纤维支气管镜联合胸部CT对周围型肺癌的诊断价值

目的探讨胸部CT联合纤支镜在周围型肺癌中诊断和肺癌分期中的价值。方法24例肺癌患者均做胸部CT及纤支镜检查,9例加做经皮肺穿刺针吸活检术,加上手术标本,24例患者均取得病理标本。结果CT“支气管征”阳性的7例中5例经纤支镜活检阳性,阳性率70％。肿瘤直径〈3cm的经纤支镜活检均为阴性。经纤支镜活检阳性的6例中,肿瘤位于肺中心5例,肺外周仅1例。经纤支镜活检阴性的18例中13例肿瘤位于肺外周,5例位于肺中心。4例胸部CT示结节状改变,手术证实为腺癌。24例患者的胸部CT中均未发现有大气道的浸润,但纤支镜检查发现有2例肿瘤近端在段支气管开口,1例叶支气管近端。结论胸部CT阳性“支气管症”能预测经纤支镜活检的阳性率。肺癌新国际TNM分期标准,使腔内病变的发现更趋重要,故周围型肺癌联合纤支镜检查是必要的。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检对肺周围结节的诊断价值

目的:探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术对肺周围结节诊断的临床价值。方法:对172例肺周围结节患者在CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检,获取组织标本行病理学、细胞学及细菌学检查。结果:本组研究共获得172例病例标本,CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检诊断为肺癌105例(腺癌61例、鳞癌32例、小细胞癌7例、未分化型肺癌5例)、炎性假瘤32例、结核球22例、肺脓肿7例、霉菌球2例、机化性肺炎2例、正常肺组织2例。其中26例诊断为肺癌的患者经手术切除(腺癌17例、鳞癌9例)与穿刺病理结果相符。穿刺后并发气胸8例(4.65%),咯血28例(16.27%)、其中大咯血2例(1.16%)。结论:CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术在肺周围结节的诊断中阳性率高,相对安全,具有较高临床诊断及应用价值。     

周围型肺小腺癌22例临床分析

目的探讨胸部医学影像对早请周围型肺小腺癌的诊断价值。方法对22例活组织病理学确诊的周围型肺小腺癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果影像学表现为：单纯磨玻璃影6例,混合性磨玻璃影5例,完全性实变性结节5例。经纤维支气管及经皮细针穿刺肺部病灶针吸活检（PNB）证实腺癌4例,1例颈部淋巴结活检及3例胸水中检见到腺癌细胞。8例手术证实腺癌。CT动态观察发现毛刺征12例,小泡征6例,胸膜牵拽征5例,PET-CT假阴性2例。结论 CT动态观察病灶内部形态学变化有助于提高早期肺小腺癌诊断水平。     

肺炎型肺癌的特点及诊疗分析

目的探讨肺炎型肺癌（PTLC）的临床特点，提高诊治水平。方法回顾性分析1988年1月～2007年5月收治的58例PTLC，总结诊断及治疗经验。结果纤支镜检查确诊9例，痰脱落细胞学检查确诊7例，胸水检查确诊2例，经皮肺穿活检确诊5例，淋巴结活检确诊6例，手术探查确诊29例。结论PTLC无特征性临床表现，但有一定的影像学特点，纤支镜、痰细胞学检查、经皮肺穿活检等有助于诊断，手术是确诊及治疗的主要手段。     

CT引导下肺穿刺活检对肺周围结节的诊断价值

目的 探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术对肺周围结节诊断的临床价值。 方法 对2010年1月-2015年12月期间在本院172例肺周围结节住院患者在CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活获取组织标本行病理学、细胞学及细菌学检查。 结果 本组研究共获得172病例标本，包括男性108例，女性63例，年龄21～83岁,平均年46.7龄岁。172例CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检诊断为肺癌105例（腺癌61例、鳞癌32例、小细胞癌7例、未分型肺癌5例）、炎性假瘤32例、结核球22例、肺脓肿7例、霉菌球2例、机化性肺炎2例、正常肺组织2例。其中26例诊断为肺癌的患者经手术切除（腺癌17例、鳞癌9例）与穿刺病理结果相符。穿刺后并发症气胸8例（4.65%），咯血28例（16.27%）、其中大咯血2例（1.16%）。 结论 CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术在肺周围结节的诊断中阳性率高，相对安全，具有较高临床诊断及应用价值。     

经引导鞘超声支气管镜对肺外周结节的诊断意义

目的分析经引导鞘超声支气管镜对肺外周结节的诊断意义。 方法选择2017年1月至2019年9月我院收治的疑诊肺外周结节患者49例为对象,随机分为观察组26例,对照组23例,观察组采用经引导鞘超声支气管镜检查;对照组采用经CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术,比较两组诊断的差异。 结果观察组肺腺癌、肺鳞癌、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌分别为7、3、2、1例,对照组肺腺癌、肺鳞癌、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌分别为6、3、2、1例,两组恶性肺外周结节类型比较差异无统计学意义(χ²＝0.000,0.076,0.156,0.403,P＝0.947,0.782,0.693,0.569)。观察组操作时间为(35.24±10.28)min,明显短于对照组(56.15±13.64)min,P<0.05。经引导鞘超声支气管镜检查和经CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术对肺外周结节的诊断比较,差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。观察组并发症发生率稍低于对照组,但两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论经引导鞘超声支气管镜和经CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术对肺外周结节的诊断相近,但前者的操作时间较短,安全性高。     

针刺胸膜、肺活检的临床体会

我院从1980年～1984年采用经皮针刺胸膜活检及抽吸肺活组织检查法对58例胸膜及肺部疾病进行诊断,初步体会如下。一、检查对象和方法:检查对象是有胸膜或肺外周病变,但用常规检查方法(X线、痰液胸水,纤支镜等)多次检查未能确诊者。     

经电子支气管镜肺活检对周围型肺癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨经电子支气管镜肺活组织检查术对周围型肺癌的诊断价值。方法 对胸片及胸部CT片发现有周围性病灶,而支气管镜常规检查无法观察到病变的疑似周围型肺癌患者53例行经电子支气管镜下肺活检。结果 确诊周围型肺癌37例（69．8％）,其中腺癌23例,鳞癌10例,小细胞未分化癌4例;肺良性病变7例,包括非特异性炎症3例1结核4例;阴性9例;总确诊率83．O％。结论 经电子支气管镜对周围型肺癌肺活检方法安全易行,并发症少,能显著提高周围型肺癌的诊断阳性率,     

经皮肺穿刺活检在孤立性肺结节中的临床应用价值

目的:评价CT引导下经皮肺穿刺针吸活检术对肺内直径<3cm的孤立性结节的临床诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析48例经开胸手术细胞学检查确诊的肺部恶性结节患者的临床资料。结果:术前根据临床资料,疑似诊断肺恶性结节者27例(临床疑诊组),检出率56.3%,术前行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺针吸活检涂片细胞学检查(穿刺诊断组),提示肺恶性结节者45例,检出率93.8%,两组比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。48例手术切除结节病灶病理学诊断,腺癌27例,占56.3%,鳞癌18例,占37.5%,小细胞癌3例,6.3%。穿刺诊断组与手术诊断组比较,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:对于直径<3cm肺部结节,在CT定位引导下经皮肺穿刺针吸细胞学检查,准确性高,并发症少,可作为肺内孤立性小结节灶定性诊断的首选方法,具有推广价值。     

CT引导下经皮肺活检的临床应用

目的:评价CT引导下经皮肺活检诊断肺周围性病变的价值。方法:回顾性分析北京安贞医院87例患者的临床资料。所有患者均采取CT引导下经皮肺活检检查,其中13例实施手术,进一步做病理组织检查。结果:CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检诊断肺周围性病变的确诊率高达97.7%。在确诊的85例中肺癌41例,结核18例,非特异性炎症9例,坏死性炎症7例,淋巴瘤2例,非精原细胞性生殖细胞肿瘤1例,前列腺癌肺转移1例,血管内皮瘤1例,间皮瘤1例,结节病1例,肺吸虫病1例,皮肌炎1例,特发性肺纤维化1例。实施手术的13例患者术后病理确诊均为阳性,其中包括经皮肺活检未确诊的1例,其术后病理检查为腺癌。CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检的患者中有16例出现并发症。结论:CT引导下经皮肺活检操作简便、准确率高、安全性好及并发症少,能为肺周围性病变的诊断和鉴别诊断提供可靠依据。     

Five patients with intrapulmonary lymph nodes indistinguishable from small peripheral carcinoma of the lung]

We encountered 5 patients with subpleural intrapulmonary lymph nodes. In all 5 patients, computed tomographic (CT) scans demonstrated subpleural small nodules in the middle or lower lung lobes. Because lung cancer could not be ruled out, biopsies by video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) were performed, yielding a diagnosis of intrapulmonary lymph nodes in all 5 cases. Two of the patients were women and nonsmokers. Sharply defined borders and subpleural locations were the characteristic CT findings for the intrapulmonary lymph nodes. However the borders of some of the nodules were irregular. Small peripheral lung cancer is also sometimes characterized by sharply defined borders and subpleural locations. For this reason, it is difficult to differentiate between intrapulmonary lymph nodes and small peripheral lung cancer on the basis of CT findings alone. VATS should be readily employed for diagnostic purposes in such cases.     

Case of pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy diagnosed by transbronchial lung biopsy]

A 69-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with dyspnea on effort. A chest high resolution CT showed enlargement of peripheral vessels and small nodules in both lower and peripheral lung fields. We diagnosed this case as pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy, because histological findings of specimen obtained by transbronchial lung biopsy revealed microscopic tumor emboli and intimal proliferation in small pulmonary vessels. After conducting systemic examinations, it was found that the patient had gastric cancer. Generally it is difficult to diagnose pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy in patients during life. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of pulmonary tumor thronbotic microangiopthy diagnosed on the basis of transbronchial lung biopsy.     

MDT lung cancer care: Input from the Surgical Oncologist

Although there have been many advancements in the multidisciplinary management of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), surgery remains the primary modality of choice for resectable lung cancer when the patient is able to tolerate lung resection physiologically. There have been recent advances in surgical diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. Increasing use of low‐dose computed tomography (CT) screening for lung cancer has resulted in increased detection of small peripheral nodules or semi‐solid ground glass opacities. Here, we review different modalities of localization techniques that have been used to aid surgical excisional biopsy when needle biopsy has failed to provide tissue diagnosis. We also report on the current debates regarding the use of sublobar resections for Stage I NSCLC as well as the surgical management of locally advanced NSCLC. Finally, we discuss the complex surgical management of T4 NSCLC lung cancers.     

Causes and presenting features of pulmonary infarctions in 43 cases identified by surgical lung biopsy

BACKGROUND: Although pulmonary infarction is usually associated with pulmonary thromboembolism, it can occur with other disorders such as vasculitis, angioinvasive infections, sickle-cell disease, tumor embolism, and pulmonary torsion. STUDY OBJECTIVE: To identify causes and presenting features of pulmonary infarctions diagnosed by surgical biopsy in a consecutive series of patients encountered at a single institution. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Tertiary care, referral medical center. PATIENTS: Forty-three patients with pulmonary infarction identified on surgical lung biopsy over a period of 7 years, January 1996 through December 2002. RESULTS: The median age of these 43 patients was 55 years (range, 22 to 85 years); 17 patients (40%) were women, and 26 patients (60%) were men. Thirty-five patients (81%) had a smoking history. Twenty-eight patients (65%) presented with solitary or multiple lung nodules/masses of undetermined etiology. The underlying cause was identifiable in 31 cases (72%) based on a review of clinical, laboratory, radiologic, and histopathologic data. The two most common causes were pulmonary thromboembolism (18 cases, 42%) and pulmonary infections (5 cases, 12%). Thromboembolic pulmonary infarctions typically presented as solitary or multiple nodules located in the subpleural regions. Other causes included diffuse alveolar damage in two cases (5%), pulmonary torsion in two cases (5%), and one case each of lung cancer, amyloidosis, embolotherapy, and catheter embolism. In 12 cases (28%), the underlying cause was not directly identifiable but was probably due to previous pulmonary thromboembolism. CONCLUSION: We conclude that although pulmonary thromboembolism is the most common cause of pulmonary infarction identified by surgical lung biopsy, a variety of other causes are clinically encountered, including infections, inflammatory or infiltrative lung diseases, pulmonary torsion, malignancy, and nonthrombotic embolism. Pulmonary infarction should be considered in the differential diagnosis of peripheral lung nodules or masses.     

Clinical features of a population-based series of patients with lung cancer presenting with a solitary nodule

We assessed survival in a population-based series of patients with lung cancer presenting with a solitary nodule. Using a population-based cancer registry, we identified 674 incident lung cancer cases in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, from 1977 to 1981. Both clinical information and chest roentgenograms were reviewed to identify 83 solitary nodule cases and 479 nonsolitary nodule cases. Chest roentgenograms were unavailable for 112. There were 83 patients with solitary nodules (55 men and 28 women), and adenocarcinoma was the predominant cell type. Overall, 5-yr survival was significantly greater for the patients with solitary nodules (24%) than for those with nonsolitary nodules (8%) (p less than 0.001). Of the 41 patients with solitary nodules who had surgery and Stage I disease, 49% lived 5 yr. In contrast, none of the 39 who did not have surgery lived longer than 2 yr. Our results imply that the varying survival described in previous series of patients with solitary nodules reflects different patient selection criteria.     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检87例临床探讨

目的 探讨在CT引导下经皮肺穿刺对肺周围型肿块的诊断价值。方法 采用美国产自动弹簧装载活检针(活检枪)在CT定位下对87例肺部周围型肿块的穿刺活检。结果 87例均穿刺成功阳性率为100％。其中肺癌54例、胸膜间皮细胞瘤3例、转移癌8例；结核13例、肉芽肿样炎症6例、未能定论3例。结论 CT引导下经皮肺穿刺对诊断肺癌，尤其是周围型肺癌有重要价值；敏感性、特异性、准确性高、安全。     

胸腔镜手术诊治肺部结节138例临床分析

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）在肺部结节诊断与治疗中的应用价值。方法本组自2004年6月至2010年6月应用电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）、术中冰冻切片病理检查对138例肺部结节病例进行诊断和治疗。结果138例均取得很好诊断或治疗目的。结论电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）在肺部结节诊断与治疗中创伤小、安全、可靠。     

Primary pulmonary cryptococcosis confused with lung cancer by transbronchial biopsy: demonstration by three-dimensional computed tomography]

Routine chest radiographs of a 52-year-old woman displayed abnormal opacities in the right lower lung field. A computed tomographic (CT) scan of the chest disclosed irregular nodular opacities in the peripheral zone of the right S6. Reconstructed three-dimensional images obtained by helical CT displayed the lesions as agglutinated small nodules, with other small nodules near the bronchi appearing as "tree-in-bud" formations. Specimens obtained by transbronchial lung biopsy of the right B6b revealed atypical glandular structures, thus leading to suspected adenocarcinoma of primary lung cancer. A right lower lobectomy was performed; cut-surface specimens of the resected tissues showed multiple lobulate, milky-white nodules near the bronchi. Histopathologic examination found no malignant cells. PAS staining revealed numerous cryptococcal organisms, thus yielding the final diagnosis of primary pulmonary cryptococcosis.     

Pulmonary tuberculosis presenting multiple nodular shadows in 4 patients]

Four cases of multiple nodular pulmonary tuberculosis simulating metastatic lung cancer were reported. These patients were asymptomatic, found by chance during physical checkups, and had no clinical findings indicative of inflammatory reactions. The nodules ranged from 15 to 50 in number, were spherical in shape, and 3-10 mm in diameter with sharp margins. In 2 patients, the size of the Mantoux reaction (using purified protein derivative) was 22 mm and 11 mm respectively; the other 2 patients were not given the skin test. The final diagnosis was made by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in 2 patients, percutaneous lung biopsy in 1, and open lung biopsy in 1. Epithelioid cell granulomas were found in all 4. Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy reduced the size of the nodules significantly in 2 patients and slightly in 1. One patient did not undergo chemotherapy. Although no acid-fast bacilli were detected, all 4 patients were given a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis on the basis of the above findings. Whenever multiple nodular shadows are observed, it is common to suspect metastatic lung cancer at the outset. However, our experience indicated that pulmonary tuberculosis also should be kept in mind as a candidate for differential diagnosis. Computed tomographic findings suggested that the lesions were caused by hematogenous dissemination. Our report therefore devoted some attention to mechanisms of formation.