预防性回肠造口在直肠癌超低位前切除术中的应用价值

目的探讨预防性回肠造口降低直肠癌超低位前切除术后吻合口瘘发生率的临床价值。方法回顾性分析8年间行直肠癌超低位前切除术98例患者的临床资料。比较实施预防性回肠造口组(A)45例和未实施组(B)53例两组间吻合口瘘发生率的差异。结果A组仅1例发生吻合口瘘(2.2%);B组11例发生吻合口瘘(20.8%)(P(0.05)。结论有选择的预防性回肠造口,可有效降低直肠癌超低位前切除术后吻合口瘘的发生率。     

保护性造口在直肠癌低位前切除术中价值的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的前瞻性评价保护性造口在直肠癌低位前切除术中的价值。方法选择2006年10月～2011年10月间在我院接受择期开腹根治性低位前切除术,并符合入选标准的100例中下段直肠癌患者,随机分为三组：A组33例在完成结直肠吻合后行经升结肠回肠置管造口术;B组35例行横结肠或末段回肠袢式造口术;C组32例不行保护性造口术。观察吻合口漏的发生率以及造口相关的并发症。结果 100例患者术后发生吻合口漏5例,总的吻合口漏发生率为5.0%。A、B、C组的吻合口漏发生率分别为6.1%（2/33）、5.7%（2/35）和3.1%（1/32）,组间比较无统计学差异（P=0.838,P〉0.05）。68例行保护性造口患者（A＋B组）和32例不行保护性造口患者（C组）术后吻合口漏的发生率分别为5.9%（4/68）和3.1%（1/32）,无统计学差异（P=0.922,P〉0.05）。4例（A、B组）有保护性造口发生吻合口漏的患者症状较轻,而1例（C组）无保护性造口发生吻合口漏患者的症状较重。A组中仅2例在拔除回肠置管后发生腹壁瘘口短暂的溢肠内容物现象,经换药后很快愈合。而B组中肠造口并发症的发生率为25.7%（9/35）,后期造口还纳术并发症的发生率为22.9%（8/35）。结论保护性造口不能降低直肠癌低位前切除术后吻合口漏的发生,但能减轻吻合口漏发生后的症状。传统的保护性横结肠或末段回肠袢式造口术造口相关的并发症发生率较高。对具有吻合口漏高危因素患者,经升结肠回肠置管造口术是一种理想的可供选择的方法。     

Protective defunctioning stoma in low anterior resection for rectal carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Anastomotic leak is a serious complication of resection for low rectal carcinoma. METHODS: Data from a prospective multicentre study conducted between January 2000 and December 2001 were analysed to determine the early outcome after low anterior resection in patients with and without a protective stoma. The morbidity and mortality rates associated with ileostomy and colostomy closure were compared. RESULTS: Eight hundred and eighty-one (32.3 per cent) of 2729 patients received a protective stoma after low anterior resection. Overall anastomotic leak rates were similar in patients with or without a stoma (14.5 versus 14.2 per cent respectively). The incidence of leaks that required surgical intervention was significantly lower in those with a protective stoma (3.6 versus 10.1 per cent; P < 0.001), as was the mortality rate (0.9 versus 2.0 per cent; P = 0.037). Logistic regression analysis showed that provision of a protective stoma was the most powerful independent variable for avoiding an anastomotic leak that required surgical correction. Seven hundred and twenty-four of the 881 patients who received a stoma were followed up. The overall postoperative morbidity associated with stoma closure was significantly lower for colostomy than for ileostomy (15.3 versus 22.4 per cent; P = 0.031). CONCLUSION: A protective stoma reduced the rate of anastomotic leakage that required surgical intervention, and mitigated the sequelae of such leakage. Colostomy closure was associated with less morbidity than closure of an ileostomy.     

直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏的影响因素分析

目的 探讨直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术后吻合口漏的相关影响因素.方法 对2005年1月至2007年12月施行直肠癌前切除手术的738例连续患者的临床资料行回顾性研究.分析影响吻合口漏发生的相关因素.结果 单因素分析显示低位直肠癌(肿瘤距肛缘≤7cm)、非结直肠专科术者和放置肛管与吻合口漏发生率相关.低位直肠癌的吻合口漏发生率显著高于高位直肠癌(5.9%vs.0.9%.P=0.003).结直肠专科术者手术吻合口漏发生率显著低于非专科术者(3.9%vs.11.3%.P=0.031).结直肠专科术者手术的患者中低位直肠癌比例也明显高于非专科术者(72.1%vs.52.8%,P=0.003).放置肛管组的吻合口漏发生率反而明显高于未放置组(14.5%vs.3.6%.P<0.001).多因素分析显示除低位直肠癌、非结直肠专科术者和放置肛管外,糖尿病(P=0.027)、远端切缘肿瘤距离<1 cm(P=0.009)和预防性造口(P=0.031)也与吻合口漏的发生相关.在522例低位直肠癌中进一步分析发现,预防性造口组的吻合口漏发生率明显低于未造口组(2.9%vs.8.5%,P=0.007);而由于保护作用较差及选择偏倚存在,肛管放置组的吻合口漏发生率仍显著高于未放置组(15.1%vs.4.9%,P=0.008).结论 低位直肠癌、非结直肠专科术者以及糖尿病是直肠癌术后吻合口漏的危险因素,而预防性造口能有效预防低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏的发生.     

腹腔镜低位直肠癌经肛拖出切除吻合术的临床应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜低位直肠癌经肛拖出切除吻合术的临床应用价值.方法 2009年6月～ 2011年9月,对45例低位直肠癌行腹腔镜经肛拖出切除吻合术,均行腹腔镜下全直肠系膜切除,并行预防性回肠造瘘.结果 45例均完成手术,无中转开腹,切割圈均完整,无输尿管损伤.手术时间185 ～ 260 min,平均215 min,术中出血量50 ～250 ml,平均110ml.切除淋巴结15 ～ 20枚,平均16.5枚,术后病理9例有阳性淋巴结.术后回肠造瘘排气时间3～5d,平均3.5d,留置导尿3～4d.术后无切口感染、肠粘连、切口裂开,术后住院时间12～ 17 d,平均15 d.随访15～28个月,平均23个月,未发现局部复发及远处转移.回肠造瘘回纳后,肛门控便、控气功能良好.结论 腹腔镜低位直肠癌经肛拖出切除吻合术安全可行,为瘤体较小、组织学分型好的早、中期的低位直肠癌提供一种较好的术式选择.     

Septic complications after low anterior rectal resection--is diverting stoma still justified?

A retrospective study was designed to determine the effects of faecal diversion on the rate and severity of clinical anastomotic leaks after low anterior resection. The study explored the complications of stoma closure as well. During the period between 1 January 1995 and 30 July 2000, anterior rectal resection was performed on 249 patients with anastomoses created at a 6-cm or smaller distance to the dentate line. In 74 cases, the anastomosis was protected by loop ileostomy. The indications for creating a stoma were evaluated subjectively, by the operating surgeon. In 64 patients, the ileostoma was closed 3 months later. A 'clinical leak' after anterior resection was defined as an anastomotic insufficiency with clinically relevant consequences. The overall rate of anastomotic leak was 6.4 per cent; it was 5.1% (9/175) without and 9.4% (7/74) with a protective stoma. In 8 out of 9 patients, the anastomotic leak that had occurred without a protective stoma warranted laparatomy and defunctioning colostomy. Lavage and drainage of the peritoneal cavity and the presacral space were necessary in 6 out of these 8 cases- and furthermore, the deranged anastomosis had to be removed in 2 patients. Local management was successful in a single case only. Although relaparotomy entails long-term intensive care, all reoperated patients survived anastomotic leakage. Seven patients with a leak despite a protective did not require laparatomy; transanal drainage was appropriate in all cases. There were no fatalities in this group either. Only one fatal complication from suture leakage occurred after stoma-closure. Abdominal exploration was inevitable in almost all patients with a clinical anastomotic leak and without defunctioning stoma. By contrast, patients with anastomotic insufficiency despite a protective stoma were successfully managed without further intra-abdominal intervention. As shown by these results, faecal diversion undoubtedly mitigates the clinical consequences of anastomotic leaks, but cannot prevent its occurrence. When considering the cumulative risk of surgical complications associated with anterior resection, the complications of stoma-closure must also be taken into account. Our data confirm that a defunctioning stoma is beneficial for high-risk patients, who are unfit for a second abdominal procedure required to control suture leakage.     

直肠癌超低位前切除术中辅助性回肠造口的临床价值探讨

目的　探讨辅助性回肠造口在直肠癌超低位前切除术中降低吻合口漏发生率的临床价值。方法　对1996年10月至2003年10月行直肠癌超低位前切除术83例患者分成施行或未施行辅助性回肠造口两组,分析两组间吻合口漏发生率的差异。结果　46例未行辅助性回肠造口组 11 例发生吻合口漏,37例行辅助性回肠造口组均未发生吻合口漏。结论　在直肠癌超低位前切除术中,辅助性回肠造口能有效降低吻合口漏的发生率。     

预防性造口对腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术后短期生活质量的影响

目的:探讨预防性造口对腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术后患者短期生活质量的影响。方法:采用回顾性病例对照研究方法,纳入2015年5月—2016年5月空军军医大学附属唐都医院胃肠外科病例信息完整行低位前切除术的低位直肠癌患者98例,其中48例低位前切除术后行预防性回肠造口(造口组),50例未行预防性回肠造口(未造口组),比较两组患者的临床病理资料、术后低位前切除综合征评分和生活质量评分。结果:造口组接受新辅助放化疗的与病理分期较晚的患者明显多于未造口组(均P0.05);两组吻合口漏发生率、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数目及术后住院时间差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);无论是否接受新辅助放化疗,造口组造口还纳后1年内低位前切除综合征评分明显低于未造口组术后1年内低位前切除综合征评分(P0.05);生活质量方面,造口组总体健康状况、躯体功能及情绪功能评分在术后3个月与6个月、社会功能和角色功能评分在术后3个月、腹泻状况评分在术后半年内均明显优于未造口组(均P0.05)。结论:预防性造口可减轻腹腔镜低位直肠癌前切除术患者术后低位前切除综合征症状的严重程度,并改善术后短期生活质量。     

直肠癌超低位前切除术中行预防性回肠造口的临床评价

目的评价预防性回肠造口在直肠癌超低位前切术中对降低吻合口瘘发生率的临床价值。方法1999年1月~2005年11月行直肠癌超低位前切术64例,36例(A组)未施行预防性回肠造口,28例(B组)同时行预防性回肠造口,比较两组吻合口瘘发生率、住院时间等。结果A组9例发生吻合口瘘,B组无一例发生吻合口瘘;A、B组平均住院日分别为33 d和25 d;两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论在直肠癌超低位前切术中施行预防性回肠造口能有效地降低吻合口瘘的发生率。     

Delayed transanal repair of persistent coloanal anastomotic leak in diverted patients after resection for rectal cancer

Aim Anastomotic leakage is a feared complication of colorectal surgery and can be devastating in low pelvic anastomosis. With the advent of nonoperative treatments for leakage, the question of management of persistent low colorectal and coloanal anastomosis arises. A review of patients who have undergone transanal repair of anastomotic leakage is presented. Method A review of all anastomoses performed in the Division of Colorectal surgery at two institutions, from January 2000 to June 2008, was performed. Anastomotic leakage was defined as the finding at reoperation of a dehiscence, or radiographic findings of extravasation from the anastomosis, or the identification of intra‐abdominal abscess formation at the site of the anastomosis, enterocutaneous fistula or rectovaginal fistula. Patients who underwent transanal repair of the leakage were identified. Results There were 663 low anterior resections performed during the study period. Of these, 36 experienced leakage of a low colorectal or coloanal anastomosis. Of these 36 patients, five underwent transanal repair of the anastomotic leak. All had had a low anterior resection for rectal cancer (coloanal = 4; low colorectal anastomosis = 1). Four had had prior chemoradiation and ileostomy defunctioning at the initial operation. The fifth had an ileostomy created to treat a leak. Six transanal repairs were performed, including endorectal advancement flap (n = 3), dermal flap (n = 1), direct suture repair (n = 1) and debridement of an infected cavity (n = 1). At the time of the present assessment, four patients had undergone reversal of ileostomy after radiographic evidence of complete healing and the fifth patient has a persistent leak. Conclusion Transanal repair of a persistent low colorectal or coloanal anastomotic leakage is feasible in selected cases, even when chemoradiation has been performed.     

预防性横结肠造瘘与末端回肠造瘘在直肠癌低位前切除术中应用比较

目的:比较预防性横结肠造瘘与末端回肠造瘘应用于直肠癌低位前切除术的临床效果。方法:回顾分析79例低位直肠癌行保肛并预防性肠造瘘手术患者临床资料,其中预防性横结肠造瘘33例,预防性末端回肠造瘘46例。比较两组患者术后吻合口瘘、造瘘口相关并发症发生情况以及血清炎症因子水平。结果:两组患者术前资料具有可比性。横结肠造瘘组发生吻合口瘘2例(6.06%),末端回肠造瘘组4例(8.70%),两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);横结肠造瘘组切口感染发生率高于末端回肠造瘘组(P0.05),其他造瘘口相关并发症发生率两组间差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);与术前两组血清C-RP及IL-6水平比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);横结肠造瘘组术后24、48、72 h血清C-RP及IL-6水平均明显高于末端回肠造瘘组(均P0.05)。结论:低位直肠癌前切术中,采用预防性横结肠造瘘与预防性末端回肠造瘘在防止吻合口瘘方面效果相似,但末端回肠造瘘术在减轻术后创伤应激反应,减少并发症方面优于横结肠造瘘术。     

预防性造口在低位直肠癌手术中的应用分析

目的探讨预防性造口在低位直肠癌手术中的应用价值。方法采用病例对照研究,将湖南省攸县人民医院普外科2011年1月~2013年4月期间共46例低位直肠癌患者分为两组:26例行预防性回肠造口(A组),其中23例为回肠双腔造口,3例为回肠单腔造口,术后3月回纳造口;20例未行预防性造口(B组)。对比其术后吻合口漏、肠梗阻、切口感染等并发症发生率。结果 46例患者中共发生7例吻合口漏,其中A组2例(7.7%),B组5例(25%),且死亡1例,两组比较无显著性差异(P0.05);切口感染率A组6例(23.1%),B组5例(25%),两组比较无明显差异(P0.05);肠梗阻发生率A组1例(3.8%),B组3例(15%),两组比较无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论预防性造口可有效降低低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏发生率。对存在2个以上危险因素,尤其是超低位直肠癌(距肛缘低于5cm)推荐行预防性造口术。     

Endo‐sponge treatment of anastomotic leakage after ileo‐anal pouch anastomosis: report of two cases

Objective The endo‐sponge was used in two patients in the treatment of anastomotic leakage following ileo‐anal J‐pouch reconstruction. Recently, local vacuum sponge treatment has shown to be effective to treat contained anastomotic leakage after low anterior anastomosis in rectal cancer patients. Method Two patients (male, 18 years; female, 40 years) who underwent restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis developed localized anastomotic leakage without general peritonitis. This was endoscopically managed by transanal placement of an endo‐sponge (B. Braun Medical B.V., Melsungen, Germany) after a diverting ileostomy was performed. Results The sponge was frequently replaced until resolution of the sinus was achieved in 35 and 56 days. Conclusion Vacuum endo‐sponge treatment can help anastomotic leakage after ileo‐anal pouch surgery.     

Randomized clinical trial comparing loop ileostomy and loop transverse colostomy for faecal diversion following total mesorectal excision

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare loop ileostomy and loop transverse colostomy as the preferred mode of faecal diversion following low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. METHODS: Patients who required proximal diversion after low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision were randomized to have either a loop ileostomy or a loop transverse colostomy. Postoperative morbidity, stoma-related problems and morbidity following closure were compared. RESULTS: From April 1999 to November 2000, 42 patients had a loop ileostomy and 38 had a loop transverse colostomy constructed following low anterior resection. Postoperative intestinal obstruction and prolonged ileus occurred more commonly in patients with an ileostomy (P = 0.037). There was no difference in time to resumption of diet, length of hospital stay following stoma closure and incidence of stoma-related complications after discharge from hospital. A total of seven patients had intestinal obstruction from the time of stoma creation to stoma closure (six following ileostomy and one following colostomy; P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Intestinal obstruction and ileus are more common after loop ileostomy than loop colostomy. Loop transverse colostomy should be recommended as the preferred method of proximal faecal diversion.     

直肠癌新辅助放化疗后预防回肠造口与吻合口漏相关性研究

目的探讨研究保护性回肠造口是否可以降低直肠癌新辅助治疗患者术后吻合口漏的发病率及相关性。方法选取首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院2011年5月-2020年8月直肠癌新辅助放化疗行直肠癌前切除术的患者108例实施保护性回肠造口(试验组)63例,未实施保护性回肠造口(对照组)45例。主要比较两组患者吻合口漏发病率,同时分析吻合口漏相关因素,统计永久造口率。采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析、结果试验组和对照组术后吻合口漏的总发病率分别为9.52%(6/63)和6.66%(3/45)(P=0.59),其中试验组发生A级吻合口漏2例,对照组无A级吻合口漏,两组差异无统计学意义(33.33%比0,P=0.77);试验组发生B级吻合口漏4例,对照组2例,两组差异无统计学意义(66.67%比66.67%,P=0.45);试验组无C级吻合口漏.对照组发生C级吻合口漏1例,两组差异无统计学意义(0比33.33%,P=0.70)。Logistic回归分析显示实施保护性造口与否同吻合口漏的发生无关(P=0.26),肿瘤距肛缘距离关系吻合口漏的发生(P=0.01)。试验组术后永久造口率为9/63(16.67%)。结论保护性回肠造口在降低直肠癌新辅助放化疗患者术后吻合口漏发病率方面并无显著优势,并有可能导致永久造口。     

腹腔镜辅助经肛门全直肠系膜切除术治疗中低位直肠癌的临床体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜辅助经肛门全直肠系膜切除术治疗中低位直肠癌的临床价值.方法:选取2018年5月至2019年3月为5例中低位直肠癌患者行腹腔镜辅助经肛门全直肠系膜切除术的相关临床资料.结果:5例均顺利完成手术,无中转开腹,2例行预防性回肠外置,手术时间平均(302.20±51.72)min,术中出血量(102.35±20...     

直肠癌低位前切除术后早期吻合口出血的应对策略

目的:探讨直肠癌低位前切除术后早期吻合口出血的预防与处理.方法:回顾分析2018年1月至2020年6月收治的458例中低位直肠癌患者的临床资料,患者行腹腔镜或达芬奇机器人直肠癌低位前切除术.结果:术后吻合口出血18例(3.9％),于术后3～18 h发现;出血量100～500 mL.5例经内镜下钛夹止血,8例经肛门吻合口...     

末端回肠外置造口在低位直肠癌手术中的应用

目的探讨末端回肠造口在低位直肠癌手术中的临床价值。方法回顾性分析16例低位直肠癌前切除术中加行末端回肠外置造口术防治吻合口漏的临床资料。结果 16例均经直肠癌低位前切除术切除病灶一期吻合并加行末端回肠外置造口术。术后未发生吻合口漏。2个月后二期手术回纳回肠造口,回纳前3例出现直肠吻合口狭窄,所有病人如期实施造口回纳,未出现并发症。结论末端回肠外置造口制作和回纳简单,手术并发症少,可有效预防和治疗直肠癌术后吻合口漏,尤其在高龄、全身情况较差、有伴发病、手术操作难度大等不利于低位吻合病人中有较好的临床推广价值。     

Influencing Factors of Symptomatic Anastomotic Leakage After Anterior Resection of the Rectum for Cancer

Background  The aim of the present study was to analyze the factors associated with anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal cancer. Methods  Retrospectively collected consecutive data of 738 rectal cancer patients who underwent anterior resection in our hospital between 2005 and 2008 were reviewed. The associations between 15 patient-related and surgery-related variables and anastomotic leakage were studied with both the univariate chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results  Univariate analysis showed that risk factors associated with anastomotic leakage were low rectal cancer (located 5 cm or less above the dentate line) (5.9% vs. 0.9%; P = 0.003), non-specialized surgeon (3.9% vs. 11.3%; P = 0.031), and defunctioning transanal catheter placement (14.5% vs. 3.6%; P < 0.001). It should be noted that the mean surgeon case volumes of anterior resection of colorectal surgeons and non-specialized general surgeons were 43 per year and 2 per year, respectively (P < 0.001). In addition, there was a tendency for colorectal surgeons to operate on a greater proportion of low rectal cancers (72.1% vs. 52.8%; P = 0.003). In the multivariate analysis, besides low rectal cancer, non-specialized surgeon, and transanal catheter placement, three other factors were associated with anastomotic leakage: diabetes mellitus (P = 0.027), free distal margins less than 1 cm (P = 0.009), and a defunctioning stoma (P = 0.031). In a further analysis of 522 patients with low rectal cancer, the leakage rate in patients with a defunctioning stoma was significantly lower (2.9% vs. 8.5%; P = 0.007). By contrast, the leakage rate in the transanal catheter placement group was higher (15.1% vs. 4.9%; P = 0.008), because of its poor protective effect as well as the selection bias. Conclusions  From the findings of this study, we believe that low rectal cancer, non-specialized surgeons, and diabetes mellitus are risk factors for anastomotic leakage after rectal surgery, and that a defunctioning stoma could significantly reduce the incidence of leakage in low rectal cancer patients.     

Loop ileostomy as temporary faecal diversion following total mesorectal excision

Aim: Anastomotic leakage following low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision carries a significant morbidity and mortality. Both loop ileostomy and loop transverse colostomy are common options of temporary faecal diversion to reduce the severity of anastomotic leakage. We use loop ileostomy routinely because of its ease of construction and closure, and low complication rate. Here, we reviewed our result of loop ileostomy. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of all patients who had temporary loop ileostomy constructed following low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision for CA rectum, from 1.1999 to 12.2003. Stoma related morbidity pre and post–closure of loop ileostomy were recorded. Results: Eighty‐eight patients had loop ileostomy constructed and later closed from 1.1999 to 12.2003. Seventeen of them required small bowel resection during closure of the loop ileostomy. Three patients (3.4%) had skin excoriation and one patient (1.1%) had prolonged ileus after the construction of ileostomy (3.4%). After closure of ileostomy, two patients (2.2%) had wound infection and two patients (2.2%) had anastomotic leakage. Six patients (6.8%) developed intestinal obstruction later. Post‐closure intestinal obstruction and anastomotic leakage were found to be associated with small bowel resection during the closure of ileostomy (P=0.042). Conclusion: Loop ileostomy and its closure are associated with low complication rates. We therefore continue to advocate the use of loop ileostomy as a temporary diversion procedure after total mesorectal excision.