关注甲型H1N1流感

2009年3月在墨西哥出现一种新型流感病毒,因这种新型流感病毒与北美猪流感病毒基因节段极其相似,曾被称为"猪流感",后由世界卫生组织、联合国粮农组织和世界动物卫生组织将其更名为2009 A(H1N1)流感,我国相应命名为甲型H1N1流感.这次疫情可谓"来势汹汹",在不到1个月的时间内迅速蔓延到全球,其传播速度之快前所未有.     

2009甲型H1N1流感研究进展

2009年3月在墨西哥出现了一种新型甲型H1N1流感病毒,这是一个四源重排的A型流感病毒:来源于猪流感病毒、禽流感病毒及人流感病毒.其临床特点与季节性流感相似,但重症病例可发生在无基础疾病的青壮年人,这与季节性流感不同,其高危人群为患有基础疾病者、孕妇及肥胖者.尽管已经出现了耐药毒株,但奥司他韦治疗仍然有效.该文主要对2009年流行的甲型H1N1流感病毒的基因特点、临床表现及治疗的最新进展进行综述.     

儿童甲型H1N1流感12例分析

目的 了解儿童甲型H1N1流感的特点.方法 回顾分析2009年5月1日至2009年7月15日复旦大学附属儿科医院发热门诊及病房诊治的12例甲型H1N1流感的流行特征及临床特点;采取患儿鼻咽拭子标本,冰壶保存立即送上海市疾病预防控制中心,采用实时逆转录核酸扩增聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)进行甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸检测.结果 12例儿童甲型H1N1流感均为输入性病例,5例患儿有明确的甲型H1N1流感患者密切接触史.12例有发热症状,有咳嗽、流涕、食欲不佳症状的各为7例,1例有喘息症状,所有病例均无呕吐和腹泻.11例能准确表述自身感受的患儿中,均无肌肉酸痛,6例有咽痛,3例有腹痛.2例患儿并发肺炎,其中1例患儿病情危重.1例患儿居家隔离对症治疗,11例患儿住院治疗,均参照中国国家卫生部颁布的<甲型HINI流感诊疗方案(2009年试行版第一版)>进行治疗,其中10例息儿接受奥斯他韦抗病毒治疗,未见明显不良反应,所有患儿均痊愈.结论 儿童甲型H1N1流感的症状主要表现为典型的流感症状,大部分患儿临床过程轻微,及时隔离和治疗预后良好,奥斯他韦抗病毒治疗无明显副作用.儿童甲型H1N1流感的流行特征及临床特点尚需要多地区大样本的研究资料.     

人感染甲型H1N1流感病毒的研究进展

2009年4月以来,包括墨西哥、美国和加拿大在内的许多国家发生了人感染甲型H1N1流感病毒疫情,WHO已于2009年4月29日将此次流感流行的预警级别不断提升至5级。现已基本明确,引起此次流感疫情的甲型H1N1流感病毒是猪流感病毒（swine influenza virus,SIV）的一种新型变异株。     

小儿甲型H1N1流感危重症诊治体会

目的 探讨小儿甲型H1N1流感危重症患儿的发病特点及治疗措施.方法 2009年10月5日至11月15日期间我院PICU收治11例出现甲型H1N1流感样症状合并重症肺炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患儿,对其发病特点、治疗方法及转归等资料进行分析.结果 11例甲型H1N1流感样患儿合并重症肺炎、ARDS,其中6例经咽拭子检测甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸阳性.患儿平均年龄3.9岁(10个月～11岁).所有患儿都表现为发热和呼吸系统症状,从发病到出现危重症状的时间为5～10 d.6例行机械通气治疗.目前全部病例存活,无一例死亡.6例机械通气患儿已有4例安全脱机,2例仍在机械通气中.结论 重症甲型H1N1流感患儿病初为流感症状,无特殊临床表现;病情可在短时间内迅速加重,重症患儿以呼吸困难、低氧血症为突出表现;婴幼儿可伴有嗜睡、烦躁等神经系统症状;重症患儿肺部病变广泛,进展迅速,可在短时间内出现纵隔及皮下气肿、ARDS甚或肺出血并随之出现多脏器功能障碍综合征.     

儿童甲型H1N1流感的流行病学及其治疗进展

甲型H1N1流感是一种急性人畜共患的呼吸道传染性疾病,儿童作为容易感染的群体,其防治显得格外重要.目前的治疗药物主要有神经氨酸酶抑制剂和M_2离子通道阻滞剂两类.该文主要综述了甲型H1N1流感的特点、药物治疗和免疫预防的最新研究进展及中医的治疗,以提高大家对甲型H1N1流感的认识.     

儿童甲型H1N1流感临床特点

<正>甲型H1N1流感是由流感病毒H1N1亚型引起的急性呼吸道传染病。其临床特点与流感病毒的亚型及其变异有关,也与人体的免疫状况和当时的流行情况有关。2009年3月北美发生猪流感,世界卫生组织于2009-04-30宣布不再使用猪流感一词,开始使用甲型H1N1流感。它具有起病急、传染性强、流行广泛、传播迅速的特点。儿童感     

甲型H1N1流感大流行的机遇与挑战

自2009年4月北美首次发现甲型H1N1流感病毒以来,该新型猪源病毒已播散至全球,引起21世纪首次流感大流行,对人类健康产生巨大威胁[1-2].与季节性流感不同,本次甲型H1N1流感大流行是由一种整合了古典猪流感、欧亚猪流感、禽流感和人季节性H3N2流感病毒基因的新型四源重组毒株引起.免疫系统包括先天性免疫和获得性免疫系统,在构建了人体对流感病毒的防御体系的同时,也参与了流感病毒的致病机制.     

20例儿童甲型H1N1流感病例临床特点分析

目的 总结甲型H1N1流感患儿的临床特征,为甲型H1N1流感防治工作积累经验.方法 回顾性分析2009年9月至12月我院收治的20例甲型H1N1流感确诊患儿的临床资料,进行统计学分析.结果 20例患儿均出现不同程度发热及咳嗽,影像学检查示15例(75%,15/20)表现为不同程度的肺炎,其中4例(20%,4/20)合并纵膈气肿,1例合并肺不张.行肺部CT检查患儿9例,有5例出现胸腔积液,4例伴肺不张.8例患儿行免疫功能检测,IgE均有不同程度的升高.结论 儿童感染甲型H1N1流感病毒后易引起较严重的呼吸系统病变,且肺部影像学改变较临床症状恢复慢,甲型H1N1流感可导致免疫系统发生改变,存在变态反应.     

儿童重症甲型H1N1流感43例临床分析

目的 探讨小儿重症甲型H1N1流感的临床特点及治疗.方法 回顾分析2009年11月 - 2010 年1月长春市儿童医院收治的43例重症甲型H1N1流感患儿的临床特点及治疗情况.结果 43例均为本土病例,男32例,女11例;年龄最大13岁,最小6个月.重症43例中有8例危重症.有明确甲型H1N1流感接触史者7例.均以呼吸道感染为首发症状、体征,包括发热、咳嗽、喘息和肺部啰音、双肺阴影等改变,均以呼吸系统损害为重.危重症可出现呼吸衰竭、多脏器衰竭,部分出现肺水肿、肺出血,病情危重.所有患儿均参照卫生部颁布的<甲型H1N1流感诊疗方案>进行治疗,全部治愈出院.结论 儿童重症甲型H1N1流感主要表现为呼吸系统症状、体征,大部分经过良好,但危重症病例病情进展迅速,病势凶险,很快出现呼吸衰竭,可伴有各个脏器受损,应及时应用机械通气治疗.     

实时荧光聚合酶链反应方法在2006年广州地区儿童流行性感冒病毒监测中的应用

目的 应用实时荧光聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法检测流感病毒,并对2006年广州地区儿童感染流感病毒进行流行病学分析.方法 以流感病毒的NP基因序列为参考,综合分析GenBank上的NP基因序列,使用引物和探针设计软件Primer Express设计A/B型流感病毒及A亚型流感病毒各1对特异性引物和1条TaqMan荧光探针,用于分别检测A/B型流感病毒及A亚型流感病毒,建立实时荧光PCR方法,进行灵敏度和特异性检测.采用实时荧光PCR方法,对来自2006年门诊或住院呼吸道感染患儿的12 301份咽拭子或鼻腔抽洗液样本进行检测,并与病毒分离方法进行对照.结果 实时荧光PCR方法共检出1687份阳性样本,总阳性率为13.71%,其中A型773份(45.8%),全部为H1N1型;B型914份(54.2%).1-4月份检出流感病毒阳性525例,其中B型流感病毒455例(86.7%),A型(H1N1)流感病毒70例(13.3%);5-8月份检出流感病毒阳性1118例,其中B型流感病毒419例(37.5%),A型(H1N1)流感病毒699例(62.5%).病毒培养分离阳性为1380份,均为实时荧光PCR方法阳性,占实时荧光PCR方法阳性者的81.80%.结论 实时荧光PCR方法应用于流感病毒的检测具有简便快捷、特异、敏感的特点,2006年广州地区儿童流行性感冒病毒的流行1-4月份以B型流感病毒为主,5-8月份以H1N1亚型流感病毒为主.     

Treatment with oseltamivir and prone positioning for a 9‐year‐old boy with ARDS caused by pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza

Here we report the case of a 9‐year‐old boy with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by novel H1N1 swine‐origin influenza virus A. A diagnosis of ARDS caused by a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus was made on the basis of chest X‐ray and computed tomography together with low oxygenation index (OI) and the detection of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus from tracheal secretion samples. Oseltamivir phosphate and prone positioning were effective in the treatment of ARDS in this case. These findings suggest that anti‐viral drugs and prone positioning can play an important role in the improvement of ARDS caused by novel H1N1 swine‐origin influenza virus A.     

儿童甲型H1N1流感的现状、临床特点及处理

目前在全球呈现大流行趋势的甲型H1N1流感病毒是具备高度传染性的病毒,儿童和年轻成年人是主要易患人群,其临床表现相对轻微,但仍有部分病例因出现严重并发症而需要住院治疗.儿童,尤其是小于5岁者,是此次甲型H1N1流感流行中较易成为重症病例的高危人群,容易发生严重并发症,尤其是伴有慢性呼吸道、心血管疾病及免疫缺陷的儿童可能面临更大的死亡危险.神经氨酸酶抑制剂奥司他韦和扎那米韦是目前推荐使用的用于预防和治疗的抗病毒药物.疫苗被认为是控制流行的有效手段.     

An influenza Epidemic among Institutionalized Children at the Time of Replacement from A(H3N2)to A(H1N1): Observation of 32 Cases Including 3 Cases of Probable Simultaneous Infection with A(H1N1) and A(H3N2)

An influenza epidemic occurred in Fukuoka, southern part of Japan in January, 1978 in which both influenza virus A(H1N1) and A (H3N2) were isolated. Thirty-two institutionalized children with influenza were studied at the time of this shift from A (H3N2) to A (H1N1). Fourteen virus strains were isolated. Thirteen strains belonged to influenza virus A (H1N1) (A/USSR/92/77-like strain) and one a mixed strain of A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) (A/Texas/77-like strain). The hemagglutination inhibition (H1)tests of paired sera indicated that of the 32 Children, 27 Showed a significant increasein HI antibody titers for influenza virus A (H1N1). 2 for A (H3N2) and the remaining 3, including the case from which the mixed virus strain was isolated, for both A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). These offers 3 cases were thought to be probably infected simulataneously with both influenza virus A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). Clinical manifestations due to influenza virus A (H1N1) were moderate and the 3 cases of probable simultaneous infection with both influenza virus A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) did not show two clinical episodes but rather a single episode with clinical manifestations similar to the cases with single virus infection.     

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??Abstract??Objective??To discuss the clinical features and realizations of severe influenza A??H1N1?? virus infection in children. Methods??Analyzed the clinical features?? laboratory examinations and imaging data of 5 children with severe influenza A??H1N1?? virus infection. Results??5 children with severe influenza A??H1N1?? virus infection do not have special symptoms and signs?? just have flu-like symptoms such as fever?? cough?? headache?? some children are also accompanied with digestive symptoms such as abdominal pain?? vomit and diahorrea. When the patients’ conditions worsen?? they have bad coughs?? breathing difficulties?? wet rales in the lungs?? high heart rates?? poor peripheral circulation?? drowsiness or dysphoric and so on. The patients often experience MODS?? among them the lungs are prominent. In laboratory examinations?? white blood cells counts normal?? low or high?? most patients experience abnormal function of the liver?? kidney and coagulation. The main x-ray manifest that many parts of the lungs are damaged. Conclusion??Severe influenza A??H1N1?? virus infection in children develop at an alarming rate?? the risk of death is high. Early recognization?? early diagnosis and early treatment is the key to decrease the death rate of severe influenza A??H1N1?? virus infection.     

北京季节性甲型流感与2009甲型H1N1流感住院患儿的临床比较

目的 比较因甲型流感病毒(季节性和2009甲型H1N1)感染而住院儿童的流行病学及临床特征.方法 总结回顾分析首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院2003年1月至2010年1月有明确病原学证据的季节性甲型流感组(季节甲流组)和2009甲型H1N1流感组(新型甲流组)感染患儿331例的临床表现、实验室检查等资料.结果 (1)2003年至2008年每年季节甲流组患儿住院的高峰时间在冬季,新型甲流组住院患儿集中在2009年11月至2010年1月.(2)季节甲流组患儿发病年龄中位数为35(22～63)个月,新型甲流组年龄为48(36～67)个月,两组患儿发病年龄有显著差异(Z=-6.702,P＜0.01).(3)季节甲流组和新型甲流组患儿均以发热、咳嗽等流感样症状为主要表现,季节甲流组发热天数5(3～7)d,新型甲流组发热天数6(4～7)d,有显著差异(秩和检验,Z=-7.173,P＜0.01).(4)新型甲流组出现血小板减少,CRP、ALT、CK-MB的升高,以及心电图异常的人数高于季节甲流组.(5)新型甲流组有基础病变患儿60例,其比例高于季节甲流组的25例()(2=12.553,P＜0.01).(6)季节甲流组患肺炎者75例(49.3%),新型甲流组患肺炎者117例(65.4%),后者肺炎患儿人数高于前者(x2=8.661,P＜0.01),重症病例人数明显高于季节甲流组(X2=10.595,P＜0.01),有更高的ICU住院比例(x2=12.873,P＜0.01)和住院天数(Z=-2.764,P＜0.01).结论 2009甲型H1N1流感病毒作为一种新型变异病毒,致病力更强,有基础疾病的患儿更容易被感染,出现肺部、神经及心脏系统的并发症,住院时间长,病死率高.

Abstract：

Objective The novel influenza A (H1N1)virus firstly detected in April 2009 in Mexico rapidly spread to many countries including the United States and Canada where humans were infected with the H1N1 virus and deaths were reported. The pandemic virus strain had never been detected in specimen of human beings and swine. It was so highly contagious and widely spread that threatened life of humans globally. This study aimed to analyze clinical data of hospitalized children patients with 2009 novel H1N1 influenza A virus infection confirmed by etiologic tests, and compared with that of seasonal influenza A. Method Clinical manifestations,laboratory and therapy data from the hospitalized children were collected by designed case report form and analyzed. All patients were enrolled from Capital Institute of Pediatrics from January 2003 to 2010.There were 152 cases in seasonal influenza A group, which was composed of 100 boys and 52 girls. Other 93 boys and 86 girls formed 2009 novel influenza A group.Result Influenza A was dominate from 2003 to 2008 and the peak season was December and January,while the peak hospitalized time of 2009 novel H1N1 influenza was from November 2009 to January 2010. The median age of seasonal influenza group was 35 months,which was lower than that of novel influenza group (Z=-6.702,P＜0.01).Besides,80.9% of the patients in seasonal influenza group were infants,while the novel influenza A group was mainly composed of infants and pre-school children(x2 =40.725,P＜0.01). The cases of both groups had influenza-like symptoms at onset and the most common presentations were fever and cough.The duration of fever was much longer in 2009 novel influenza group(Z=-7.173,P＜0.01). Patients in two groups nearly had the same symptoms except cough was more frequently presented by novel influenza A group cases(x=4.109,P＜0.05).In laboratory examination,the novel influenza group had more cases with abnormality in blood platelet,CRP, ALT, and CK-MB than that of seasonal influenza group (x2=7.562,17.245,4.398,6.217,P＜0.01).Patients in novel influenza A group had more changes in electrocardiogram(x2=24.461,P＜0.01).More patients had common underlying medical condition in novel influenza groups than those in seasonal influenza group(x2=12.553,P＜0.01).Furthermore, the groups had different age distribution in underlying medical diseases(x2=7.231,P＜0.05).Children with 2009 novel H1N1 virus infection tended to catch pneumonia (x2=8.661,P＜0.01)and became the severe cases (x2=10.595,P＜0.01).They had much higher ICU admission rate (x2=12.873,P＜0.01)and longer hospital stay(Z=-2.764,P＜0.01).Conclusion As a new variant of influenza virus A, 2009 novel H1N1 influenza A had stronger pathogenicity. Children with underlying medical conditions had the high risk to be infected and developed severe manifestations.     

Early post-transplant vaccination with pandemic influenza A/H1N1 vaccine in pediatric heart transplant recipients

Pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus has the potential to cause severe disease in pediatric transplant patients. A pandemic vaccine against H1N1 is effective in immunocompetent children. We investigated the immunogenicity of this vaccine when given in the first six months after heart transplantation. Four patients younger than two yr received two doses of vaccine and one patient older than seven yr received one dose. Titers were obtained using the HAI at baseline and after final immunization. Five patients were enrolled, ages 0.5-7 yr. Median age at the time of transplant was five months (range 3 wk-7 yr). All patients received induction with anti-thymoglobulin and maintenance immunosuppression with tacrolimus, MMF, and prednisone. Patients were immunized with the adjuvanted H1N1 vaccine after heart transplant at median time of nine wk (range 5-23 wk) post-transplant. Three of five developed protective titers against H1N1. A proportion of pediatric patients may respond to influenza vaccine even when immunized in the early post-transplant period.