早期健康教育干预对早产儿近远期发育的影响

目的探讨早期健康教育干预对早产儿近远期生活质量、行为、智能发育的影响。方法将138例早产儿分为干预组(70例)和对照组(68例)。干预组早产儿出生后即提供早产儿常规护理,同时重视对家长进行健康教育。出院时给予家庭护理指导及指导家长从早产儿出院后1~2周开始按照《挖掘儿童潜能始于零岁》一书中新生儿行为和0~3岁教育的方法进行教育。对照组给予常规的早产儿护理及育儿指导。两组早产儿在一个月分别进行体格发育检查和3、6、12个月龄时用CCDC进行行为智能发育评估测试。结果干预组早产儿1个月体质量,身长较出生时的增长值均高于对照组,差异显著(P<0.05),行为、智能发育测试,干预组早产儿发育商,明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论早期健康教育干预对提高早产儿近远期的生活质量有重要意义,对其生长发育有积极的影响。     

早期系统干预对早产儿智能及体格发育的影响

目的 探讨早期干预对早产儿智能及体格发育的影响.方法 将179例早产低体重儿随机分为干预组93例和对照组86例;两组早产儿均定期进行体格检查及保健指导,干预组从42天始定期接受早期干预.两组婴儿均于纠正年龄1岁时进行体重、身长测定及用贝莉婴幼儿发育量表进行智能评估.结果干预组智能发育指数(MDI)[(113.4±15....     

中西医结合早期干预对早产儿智能发育的影响

目的探讨早期干预对早产儿智能发育的影响。方法将2011年1月至2012年10月在本院小儿神经康复门诊就诊的早产儿100例,按照家长知情同意和自愿原则分为干预组和对照组各50例。干预组进行早期中西医结合干预训练,对照组给予常规保健和护理指导。结果干预组早产儿在五大能区的得分及发育商（DQ）均显著高于对照组,差异有高度统计意义（P〈0．01）。结论中西医结合早期干预可促进早产儿智能的发育。     

早期家庭干预对早产儿生长发育的影响

目的探讨早期家庭干预对早产儿生长发育、运动及智能发育的综合影响。方法采用家庭干预模式对早产儿进行干预,并定期对所有小儿作常规体格检查;采用范存仁主编的婴幼儿智能发育量表（CDCC）检测,神经运动检查采用法国阿米尔-梯桑（Amiol—Tison）的1岁内52项神经运动检查,得出智能发育指数（MDI）及运动发育指数（PDI）。结果纠正年龄1岁时,干预组早产儿体格发育、运动发育、智能发育均明显高于对照组,差异有显著性。结论对早产儿进行早期家庭式干预,对其体格发育、智力及运动发育有明显促进作用,是降低早产儿伤残的有效方法。     

早期干预影响早产儿智能发育的再认识

目的探讨实施早期干预措施影响早产儿智能发育的实用性和安全性,并最大程度地提高早产儿的智能水平,减少早产儿的致残率,改善早产儿的生活质素。方法将126例早产儿随机分成干预组和一般育儿组,分别从新生儿期开始接受干预措施和一般育儿方法的治疗,均在1.5、2岁时应用Bayley婴幼儿智能发育量表测试智能发育指数(MDI)和运动指数(PDI),并与62例正常对照组进行比较。结果 1.5岁、2岁时早产儿干预组MDI明显高于一般育儿组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),PDI差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。早产儿干预组与正常对照组相比,1.5岁时MDI和PDI差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),2岁时MDI和PDI均增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论早期干预可明显提高早产儿的智能发育水平。     

早期干预对早产儿智力发育的促进作用探讨

目的探讨早期干预对早产儿智力及运动发育的影响。方法将160例高危儿随机分成干预组（80例）和对照组（80例）,干预组接受早期干预,对照组仅常规育儿指导。两组患儿于1岁时来院进行Gesell婴幼儿发育检查方法监测干预组与对照组的发育商（DQ）。结果干预组在粗大运动、精细运动、自我照顾、认知社交四部分内容评分均显著高于对照组（均P〈0．01）,且发育商分级比较也有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论早期干预对早产儿在婴儿期智能发育方面有良好的促进作用,能有效促进智力发育及运动发育。     

早产儿医院-家庭综合模式早期干预的探讨

目的探讨医院-家庭早期干预模式对早产儿运动及智能发育的影响。方法将我院2012年至2013年出生存活的早产儿随机分为两组,分别为干预组和对照组,干预组和对照组均给予常规婴幼儿保健。干预组的早产儿从首次门诊保健开始有计划有针对性的给予抚触,脾胃按摩,追视听训练,感知和运动训练等早期干预。并用20项婴儿神经运动检测量表和Gesell量表监测其发育情况。结果 1纠正年龄1岁时,干预组早产儿发育商水平明显高于对照组,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。2干预组早产儿在适应性、大运动、语言和个人-社会能区分数分布在边缘水平和发育落后的例数和比例均较对照组早产儿低,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论对早产儿进行早期医院-家庭综合模式干预,对其智力和运动发育有明显促进作用。     

早产儿脑瘫的早期诊断与治疗观察

目的 观察脑瘫的早期诊断与治疗。方法 将60例早产儿随机分组：30例为早产治疗组，另30例为对照组。治疗组：给父母提供科学早教资料，喂养指导，在家庭每天训练；对照组：不给任何干预。治疗组生后每月1次至半年，半年后每2个月1次，对照组于生后1、3、5、9、12个月做AMiei-Tison52项神经运动检查；全部婴儿在一周岁时用CDCC婴幼儿智能发育量表智测。结果 治疗组精神发育指数（MDI）、运动发育指数（PDI）高于早产儿对照组差异有统计学意义。结论 系统的智能检查，科学的家庭早期治疗，能降低早产儿脑瘫的发生与发展，促进患儿的智能恢复。     

早期干预对早产儿智力及运动发育的影响

目的探讨早期干预对早产儿体格、智力及运动发育的影响。方法对2003年l月～2005年12月在新生儿科救治存活的早产儿109例,随机分为观察组(58例)与对照组(51例),进行临床对照观察。观察组从新生儿起每月定期到儿保科接受体格发育和神经系统的监测和评估,同时根据评估结果进行康复干预,直至系统跟踪随访2周岁;对照组仅进行常规体检和育儿指导,两组均采用CDCC量表进行智力(MDI)和运动能力(PDI)测定判断智能发育是否正常。结果观察组在2岁时智能发育(MDI)与运动发育指数(PDI)分别比对照组高14.69、10.79分,差异具有显著性意义(P<0.05);观察组智能异常发生率17.24%,明显低于对照组39.72%,但两组在一般发育状况方面比较,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论早期干预能有效地促进早产儿智力及运动发育,对改善预后、降低伤残率、提高我国人口素质具有重要意义。     

早期干预促进早产儿智能发育的临床观察

目的探讨早期护理干预对早产儿体格、智能、运动发育的影响。方法对2003年2月～2005年12月在我科NICU救治存活的早产儿103例,按是否接受早期干预措施划分为观察组58例,对照组45例;观察组参照《塑造最佳的人生开端——新生儿行为与0～3岁潜能开发指南》进行干预训练,由专人定期进行体格发育与神经系统检查及智力测定。对照组采用常规育儿方式未进行系统干预,每3-6个月随访一次,两组均随访至2周岁。结果:观察组在2岁时智力发育指数(MDI)与运动发育指数(PDI)分别高于对照组14.69、9.82分;观察组智能异常率15.52%,明显低于对照组42.22%,两组间差异具有显著性意义(x2=8.1659 p<0.01)。结论早产儿早期干预能有效地促进智力及运动发育,是改善预后、减少伤残率、提高患儿生存质量的有效手段。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.