结核病线索调查探讨

目的探寻符合边远山区农村实际的结核病人最经济易行的发现办法。方法选择居住较为集中、交通略便利,人口约1.7万人的乡镇作为线索调查点。按3个月至14岁,15至59岁,60岁以上三个年龄段设计六类不同线索进行调查,对胸透异常和咳嗽、咯痰≥3周及既往有结核病史者进行X线摄片,对胸片异常者,同时送3份合格痰标本,直接涂片检查抗酸干菌。结果线调点活动性肺结核35例,涂阳病人12例,患病率为197.1/10万,涂阳患病率为67.6/10万。其线索调查肺结核病人发现率118.3/10万,涂阳病人发现率33.8/10万;2例复治多年耐多药难治病例,耐药率11.3/10万。结论通过三年秦巴卫生结核病控制项目的实施,活动性肺结核患病率和涂阳患病率较2000年明显下降。说明结核病控制项目成效显著。线索调查以咳嗽、咳痰≥3周者活动性,涂阳发现率高,分别为45.1/10万和16.9/10万;有结核病史者次之,检出率分别为16.91/10万和5.6/10万;15岁以下儿童和60岁以上老人PPD筛查和胸透普查均发现活动性和涂阳肺结核病人,发现率发别为16.9/10万和5.6/10万;咳嗽、咳痰<3周及其它症状发现1例活动性肺结核,发现率为5.6/10万;与活动性肺结核病人密切接触者未检出;耐多药结核病患者的治疗带来很大困难,并对结核病流行产生严重后果。     

东莞市结核病控制项目可持续发展的探讨

目的评价东莞市结核病控制项目实施13年的效果。方法收集并分析1992—2004年东莞市项目季报表及有关资料。结果1992—2004年共接诊可疑肺结核患者35 487例,发现涂阳肺结核病人5 614例。涂阳肺结核病人登记率为29.54/10万,新发涂阳病人登记率为25.06/10万。初治涂阳病人治愈率97.9%,复治涂阳病人治愈率84.6%。结论东莞市实施结核病控制项目13年取得显著成绩,获得可行性经验,促进了结核病防治工作的可持续发展。     

东莞市结核病控制项目可持续发展的探讨

目的 评价东莞市结核病控制项目实施13年的效果.方法 收集并分析1992-2004年东莞市项目季报表及有关资料.结果 1992-2004年共接诊可疑肺结核患者35 487例,发现涂阳肺结核病人5 614例.涂阳肺结核病人登记率为29.54/10万,新发涂阳病人登记率为25.06/10万.初治涂阳病人治愈率97.9%,复治涂阳病人治愈率84.6%.结论 东莞市实施结核病控制项目13年取得显著成绩,获得可行性经验,促进了结核病防治工作的可持续发展.     

嘉兴市肺结核病例漏报调查分析

据1990年全国流行病学调查,嘉兴市地区肺结核患病率335/10万,涂阳患病率103/10万.分析登记情况,本地区尚有不少病例未发现或已发现未报告及管理.为此,我们于1990～1993年对本地区综合性医院进行肺结核漏报调查,以提高肺结核病人的登记管理.1990年,对10所医院(市、县各5所)调查.内、儿科门诊60099人次,查出肺结核418例(0.7%);出院登记2656例中,肺结核75例(2.8%);放射科初诊胸片1489份,查出肺结核128例(8.6%).我们认为,查胸片效果较好,正确性较高.在调查时除去重复病人,共查出肺结核621例,已报告210例,漏报411例,漏报率66.2%.     

高州市实施结核病控制项目十年效果评价

目的　高州市实施结核病控制项目的评价。方法　因症就诊胸透筛选痰检确诊病人 ,按统一化疗方案治疗 ,实行全程督导管理。结果　 10年间共接诊可疑肺结核症状者 2 0 12 4人 ,可疑者检痰率为 37.77% ,发现活动性肺结核 5 10 8例 ,其中涂阳肺结核、新发涂阳肺结核分别为 3971和 3317例。涂阳登记率由 13/ 10万提高到 33/10万 ;初治涂阳治愈率达 97.71%、复治涂阳治愈率达 84 .10 %。结论　 10年来结核病控制水平全面提高 ,是实施DOTS现代结核病控制策略的结果。     

长春市世行贷款/英国赠款中国结核病控制项目工作分析

目的评价长春市世行贷款/英国赠款中国结核病控制项目工作。方法收集2003—2006年全市10个县区常规监测相关资料,汇总分析。结果4年共发现涂阳肺结核病人11 533例,涂阳登记率30.80/10万上升至48.64/10万,提高了57.9%;新涂阳病人8 491例,登记率由16.68/10万上升至41.57/10万,提高了149.2%;初治涂阳病人治愈率91.5%,复治涂阳病人治愈率84.0%;复治涂阳病例数及比例逐年下降;病人丢失比例较项目前明显下降,初、复治涂阳病人丢失率分别由项目前3年的5.6%、30.1%降至2006年的0.6%、0.9%。结论项目实施4年中取得了显著成绩。但是控制结核病疫情任务仍艰巨,任重而道远。     

南海市实施结核病控制项目效果分析

目的　评价南海市实施世界银行贷款结核病控制项目的成效。方法 因症就诊胸透筛选、痰检确诊病人,按统一化疗方案治疗,实行全程督导管理。结果 10年间共接诊可疑肺结核症状者19569人,可疑者检查率平均为0.2%,发现活动性肺结核4286例,其中涂阳2558例,涂阳病人占活动性病人59.7%,涂阳登记率从14.07/10万提高到35.66/10万;初复治涂阳比例1:0.14,初治涂阳治愈率94.3%;复治涂阳治愈率82.2%。结论 10年来结核病控制水平整体提高,是实施DOTS现代结核病控制策略的结果。     

村医集中推荐肺结核可疑症状者检查对提高新涂阳肺结核发现率的研究

目的探讨病人主动发现的新途径,提高新涂阳肺结核发现率。方法选择2003年新涂阳登记率低于全省平均水平的30个县,由经过培训的乡村医生对肺结核可疑症状者进行摸底调查,集中组织他们到县结防科或附近的乡镇、综合医院痰检点进行免费查痰。同时,县结防科对其他非结防机构网络直报但未前来就诊的肺结核和疑似肺结核病人进行追踪调查。结果2004年11月至2005年10月,30个县共发现新涂阳肺结核病人12 091例,新涂阳登记率由项目实施前的36.21/10万,提高到49.94/10万(χ²=101.7,P<0.000 1),发现率达到86.0%。30个县共登记肺结核可疑症状者43 464例,其中村医集中推荐15 363例,占35.3%,村医推荐发现新涂阳病人3 870例,占新涂阳病人发现总数的32.0%。县结防科对传染病网络直报病人的追踪率为70.9%,追踪到位率仅33.1%。结论利用村医集中推荐肺结核可疑症状者到县结防科检查,并给予一定的激励机制,是提高病人发现的有效方法之一。     

长春市世行贷款/英国赠款中国结核病控制项目工作分析

目的评价长春市世行贷款/英国赠款中国结核病控制项目工作。方法收集2003—2006年全市10个县区常规监测相关资料,汇总分析。结果4年共发现涂阳肺结核病人11 533例,涂阳登记率30.80/10万上升至48.64/10万,提高了57.9%;新涂阳病人8 491例,登记率由16.68/10万上升至41.57/10万,提高了149.2%;初治涂阳病人治愈率91.5%,复治涂阳病人治愈率84.0%;复治涂阳病例数及比例逐年下降;病人丢失比例较项目前明显下降,初、复治涂阳病人丢失率分别由项目前3年的5.6%、30.1%降至2006年的0.6%、0.9%。结论项目实施4年中取得了显著成绩。但是控制结核病疫情任务仍艰巨,任重而道远。     

福建省畲族人群结核病疫情调查分析

目的 调查福建省畲族人群结核病流行病状。方法 参照全国第四次结核病流调方案与实施细则进行。结果 6个调查点活动性肺结核患病率29.0/10万,涂阳患病率237.3/10万,菌阳患病率248.6/10万,分别是同年福建7个结核病调查点的1.8倍,2.5倍,1.9倍。调查发现21例涂阳病例中已知11例只有3例已经登记管理,仅点27.3%,复治与慢性排菌病人占52.4%,儿童卡痕率为63.9%。结论 畲族人群肺结核流行状况严重,防治工作滞后。     

Assessing the performance of overseas tuberculosis screening programs: a study among US-bound immigrants in Vietnam

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis cases in foreign-born persons account for more than 50% of all tuberculosis cases in the United States. The Institute of Medicine has recommended enhancing overseas screening as one measure to support tuberculosis elimination efforts. We assessed the ability of overseas tuberculosis screening (chest radiograph followed by 3 acid-fast bacilli sputum smears for persons with abnormal chest radiographs [suggestive of active tuberculosis]) to detect pulmonary tuberculosis disease among US-bound immigrants with abnormal chest radiographs. METHODS: During October 1998 to October 1999, 14 098 US immigrant visa applicants were screened overseas in Vietnam. Adult applicants with abnormal chest radiographs were enrolled to assess screening test characteristics among this group using mycobacterial culture as the gold standard for pulmonary tuberculosis disease diagnosis. Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis disease were also evaluated. RESULTS: Among 1179 adult applicants with abnormal chest radiographs, 82 (7.0%) had positive acid-fast bacilli smear results, and 183 (15.5%) had positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture results (pulmonary tuberculosis disease). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of serial acid-fast bacilli screening among this group were 34.4% (63/183), 98.1% (977/996), 76.8% (63/82), and 89.1% (977/1097), respectively. Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis disease included younger age (18-34 years), no history of tuberculosis or treatment, reported symptoms, and cavitation or consolidation on chest radiograph. CONCLUSIONS: The ability of current overseas screening to detect tuberculosis among immigrants with abnormal chest radiographs is low. Improved diagnostic methods, enhanced screening measures, and postmigration follow-up are essential to control tuberculosis among immigrants and support US and global tuberculosis elimination.     

2019年广东省连江口镇≥5岁常住人口肺结核主动筛查策略实施效果分析

目的 评价不同主动筛查策略对肺结核患者的发现效果。方法 2019年12月,以居委会(村)为单位,采用整群随机抽样的方法从广东省清远市英德市连江口镇11个居委会(村)抽取2个单位作为研究现场,对研究现场≥5岁的2800名常住人口进行问卷调查,收集基本信息,并进行肺结核可疑症状筛查、结核感染筛查[γ-干扰素释放试验(IGRA)]和胸部数字影像(DR)摄片检查,对上述检查任一阳性者的痰液标本开展痰涂片、培养及分子生物学检查。以临床诊断为参照标准,通过敏感度、特异度和受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)评价不同筛查策略的发现效果。结果 2800名研究对象中,有肺结核可疑症状者272例(9.71%),胸部DR异常者301例(10.75%),结核感染筛查阳性者617例(22.04%);其中,胸部DR异常者中疑似肺结核者67例(22.26%)。共发现活动性肺结核患者8例,发现率为285.71/10万,除1例为已登记并接受治疗的患者外,其他7例均为≥15岁胸部DR异常的新发现患者。以临床诊断为参照标准,胸部DR摄片筛查的敏感度和特异度最优,分别为7/8和88.28%(2207/2500),AUC值最大(0.88)。结论 不同的主动筛查策略中,胸部DR检查的诊断价值最高,可作为主动筛查策略的优先选择。     

Inner-city survey for tuberculosis: evaluation of diagnostic methods

A total of 1,271 persons living in a socially and economically depressed, inner-city area of Vancouver, British Columbia, voluntarily attended a tuberculosis case-finding campaign. Chest x-ray, on-the-spot specimen of sputum, and tuberculin skin test were offered at the time of the first attendance. All 3 diagnostic methods were found to be well accepted, with 93% of the participants having an x-ray, over 95% producing a sputum specimen, and almost 95% having a tuberculin test (a quarter of these did not, however, report for reading of the test). Eight cases of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis were found: 6 suspected on x-ray (the remaining 2 films were abnormal but not diagnostic of tuberculosis), and 6 being positive on smear and/or culture of the initial on-the-spot sputum specimen. Examination of a second specimen of sputum diagnosed all of the 8 active cases identified by the survey. These results suggest that, in this particular setting, a chest radiogram taken by a transportable chest x-ray apparatus or examination of 2 sputum specimens might be equally successful at detecting all cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis within the time required for sputum culture. Examination of the sputum smear immediately identifies all the more infectious cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. The prevalence rate of 629 per 100,000 among those presenting themselves to this campaign illustrates the high-yield which might be achieved by active case-finding projects in known high-incidence segments of a generally low-incidence population.     

20例艾滋病病人免疫重建中合并结核相关性重建炎性综合征的胸部CT影像特点

目的探讨艾滋病(AIDS)病人在免疫重建过程中,合并与肺结核相关重建炎性综合征的胸部计算机层析成像(CT)影像特点。方法采用回顾性分析的方法,对20例AIDS病人免疫重建过程中,合并结核相关性重建炎性综合征的胸部CT影像进行分析。结果 20例AIDS免疫重建合并肺结核相关重建炎性综合征病人的胸部CT影像,表现为急性血行播散型肺结核与继发型肺结核,急性血行播散型肺结核9例(45.0%,9/20),继发型肺结核11例(55.0%,11/20)。病灶分布3个肺叶及以上者7例(35.0%,7/20),病灶局限于1～2个肺叶者4例(20.0%,4/20)。病变形态为粟粒影、结节影、肺段与亚段实变影,分别为13例(65.0%,13/20)、9例(45.0%,9/20)、5例(25.0%,5/20),肺空洞3例(15.0%,3/20)。胸部CT影像出现纵隔淋巴结肿大伴液化坏死17例(85.0%,17/20),胸腔积液15例(75%,15/20)。结论 AIDS免疫重建合并肺结核相关重建炎性综合征时,胸部CT影像特点是病变呈弥漫、多肺叶分布,粟粒影、结节影、肺段与亚段实变影为肺部病变主要形态,纵隔淋巴结肿大伴液化坏死、胸腔积液常见。其发生机制与重新激活的异常免疫应答相关。在高效抗反转录病毒治疗同时,积极给予抗结核治疗后,病变吸收明显。     

CT在涂阴继发性肺结核中的诊断价值

目的探讨CT对涂阴继发性肺结核的诊断价值。方法收集118例涂片阴性的肺结核可疑者,同时行X线胸片和CT检查,其中肺结核76例,非结核性肺病42例。采用盲法由诊断小组分别对X线胸片和CT进行阅读。采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)评价两种诊断手段的优劣。结果按“可能性大”为诊断界点进行统计,则X线胸片诊断的敏感度为81.6%,特异度为61.9%,准确性为74.6%,阳性预计值(PV₊)为76.3%:阴性预计值(PV_-)为69.2%;CT诊断的敏感度为93.4%,特异度为88.1%,准确性为91.5%。阳性预计值(PV₊)为92.2%:阴性预计值(PV_-)为89.8%。X线胸片诊断的ROC曲线下面积(A_z)为(0.758±0.102),CT诊断的曲线下面积(A_z)为(0.958±0.043),X线胸片联合结核抗体、PPD进行诊断的ROC曲线下面积(A_z)为(0.833±0.071)。X线胸片与X线胸片联合诊断的曲线下面积比较有显著性差异,(P<0.05)。但均显著小于CT诊断的曲线下面积,(P<0.05)。结论CT在诊断涂阴肺结核诊断和鉴别诊断方面具有较高的应用价值。     

两种技术对不同手术标本进行检测诊断胸壁结核的价值

目的 探讨GeneXpert MTB/RIF 技术(简称“GeneXpert”)、BACTEC MGIT 960液体培养 (简称“MGIT 960”)对不同手术标本进行检测诊断胸壁结核的价值。方法 搜集2016年6月至2019年7月西安市胸科医院收治的疑似胸壁结核患者214例,通过外科手术获得病灶中的脓液152份、干酪样坏死组织128份及肉芽组织138份,同时采用GeneXpert及MGIT 960对上述标本进行检测。通过临床综合诊断、病理学检查确诊胸壁结核174例,非结核性胸壁疾病40例。以临床诊断结果为参考标准,评价GeneXpert及MGIT 960诊断胸壁结核的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、Kappa值;对3种标本采用GeneXpert及MGIT 960的检测结果(阳性率差异)进行比较,统计学分析采用χ ²检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 214例疑似胸壁结核患者通过术前血液化验、影像学资料及术后病理结果临床最终诊断为胸壁结核174例,非结核性胸壁疾病40例(其中化脓性胸壁脓肿18例,胸壁囊肿并发普通细菌感染9例,软组织肿瘤8例,肋骨骨髓炎3例,胸壁放线菌病2例)。以临床诊断结果为标准,GeneXpert检测诊断胸壁结核的敏感度为82.18%(143/174),特异度为97.50%(39/40),阳性预测值为99.31%(143/144),阴性预测值为55.71%(39/70),Kappa值为0.618;MGIT 960检测诊断胸壁结核的敏感度为52.30%(91/174),特异度为100.00%(40/40),阳性预测值为100.00%(91/91),阴性预测值为32.52%(40/123),Kappa值为0.291。上述2种技术对3种类型手术标本的检测阳性率分别是:肉芽组织为81.9%(113/138),干酪样坏死组织为68.8%(88/128),脓液为44.7%(68/152);脓液与干酪样坏死组织两组之间的阳性率比较,χ ²=16.23,P<0.001;干酪样坏死组织和肉芽组织两组之间的阳性率比较,χ ²=4.19,P=0.013;肉芽组织和脓液两组之间的阳性率比较,χ ²=42.54,P<0.001。结论 GeneXpert检测诊断胸壁结核的敏感度明显高于MGIT 960,而特异度接近,可用于手术标本的快速检测。GeneXpert和MGIT 960联合检测可疑胸壁结核患者的3种类型手术标本,肉芽组织的阳性率较高。     

Limits of chest X-ray investigation in the diagnosis of recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis

PURPOSE: To investigate the usefulness of chest X-ray investigation for early diagnosis of recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis. OBJECT: Patients who start re-treatment at Fukujuji Hospital from 1993 to 2003 due to the recurrence of lung tuberculosis after the completion of standard chemotherapy. METHOD: Chart review. RESULT: Deterioration of chest X-ray was not observed in 19.5% (8/41) of recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis, and in 4 cases even improvement of chest X-ray finding was observed. Sensitivity of chest X-ray in all recurrent cases was around 80 %, and this figure did not increase in smear positive recurrent cases. Sensitivity of chest X-ray for symptomatic recurrent cases was 92.3%, and that for non-symptomatic recurrent cases 60.0%, which is significantly lower than that for symptomatic cases. CONCLUSION: Sensitivity of chest X-ray for early diagnosis of recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis is not very high, and bacteriological examinations are more important irrespective of chest X-ray finding. Especially in non-symptomatic recurrent cases, usefulness of chest X-ray is considerably limited. Method and necessity of regular follow-up in non-symptomatic persons after successful tuberculosis chemotherapy should be re-considered.     

138例咯血患者的胸部X线检查与纤维支气管镜检查对照分析

１３８例咯血患者的胸部Ｘ线检查发现异常９０例。经纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）检查主要结果：炎症５９例（４２．８％）、支气管肺癌４１例（２９．７％）、结核１０例（７．２％）及其它２８例（２０．３％）。纤维支气管镜检查对明确病灶性质及咯血原因提供重要依据的有１１６例（８４．１％）。     

纤维支气管镜对胸片正常咯血患者的诊断价值

目的 探讨胸部X线检查正常的咯血患的病因。方法 通过纤维支气管镜检查确定142例胸部X线检查正常的咯血患的病因。结果 142例患中,110例（77.46%）患通过纤支镜检查确定病因,其中炎症88例（61.97%）,肺癌16例（11.27%）,支气管内膜结核6例（4.22%）。结论 纤支镜对确定胸片正常的咯血患的病因有重要作用。     

Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency with which the diagnosis of tuberculosis is delayed in patients with concomitant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and to identify reasons for such delays. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed medical records of 52 consecutive HIV-infected patients with culture-proven tuberculosis seen at a 1,900-bed general hospital serving a predominantly indigent population in Los Angeles, where the prevalences of HIV infection and tuberculosis are high. The late-treatment (LT) group consisted of 25 patients in whom tuberculosis was untreated prior to death (n = 6) or treated more than 22 days after presentation (n = 19). The early-treatment (ET) group comprised 27 patients in whom antituberculous therapy was begun less than 16 days after presentation. RESULTS: Symptoms, physical and laboratory findings, chest roentgenographic abnormalities suggestive of tuberculosis (hilar adenopathy, pleural effusion, miliary pattern, cavitation, predominant upper lobe infiltrate), and frequencies of concomitant nontuberculous disease were similar in LT and ET groups. Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis was attributable to errors in management in 21 (84%) of 25 LT group patients. The most common error was failure to obtain at least three sputum samples for acid-fast smear and mycobacterial culture in patients with clinical and chest roentgenographic findings compatible with tuberculosis (15 cases). Acid-fast sputum smears were positive in 25 (61%) of 41 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. Acid-fast smears of stool were positive in eight (42%) of 19 cases. Blood cultures yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 18 (38%) of 48 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed therapy of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients at our medical center was common and was not due to atypical manifestations of tuberculosis. In most cases, delays could have been avoided if adequate numbers of sputum samples for acid-fast smear and mycobacterial culture had been obtained, and if empiric antituberculous therapy had been given to symptomatic patients in whom chest roentgenographic findings were suggestive of mycobacterial disease.