complications of diabetes. Aqueous extract of Ginseng radix has traditionally been used for the various disorders including diabetes. In this study, the effect of Ginseng radix on the NOS expression in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was investigated via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. Enhanced NOS expression was detected in the hippocampus of diabetic rats and administration of Ginseng radix suppressed NOS expression. Ginseng radix may aid the treatment of central nervous system complications in diabetes.     

黄芪、参麦联合牛磺酸治疗病毒性心肌炎的疗效观察

目的：采用黄芪、参麦与牛磺酸联合的方法对病毒性心肌炎进行治疗的,临床疗效进行观察分析。方法：随机抽取患有病毒性心肌炎的患者病例90例,分为A、B两组,每组各45例,A组采用常规治疗方法,B组在常规治疗基础上采用黄芪、参麦注射液与牛磺酸联合的方法进行治疗,对两组的临床疗效进行比较。结果：两组患者经过治疗后,临床症状、生命体征、心电图表现均有明显改善,但是B组的治疗效果要明显优于A组（P〈0．05）。结论：采用黄芪、参麦与牛磺酸联合的方法对病毒性心肌炎进行治疗,各味药物之间有很好的协同作用,临床治疗效果非常明显,值得临床使用与推广。     

Effects of Bupleurum scorzoneraefolium, Bupleurum falcatum, and saponins on nephrotoxic serum nephritis in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Bupleuri radix is a commonly prescribed Oriental herbal medicine containing extracts of different Bupleuri species. We wished to determine whether two of these species, Bupleurum scorzoneraefolium and Bupleurum falcatum, or their active ingredients, saikosaponins a, c, and d, could prevent the development of immune-complex nephritis in nephrotoxic serum treated mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immune-complex nephritis was created in C57BL/6 mice by administration of nephrotoxic serum containing anti-basement membrane antibodies. Mice were next given one of five treatments: Bupleurum scorzoneraefolium, Bupleurum falcatum, saikosaponin a, saikosaponin c, or saikosaponin d. Proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and renal histological changes were then examined. RESULTS: Saikosaponin c almost completely prevented the development of nephritis, although immune-complex deposition was not affected. Bupleurum falcatum and saikosaponin d had a significant, although lesser effect, and Bupleurum falcatum and saikosaponin a showed no effect. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism of action of saikosaponin c and the reasons for the difference between the two bupleuri species should be investigated further in order to find the best way to utilize the therapeutic effect of Bupleuri radix on nephritis.     

败酱及墓头回基原的沿革与变迁

败酱和墓头回均为传统中药材,市售基原和入药部位混杂,为探究败酱和墓头回基原与入药部位的沿革与变迁,该文通过查阅历代本草书籍有关败酱和墓头回的记载,进行系统整理。发现明代之前败酱来源于败酱属开黄花植物的"根",明清时期败酱来源于白花败酱Patrinia villosa的"带根全草";明代时墓头回开始药用,来源于败酱属开黄花植物的"根",其基原与明代之前败酱基原相同,均为败酱属开黄花的植物。因此应把墓头回并入败酱之类,以败酱属植物败酱P.scabiosaefolia和异叶败酱P.heterophylla的"根"与其"地上部分"作为败酱正品来源。     

Investigation of the processing technology and mechanism of Kansui radix by licorice based on response surface methodology and integrative pharmacology

Background:The herbs should be processed by different methods before use,and the efficacy and toxicity of Chinese herbal medicines may change,which may enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity after processing.Gansui(Kansui radix)is a common clinical herbal medicine,and there are considerable changes in its toxicity and efficacy after processing.Gaocao(Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizome)has a detoxifying effect.Methods:Using the contents of euphorbiadienol and the alcohol-soluble extract of Glycyrrhizae radix-processed Kansui radix as evaluation indexes,response surface methodology was used to optimize the processing technology of Kansui radix by exploring the effects of Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-addition amount,frying temperature,and frying time on the processing technology of Kansui radix.Meanwhile,response surface software was used to analyze experimental data to determine the processing parameters of Kansui radix by Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma.Integrative Pharmacology-based Research Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine is used to analysis the potential ingredients of Kansui radix and verify the potential ingredients by western blotting.Results:The technology of Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-processed Kansui radix was optimized for the Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-addition amount of 27%,frying temperature of 180℃,and frying time of 11 min.The network pharmacology analysis revealed that Kansui radix could cause kidney,liver,and heart injury by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Kansui radix at high or low dose could decrease the ratio of p-AKT/AKT while Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-processed Kansui could increase it.Conclusion:The model established by response surface methodology is relatively accurate and can predict the contents of euphorbiadienol and alcohol extract of processed Kansui radix.The toxic effects and its mechanism of action of Kansui radix and processed Kansui radix on kidney,liver,and heart,from the perspective of systems biology,have provided scientific evidence to its clinical application.     

Effects of ginseng radix on sugar absorption in the small intestine

Ginseng radix (GR) is often used in traditional Japanese kampo medicine. We studied the effect of GR on glucose and maltose transport in rat and human duodenal mucosa by Ussing's method, and on smooth muscle movement in rat duodenal muscle by Magnus' method. GR inhibited absorption of glucose or maltose in rat and human duodenal mucosa, but increased duodenal muscle movement. It suggests that the inhibition of sugar absorption by GR is more dominant than enhancement of duodenal muscle movement by GR.     

Augmentation of immune cell activity against tumor cells by Rauwolfia radix

In this study, we investigated the effect of Rauwolfia radix on heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression and cytotoxicity against tumor cells in activated human T cells. When activated T cells were cultured with Rauwolfia radix for 18 h, HSP70 expression after heat shock was remarkably increased, and cytotoxicity against T98G tumor cells was augmented. Moreover, Rauwolfia radix also enhanced the cytotoxicity of heat shocked activated T cells against Molt-4 and T98G tumor cells. Secretions of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-alpha), due to Concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation, were increased by Rauwolfia radix in activated T cells. To investigate the antitumor effect in vivo, EL-4 tumor-bearing mice were administered with Rauwolfia radix in drinking water. The survival period of the Rauwolfia radix treatment group was significantly prolonged compared with that of the control group. Reserpine, the major active ingredient of Rauwolfia radix, also enhanced the cytotoxicity of activated T cells against Molt-4 and T98G tumor cells, and prolonged the survival period of EL-4 tumor-bearing mice. Taken together, our results suggest that Rauwolfia radix can enhance the activity of immune cells against tumor cells.     

单味中药抗流感病毒研究进展

流行性病毒感冒是由流感病毒感染引起的急性呼吸道传染病。我国有着丰富的中草药资源,中医药防治流行性感冒,价格低廉,效果明显,易于普及,有着广阔的发展前景。从古至今用中药治疗普通感冒、病毒性感冒或流行性感冒及退热疗效十分显著。许多中医药学者利用现代科学技术手段,结合传统的中医药基础理论,对具有抗流感病毒的单味中药作了较为深入的研究,提供了抗流行性感冒病毒的平台,取得了丰硕的成果,已筛选出了大批对流感病毒有效的中草药及其复方制剂。鉴于中药在抗流感病毒方面的优势,本研究以查阅文献方法为主,就目前单味中药的研究状况给予总结,主要包括具有直接抗流感病毒作用和间接抗流感病毒作用的中草药;直接抗流感病毒作用的中药以板蓝根、大青叶、金银花、连翘、鱼腥草等为代表药,间接抗流感病毒作用的中药以儿茶、栀子、柴胡、甘草等为代表,总结了其抗流感病毒活性成分及相应中药部位的研究及作用机制,借鉴目前的研究成果,希望对进一步深入研究有一定的指导意义。     

Puerariae radix promotes differentiation and mineralization in human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells

Puerariae radix (PR) is a traditional medicine herb used for enhancing body resistance against various diseases. The aim of this study was to identify whether Puerariae radix extract induces osteogenic activity in human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells. Puerariae radix had no effect on the viability of osteoblastic cells, and dose-dependently increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Puerariae radix markedly increased mRNA expression for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), and type I collagen (Col I) in SaOS-2 cells. Extracellular accumulation of proteins such as VEGF and Col I was increased in a dose-dependent manner. Also, Puerariae radix significantly induced mineralization in the culture of SaOS-2 cells. In conclusion, this study showed that Puerariae radix had no effect on viability, but enhanced ALP activity, VEGF, bone matrix proteins such as OCN, OPN, and Col I, and mineralization in SaOS-2 cells. These results propose that Puerariae radix can play an important role in osteoblastic bone formation, and may possibly lead to the development of bone-forming drugs.     

Administration of chinese herbal medicines facilitates the locomotor activity in dystrophin-deficient mice.

The purpose of this study was to access the effects of chinese herbal medicines on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We use dystrophin-deficient mice (mdx), an animal model of DMD, to evaluate the effect of chinese herbal medicines on locomotor activity. The consumption of water for each mouse was controlled during the three-month experimental session. Each mouse was allowed to drink 3 ml water with or without herbal medicines daily for three months. The estimated intake of chinese herbal medicine in adult mdx mouse with 30 g weight is 100 mg/kg per day, close to a dose used in human. The locomotor activity of the mdx mice was measured every month. Monitoring the locomotor activity of mdx mice after three-month administration of chinese herbal medicines, the results showed that liu-wei-di-huang-wan (LDW) and san-lin-pai-tsu-san (SPS) can facilitate locomotor activity with the parameters of horizontal activity, total distance, number of movements, movement time, vertical activity, number of vertical movements, vertical movement time, stereotypy, number of stereotyped movements, and stereotyped movement time. These results suggest that either LDW or SPS can act as a potent herbal medicine for the pharmacological treatment of DMD patients.     

Traditional Japanese herbal (kampo) medicines and treatment of ocular diseases: a review

Herbal medicines have been used clinically in Eastern Asia, and traditional Japanese herbal (Kampo) formulas are approved as ethical drugs. The Kampo formulas are mixtures of the crude extracts of several herbs, each of which contains multiple components. Numerous investigators have reported that some herbal medicines are efficacious for treating several human diseases. We reviewed the literature on traditional herbal medicines and treatment of ocular diseases. Oral Orengedoku-to and Kakkon-to inhibit postoperative uveitis in humans. Oral Goshajinki-gan improved ocular surface disorders in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Oral Hachimijio-gan increased retinal blood flow. Keishi-bukuryo-gan Sho might be associated with vitreoretinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Oral Hachimijio-gan and Goshajinki-gan delayed lens opacification in rats and mice. Oral Sairei-to, Orengedoku-to, Senkanmeimoku-to, Scutellariae radix extract, Gardeniae fructus extract, topical Liguisticum wallichii rhizoma extract, and intravenous injection of tetramethylpyrazine, baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, and crocetin inhibited some forms of experimental uveitis in rabbits. Topical glycyrrhizinate improved allergic conjunctivitis in humans and rats. Oral crocetin improved eyestrain in humans. Oral berberine diminished experimental uveitis in rats. Baicalein, wogonin, berberine, and berberrubine inhibited in vitro expression of several cytokines in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Some Kampo formulas are efficacious for treating several ocular diseases in humans and animals. Some herbal extracts and their components inhibit some forms of experimental uveitis.     

Bioactivity enhancement of herbal supplements by intestinal microbiota focusing on ginsenosides

Intestinal microbiota contribute to diverse mammalian processes including the metabolic functions of drugs. It is a potential new territory for drug targeting, especially for dietary herbal products. Because most herbal medicines are orally administered, the chemical profile and corresponding bioactivities of herbal medicines may be altered by intestinal microbiota. Ginseng is one of the most commonly used herbs and it is an attractive natural product to study its effect in the body. In this review, after briefly introducing the interactions of herbal products and gut microbiota, we discuss the microbiota-mediated metabolism of ginsenosides in ginseng and red ginseng. In particular, the major metabolite compound K and its pharmacological advances are described including anticancer, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. In summary, the intestinal microbiota may play an important role in mediating the metabolism bioactivity of herbal medicines.     

收涩类中药对小鼠肝癌血道及淋巴道转移的影响

目的观察收涩类中药对小鼠H22腹水型肝癌细胞血道和淋巴道转移的影响。方法血道转移实验,取昆明种小鼠50只,随机分为5组,每组各10只,即阴性对照组、参一胶囊组(120 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))、椿皮组(62.5g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))、乌梅组(250 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))和山莱萸组(75 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))。,将小鼠尾静脉接种H22肝癌细胞悬液,自造模之日起,连续灌胃给药14 d后,脱颈椎处死小鼠,观察小鼠的肺部转移瘤生长情况及血液流变学指标的变化;淋巴道转移实验分组与给药同血道转移实验,采用腹水型肝癌H22瘤株,在小鼠右下肢爪垫内侧皮下注射接种,连续给药21 d后,脱颈椎处死小鼠,观察小鼠实体瘤的瘤重量、抑瘤率、肺部转移率、淋巴结转移等相关指标的变化情况。结果血道转移实验中,椿皮组和山茱萸组的肺部转移结节数较模型组明显减少,椿皮组能明显改善血液流变学指标;淋巴道转移实验中,乌梅组和山茱萸组的肺部转移结节较模型组明显减少,抑瘤率明显增加;三味收涩药的淋巴结转移显著减少。结论收涩类中药对H22腹水型肝癌细胞血道及淋巴道两种转移途径均有一定的抑制作用。     

止咳中成药的组方特点研究

目的：揭示止咳中成药的功能、主治及使用药物的特点,为新止咳中成药的开发立项提供参考。方法：以《中华人民共和国药典》和《新编国家中成药》中收载的中成药为对象,收录在功能、主治中出现“止咳”、“镇咳”、“止嗽”、“咳嗽”、“久咳”等关键字的中成药,开展“功能、主治、使用药物”等组方特点的分析。结果：684 个止咳中成药涉及功能术语462 个,共使用1 533 次;常用者为止咳化痰、止咳、化痰、清热解表、平喘、祛风解热、止咳平喘、清肺热、解表和润肺等。684 个止咳中成药共涉及48 大类主治,共使用1 107 次;常见者为急慢性气管/支气管炎、外感风热感冒、外感风寒感冒、“痰热壅肺,咳嗽痰多”、急性上呼吸道感染、哮喘、急慢性咽喉炎、肺热咳嗽等。684 个止咳中成药共涉及使用537 类药材和化学药,其中,植物药441 种,动物药36 种,矿物药25 种,化学药35 种;使用频率位列前10 位的药材为：甘草、桔梗、苦杏仁、薄荷、陈皮、麻黄、黄芩、紫苏、半夏、川贝母;1/4 的中成药使用了提取物;还用了化橘红、生姜、梨、西瓜、香菇等5 类食品或水果。结论：止咳中成药的主治涉及的病种繁多,主要用于咳嗽（热性咳嗽最多见）、痰多、喘息、咽炎、喉炎等的治疗;“清热、祛风、解表”法在止咳作用的实现上具有重要地位;功能和主治术语的表达不规范和不明确;使用的药物以植物药为主,亦使用了动物药、矿物药和化学药物、食品水果;从民族民间用药中发掘出具有肯定临床疗效,并以提取物为主组方的制剂是止咳中成药新药开发的重要途径之一。     

大黄有效成分开发与主治创新

自古以来,大黄主治都是以泻下为主,在中医临床一直是泻里攻下的首选药物。但是,近代以来,随着科学技术的进步和临床医学的发展,对大黄的研究越来越受到人们的重视。随着发现大黄的活性成分不断增多,大黄的临床主治也在不断扩大。     

几种中药提取物和药物对乙醇脱氢酶活性影响的研究

目的：探讨了六种中药水提取物和醇提取物及几种药物对乙醇脱氢酶活性的影响，为中药解酒保肝药物的开发提供酶学依据。方法：选择古方中常用的几味解酒保肝中药及临床常用的药物，应用瓦勒一霍赫（Valle＆Hoch）法体外测定这些药物对乙醇脱氢酶活性的影响。结果：白豆蔻和葛花的水提物、葛花醇提物、市售解酒保肝茶、九宝、葛花王、L-半胱氨酸，三七皂甙等对乙醇脱氢酶有激活作用，激活率分别为2．8％、16．0％、3．3％、40．1％、16．0％、14．3％、30．5％、10．1％。而葛根、三七、甘草、枳棋子、芦荟的水提物和醇提物、白豆蔻醇提物、盐酸雷尼替丁对乙醇脱氢酶的活性有抑制作用。结论：其中，有些药物可以通过提高乙醇脱氢酶活性来降低乙醇浓度，这可能是解酒药的作用机制之一。而其它药物的解酒机制不能单纯从酶学方面解释。     

山西道地药材质量研究概述

山西地理位置独特,地形地貌复杂多样,中药材资源丰富,且药材历史悠久,经过历史的发展形成了多种道地药材。近年来,国家和山西省出台了一系列支持中医药发展的政策来推进中药材产业的发展。本文通过对不同产地党参、连翘、黄芪、柴胡、款冬花、远志药材中有效成分含量进行比较,并以此为一个方面来反映药材的质量,对山西药材的品质进行评价。结果表明来自山西道地产区的药材有效成分含量较其他地区药材有效成分含量高,这在一定程度上说明药材品质较好,可为山西道地药材的发展提供理论依据。