颈动脉彩超检查在老年脑梗死患者粥样斑块诊断中的应用

目的探讨颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检测老年脑梗死患者的粥样硬化斑块的临床价值。方法应用彩超多普勒超声对48例老年脑梗死患者(梗死组)和42例无脑梗死老年人(对照组)的颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)、斑块类型及斑块形态进行检测。结果梗死组37例颈动脉有不同程度的粥样硬化斑块形成,发生率为77.09%。对照组10例有不同程度的粥样硬化斑块形成,发生率为23.81%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。梗死组颈动脉斑块以脂质型为主,表面多呈不规则型。梗死组和对照组颈动脉IMT分别为(1.22±0.31)mm、(0.68±0.16)mm,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脑梗死与颈动脉粥样斑块密切相关。颈动脉超声是检测颈动脉粥样硬化斑块方便有效方法,对预防老年脑梗死的发生有重要的临床应用价值。     

颈动脉内-中膜厚度与冠状动脉病变严重程度相关性研究

目的探讨颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)及动脉粥样硬化斑块与冠状动脉粥样硬化狭窄程度的相关性。方法对198例拟诊冠心病并行冠脉造影的患者为研究对象,根据管腔狭窄程度分为非冠心病组(50例)和冠心病组(148例);并将冠心病组分为单支病变组(48例)、双支病变组(56例)及多支病变组(44例)并进行Gensini积分。所有患者均行双侧颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检查,检测颈动脉IMT及斑块Crouse积分情况,并对冠状动脉Gensini积分行相关性分析。结果 CAD组多支病变、双支病变、单支病变亚组及对照组冠状动脉Gensini积分分别为45.06±7.27、30.83±4.50、24.83±4.94和13.75±1.74,颈动脉IMT分别为(2.13±0.32)mm、(1.68±0.14)mm、(1.12±0.13)mm和(0.93±0.17)mm,颈动脉粥样硬化斑块Crouse积分分别为2.85±1.21、1.62±0.14、1.03±0.09、0.29±0.08,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。冠心病组颈动脉IMT及粥样斑块Crouse积分与冠状动脉Gensini积分呈正相关。结论颈动脉IMT及粥样斑块与冠状动脉粥样硬化狭窄程度、范围有密切相关性。颈动脉超声检查可作为筛查CAD和评价抗动脉硬化治疗疗效的一种手段。     

颈动脉内-中膜厚度及粥样硬化斑块与冠心病的相关性研究

目的 探讨冠心病(CAD)患者颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)及粥样硬化斑块与冠状动脉粥样硬化狭窄的相关性.方法 以98例行冠脉造影的患者为研究对象,冠状动脉狭窄≥50%者57例为CAD组,冠状动脉狭窄<50%者41例为对照组,并进行Gensini积分.所有患者均行双侧颈动脉超声检查,检测颈动脉IMT及粥样硬化斑块Crouse积分,并与冠状动脉Gensini积分行相关性分析.结果 CAD组多支病变、单支病变亚组及对照组冠状动脉Gensini积分分别为42.65±4.33、24.70±2.29和15.36±3.06,颈动脉IMT分别为(1.37±0.16)mm、(1.21±0.14)mm和(0.92±0.11)mm,颈动脉粥样硬化斑块Crouse积分分别为2.05±0.17、1.29±0.18和0.36±0.05,三组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).颈动脉IMT及粥样斑块Crouse积分与冠状动脉Gensini积分呈正相关.结论 颈动脉IMI及粥样斑块与冠状动脉粥样硬化狭窄密切相关.高频超声能早期发现颈动脉内-中膜增厚及粥样硬化斑块,对有效预防CAD的发生有重要意义,可作为冠状动脉病变预测的一种较好的检查方法.     

超声评价颈动脉粥样硬化与脑梗死的关系

目的探讨颈动脉粥样硬化与脑梗死的关系。方法 73例脑梗死患者和100例体检健康者为对照组,超声检测其颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)、斑块回声类型。结果脑梗死组IMT高于对照组(P<0.05),脑梗死组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块检出率(84.9%)高于对照组(16.0%)(P<0.05);脑梗死组低回声斑块及混合性斑块多于对照组(P<0.05);高血压病、糖尿病、颈动脉IMT增厚、颈动脉粥样硬化斑块为低回声或混合性斑块是脑梗死发生的独立危险因素。结论颈动脉IMT增厚和粥样硬化斑块与脑梗死的发病密切相关,颈动脉超声检查能为临床预防和治疗脑梗死提供可靠依据。     

彩超下探讨颈动脉斑块与脑梗死的相关性研究

目的:通过彩超分析颈动脉斑块,探讨其与脑梗死发病的相关性。方法:选择2016年5月-2018年5月邓州市中心医院收治的100例脑梗死患者和100例健康体检者分别作为观察组和对照组,应用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪分别检测和比较两组患者的内中膜厚度(IMT)、斑块类型、斑块形态以及斑块发病部位。结果:与对照组相比,观察组颈动脉内中膜增厚发生率(92%vs31%),内中膜厚度(1.3±0.4mm)vs(0.7±0.3mm),颈动脉粥样硬化斑块形成率显著增高(82%vs22%),斑块类型多为不稳定型软斑,发病部位多为颈总动脉分叉处。结论:颈动脉粥样硬化斑块形成与脑血管疾病密切相关,颈动脉粥样硬化是造成脑梗死的重要致病因素,通过彩超可以明确脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块特征,具有较高的诊断价值,并通过彩超早期筛查,可以早期发现脑梗死危险患者,预防脑梗死的发生。     

超声检测颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病的相关性研究

目的探讨超声检测颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病的相关性。方法 2011年7月至2012年7月期间于驻马店市中心医院拟诊为冠心病患者88例,全部给予颈动脉彩色超声检测,测量颈动脉后壁内中膜厚度(IMT),计算斑块积分及其斑块发生率。根据冠状动脉造影结果将其分为对照组和冠心病组,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果与对照组相比,冠心病组IMT明显增高,斑块积分及斑块发生率均明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论颈动脉超声检查证实冠心病与颈动脉粥样硬化具有相关性,根据超声结果可以判定病变程度,进行相应治疗。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断颈动脉硬化与冠心病的关系价值分析

目的 探讨冠心病与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系.方法 应用高频彩色多普勒超声检测65例冠心病患者的双侧颈动脉粥样硬化斑块、颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)及僵硬系数(β),并与对照组进行比较.结果 冠心病组与对照组斑块发生率分别85.0%和24.5%,前者显著多于后者(P<0.005);冠心病组软斑构成比显著高于对照组(P<0.01),而扁平斑和硬斑显著低于对照组(P<0.01);冠心病与对照组比较,前者颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)及僵硬系数显著高于后者(P<0.05).结论 颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病密切相关,可作为预测及评价冠心病的重要指标之一.     

血清载脂蛋白E水平与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的关系研究

目的探讨血清载脂蛋白E(ApoE)水平与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的关系,评价ApoE在颈动脉粥样硬化中的作用。方法选择2019年2-5月首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院体检中心行颈动脉超声的体检者300例为研究对象,根据体检结果分为颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)异常组(182例,包括IMT增厚组65例和颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组117例)和双侧颈动脉正常的对照组(118例)。所有受试者均收集基本资料,检测空腹三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、ApoE水平。结果 IMT异常组与对照组的性别构成、体质量指数(BMI)及部分既往史(吸烟、饮酒、运动、高血压和冠心病患病率)比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);IMT异常组患者的年龄、糖尿病患病率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组、IMT增厚组与对照组的性别构成、BMI、部分既往史(吸烟、饮酒、运动、高血压和冠心病患病率)比较,3组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组和IMT增厚组的年龄高于对照组(P0.01)。IMT增厚组的糖尿病患病率高于颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组和对照组(P0.01),颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组与对照组糖尿病患病率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。LDL-C水平在IMT异常组高于对照组[(3.13±0.77)mmol/L vs.(2.89±0.75)mmol/L,P0.05],在颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组、IMT增厚组与对照组3组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。ApoE水平在IMT异常组低于对照组[40.69±11.38)mg/Lvs.(46.84±13.46)mg/L,P0.05];ApoE水平在颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组[(38.82±14.82)mg/L]低于IMT增厚组[(44.93±10.24)mg/L]和对照组(P0.05)。结论 ApoE水平与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块相关,ApoE水平不仅在IMT异常与健康者之间有差别,且随着斑块严重程度的发展可进一步识别出颈动脉粥样硬化斑块患者。     

阿托伐他汀钙对冠心病患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的影响分析

目的:探讨阿托伐他汀钙对冠心病患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的临床影响.方法:将我院心血管内科2013.10～2015.10收治的冠心病患者84例选为研究对象,所有患者均接受阿托伐他汀钙治疗,超声检查IMT(颈动脉内中膜厚度),对比治疗前后颈动脉粥样硬化斑块变化.结果:84例治疗后IMT为(1.12±0.14)mm,粥样硬化斑块积分为(3.39±0.48)分,LDL-C为(1.85±0.34) mmol/L,低于治疗前,对比差异明显(P＜0.05).结论:阿托伐他汀钙用于冠心病患者中可调节血脂,对颈动脉粥样硬化予以改善,值得推广.     

颈动脉粥样硬化对冠心病冠状动脉病变程度的预测研究

目的应用颈动脉超声检测颈动脉粥样硬化预测冠状动脉病变严重程度的价值。方法经冠状动脉造影将359例患者分成冠心病组和非冠心病组,再根据冠状动脉病变把冠心病组患者分为单支病变组、双支病变组和多支病变组。颈动脉超声检测颈动脉病变并采用硬化斑块指数表示。结果冠心病组的斑块检出率、斑块指数(PI)明显高于非冠心病组分别为75.76%vs 26.83%;2.26±1.24 vs 0.96±0.98(P<0.01)。且随着斑块检出率、斑块指数升高,冠状动脉病变范围和程度加重。颈动脉超声对冠心病诊断符合率为77.9%。结论颈动脉粥样硬化对冠状动脉粥样硬化程度有明显的预测价值,颈动脉粥样硬化程度是冠状动脉病变严重程度的重要预测因素。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.