网络认知行为治疗

网络认知行为治疗（CBT）,即将CBT技术与互联网结合起来应用的一种新的CBT治疗形式,其最大的优势是方便、省时。本文综述了网络CBT在焦虑和抑郁障碍,以及其它临床问题中的研究进展,探讨网络CBT相对于传统CBT的优势以及治疗师在网络CBT中所起的作用,同时也初步指出网络CBT目前存在的一些问题,并对未来网络CBT发展的方向进行展塑。     

轻症抑郁患者在团体认知行为治疗后特质应对方式的变化

目的 探讨轻症抑郁患者在团体认知行为治疗后特质应对方式的改善及特质应对方式对团体认知行为治疗的影响.方法 采用前瞻性自身对照设计,对轻症抑郁患者在治疗前后,以及随访期的抑郁症状、焦虑症状和特质应对方式进行比较.结果 共纳入102例患者.与基线时比较,患者的抑郁症状、焦虑症状和特质应对方式在团体认知行为治疗结束后及随访的各个时期均有显著改善(P<0.05).Logistic回归分析显示,基线焦虑症状、消极应对方式及出勤率进入回归方程.结论 团体认知行为治疗能够改善轻症抑郁患者的抑郁焦虑症状及特质应对方式,且能够维持相对较长的时间.基线焦虑症状、消极应对方式及出勤率对团体认知行为治疗有显著影响.     

团体认知行为治疗改善慢性病患者抑郁与焦虑水平的效果评价

目的 探讨团体认知行为治疗对伴发抑郁、焦虑的慢性病患者的干预效果。方法 按照社区随机分组。对照组接受为期8周的常规健康教育,干预组额外开展每周1次的团体认知行为干预。前后采用病人健康问卷抑郁量表（PHQ-9）、广泛性焦虑量表（GAD-7）、简明健康状况调查问卷第二版（SF-36v2）评估。结果 重复测量方差分析显示,干预后两组抑郁和焦虑量表得分降低差异显著,存在时间×组别交互作用。结论 团体认知行为治疗有助于改善慢性病患者的抑郁、焦虑情绪。仍建议结合不同慢性病人群的心理特点设计具有针对性的团体心理干预举措。     

团体认知行为治疗对轻度抑郁症患者生活质量及社会功能的作用

背景：有关中度至重度抑郁症的一些研究表明,联合使用认知行为治疗(cogniitve behavioral therapy, CBT)与抗抑郁药物的效果优于单独使用CBT或抗抑郁药物。很少研究关注团体CBT治疗和药物治疗对轻度抑郁症患者的效果。
　　目标：评估联合使用团体CBT治疗与抗抑郁药物对轻度抑郁患者生活质量及社会功能的影响。
　　方法：我们将62例轻度抑郁症患者随机分为对照组(n=30)与干预组(n=32),对照组予以抗抑郁药物治疗12周,干预组予以抗抑郁药物合并团体CBT治疗12周;此后,两组均持续药物治疗1年。在治疗后12周和一年随访结束时,对所有被试采用盲法进行汉密顿抑郁量表中文版(Chinese versions of the Hamilton Depression Raitng Scale)、汉密顿焦虑量表(Hamilton Anxiety Raitng Scale)、社会功能缺陷筛选量表(Social Disability Screen-ing Schedule)、生活满意度评定量表(Life Saitsfaciton Raitng)、多维社会支持感知(Mulitdimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support)和简明健康调查量表(Short Form Health Survey)的评估。
　　结果：重复测量的方差分析显示,治疗期间两组的抑郁和焦虑症状均明显改善,联合CBT与抗抑郁药物治疗的干预组的改善更大。几乎所有的社会功能、社会支持和生活质量评估同时表明CBT合并抗抑郁药物组比单用抗抑郁药物组的改善显著更多。此外,即使采用的协方差分析调整了基线时的人口学差异和临床特征以及随时间推移的抑郁和焦虑严重程度的变化差异,CBT合并抗抑郁药物组在团体治疗后12周和团体治疗结束后的一年后都比单用抗抑郁药物组的改善更为明显,且有统计学差异。
　　结论：单用抗抑郁药物或联合抗抑郁药治疗和团体CBT治疗都可以有效地改善轻度抑郁症患者的社会功能、生活质量和健康功能。然而,合并药物治疗和团体CBT治疗优于单用抗抑郁药物治疗,而且这些效益可以在CBT疗程结束后持续至少长达1年。     

团体认知行为治疗对轻度抑郁症患者生活质量及社会功能的作用（英文）

背景:有关中度至重度抑郁症的一些研究表明,联合使用认知行为治疗(cognitive behavioral therapy,CBT)与抗抑郁药物的效果优于单独使用CBT或抗抑郁药物。很少研究关注团体CBT治疗和药物治疗对轻度抑郁症患者的效果。目标:评估联合使用团体CBT治疗与抗抑郁药物对轻度抑郁患者生活质量及社会功能的影响。方法:我们将62例轻度抑郁症患者随机分为对照组(n=30)与干预组(n=32),对照组予以抗抑郁药物治疗12周,干预组予以抗抑郁药物合并团体CBT治疗12周;此后,两组均持续药物治疗1年。在治疗后12周和一年随访结束时,对所有被试采用盲法进行汉密顿抑郁量表中文版(Chinese versions of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale)、汉密顿焦虑量表(Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale)、社会功能缺陷筛选量表(Social Disability Screening Schedule)、生活满意度评定量表(Life Satisfaction Rating)、多维社会支持感知(Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support)和简明健康调查量表(Short Form Health Survey)的评估。结果:重复测量的方差分析显示,治疗期间两组的抑郁和焦虑症状均明显改善,联合CBT与抗抑郁药物治疗的干预组的改善更大。几乎所有的社会功能、社会支持和生活质量评估同时表明CBT合并抗抑郁药物组比单用抗抑郁药物组的改善显著更多。此外,即使采用的协方差分析调整了基线时的人口学差异和临床特征以及随时间推移的抑郁和焦虑严重程度的变化差异,CBT合并抗抑郁药物组在团体治疗后12周和团体治疗结束后的一年后都比单用抗抑郁药物组的改善更为明显,且有统计学差异。结论:单用抗抑郁药物或联合抗抑郁药治疗和团体CBT治疗都可以有效地改善轻度抑郁症患者的社会功能、生活质量和健康功能。然而,合并药物治疗和团体CBT治疗优于单用抗抑郁药物治疗,而且这些效益可以在CBT疗程结束后持续至少长达1年。     

脑电信号在焦虑障碍疗效预测与治疗机制中的研究进展

焦虑障碍具有高患病率和高复发率的特点。选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂（SSRIs）和认知行为治疗（CBT）是焦虑障碍的一线治疗手段,然而部分患者对一线治疗应答不佳。探究治疗相关神经机制并寻找客观的疗效预测标志物,有助于指导临床决策。既往多项研究显示,焦虑障碍患者治疗前后的脑电（EEG）信号发生变化,且基线期EEG信号与治疗反应相关,故EEG信号可能具有疗效预测的价值。本文对EEG信号预测焦虑障碍的疗效以及治疗机制的相关研究进行综述,为焦虑障碍的个性化治疗提供参考。综述结果表明,治疗前对负性情绪面孔刺激表现出高反应的患者更可能从SSRIs和CBT治疗中获益;错误相关负波（ERN）和P1波幅在CBT治疗前后无明显改变,说明CBT可能未通过改善注意偏向以及行为监控缓解焦虑症状。基线期负性情绪刺激下的情绪感知相关的脑电指标,如晚期正电位（LPP）有望成为焦虑障碍疗效预测的电生理标志物。     

团体认知行为治疗的应用与研究进展

认知行为治疗(Cognitive Behavior Therapy, CBT)是一种基于认知行为模型、聚焦于当前问题、短程、结构式的心理治疗方法.各类心理治疗的理论流派中,CBT因其科学有效、结构化、可操作性强、远期效果好而逐渐被广泛应用,也是最具成本效益的心理治疗方法[1].团体认知行为治疗(Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, G-CBT)是指在团体情境下利用CBT特定的认知技术和行为技术,结合团体的疗效因子,引导团体成员产生认知、情绪、行为方面的改变,进而达到治疗效果[2].Beck于20世纪70年代末在抑郁症认知治疗的著作中就描述了团体认知治疗的形式[3].目前,随着精神障碍患者人数增多,对心理治疗的需求日益增加,而心理治疗师相对匮乏,越来越多的治疗师将目光投向G-CBT.近年来在抑郁症、惊恐障碍、社交焦虑障碍、强迫障碍、双相情感障碍、人格障碍、物质滥用、肥胖症、进食障碍、精神分裂症患者中逐渐被广泛应用.     

认知行为治疗对延长哀伤障碍患者效果的Meta分析

背景 延长哀伤障碍（PGD）严重影响患者的工作和生活质量。既往研究探讨了认知行为治疗（CBT）对PGD的干预效果,但由于干预的频率、时间和具体内容不同,CBT对PGD干预效果的结论存在争议。目的 通过Meta分析,探讨CBT对PGD的干预效果,为临床治疗提供参考。方法 于2022年10月22日,以维普、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方、中国知网、Embase、Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science为数据源进行检索,收集CBT治疗PGD的随机对照试验（RCTs）。结局指标包括哀伤、抑郁、焦虑或躯体化症状。采用RevMan 5.3进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入7篇文献,包括528例PGD患者。Meta分析结果显示,干预后,研究组哀伤症状（SMD=-0.78,95% CI：-1.27~-0.29）、抑郁症状（SMD=-0.45,95% CI：-0.73~-0.17）以及焦虑症状评分（SMD=-0.38,95% CI：-0.59~-0.18）均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义,但两组躯体化症状评分比较,差异无统计学意义（SMD=-0.01,95% CI：-0.26~0.25）。结论 CBT可能有助于改善PGD患者的哀伤、抑郁及焦虑症状,但对躯体化症状的改善效果欠佳。     

认知行为治疗对帕金森病患者生活质量影响的Meta分析

背景抑郁、焦虑、冲动控制障碍、失眠等是帕金森病常见的非运动症状,严重影响患者生活质量。认知行为治疗（CBT）是临床上常见的针对各种心理问题的心理治疗方法,可改善帕金森病患者焦虑、失眠、抑郁症状。但CBT能否改善帕金森病患者的生活质量,目前研究结论不一致。目的 评价CBT对帕金森病患者生活质量的影响,为CBT在帕金森病患者中的应用提供参考。方法 于2023年5月25日,通过检索PubMed、PsycINFO、Embase、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库,收集有关CBT对帕金森病患者生活质量影响的随机对照试验,并对文献进行筛选、质量评价和资料提取,收集帕金森病患者生活质量、焦虑、抑郁相关数据,采用Stata 13.0及RevMan 5.3进行分析。结果 共纳入11篇文献,总样本量为456例,其中,研究组241例,对照组215例。研究组生活质量较对照组高,差异有统计学意义（SMD=0.47,95%CI:0.27～0.67,P<0.01）,焦虑和抑郁评分均较对照组低,差异均有统计学意义（SMD=-0.63,95%CI:-0.84～-0.43,P<0.01;SMD=-0.83,95...     

注意缺陷多动障碍患者认知行为治疗的研究进展

注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）患者存在注意力分散、冲突控制、情绪调节等问题，认知行为 治疗（CBT）能够通过改变负面认知、提供补偿技术进而改善患者功能。现针对国内外开展的 CBT 研究， 对其理论模型、疗效进展、发展演变和神经机制等方面进行综述。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.