微创穿刺侧脑室引流及脑积液置换治疗高血压性丘脑出血临床观察

目的观察高血压性丘脑出血破入脑室患者的治疗方法、手术时机对预后的影响。方法40例患者全部进行常规内科治疗，其中随机抽取12例隔日行腰穿刺脑脊液（csf）置换术并鞘内注射地塞米松，直至CT显示脑室内积血消失，csf外观清亮，动力试验阴性；16例同时行微创穿刺侧脑室引流及间断腰穿csf置换术。结果内科加csf置换加脑室引流活疗死亡率为12．50％，6h以内治疗及预后观察死亡率为0。结论超旱期同时行微创穿刺侧脑室引流及间断腰穿csf置换术是治疗高血压性丘脑出血破入脑室的最佳方案。     

简易立体定向置管抽吸术治疗高血压脑出血

目的：探讨简易立体定向置管抽吸术治疗高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法：采用简易立体定向置管抽吸术治疗高血压脑出血111例。结果：111例中，101例血肿3天内残留血量占原来血量15%以内；7例残留血量≥50%;经再穿刺置管抽吸治愈；3例再出血，予小骨窗手术清除血肿后2例存活，1例死亡。随访1～3月，日常生活能力评定（ADL）：ADL1 21例，ADL2 38例；ADL3 44例；ADL4 7例。结论：简易立体定向置管抽吸术治疗高血压脑出血是较为可靠和安全的方法之一，尤其适用于设备条件有限的基层医院。     

高血压致丘脑出血的手术治疗分析

目的探讨外科手术治疗高血压致丘脑出血的疗效。方法回顾性总结我院近5年所行外科手术治疗高血压丘脑出血33例患者的疗效,并与同期未手术31例患者临床资料进行对比分析。结果 33例术后再出血2例,放弃治疗4例,死亡6例,死亡率显著低于非手术组。存活患者随访6个月至1年,按日常生活能力分级（ADL）,I级6例,II级9例,III级8例,IV级2例,V级1例。结论高血压致丘脑出血及早在直视下彻底清除血肿并可靠止血,可降低再出血率和死亡率。     

丘脑出血的临床救治

目的：探讨丘脑出血的综合治疗方法。方法：对89例丘脑出血病人，采用积极的综合治疗手段，包括控制血压、脑室外引流、亚低温治疗、气管切开、营养支持治疗等方法。结果：80例存活，9例死亡。存活的80例半年后随访，按ADL分级判断，Ⅰ级11例，Ⅱ级28例，Ⅲ级25例，Ⅳ级9例，Ⅴ级4例，1例死于营养不良，2例死于肺部感染。结论：积极的综合治疗措施可以提高病人生存率和存活病人的生存质量。     

高血压脑出血的外科治疗

目的 分析外科治疗高血压性脑出血的手术时机、手术适应症、手术方法及术后处理。方法 总结我院自1990年以来经外科治疗高血压性脑出血患者90例。结果 要后存活82例，按ADL分级：I组13例、Ⅱ级18例、Ⅲ级24例、Ⅳ级20例、Ⅴ级7例。结论 外科手术治疗高血压性服出血可降低死亡率。     

脑出血破入脑室96例手术治疗的临床分析

目的 探讨脑出血破入脑室的外科手术治疗并辅以术后尿激酶溶解的临床疗效.方法 96例脑出血破入脑室患者采用小骨窗开颅联合脑室外引流、单纯脑室外引流以及术后辅以尿激酶溶解,选择性应用腰大池持续引流和腰椎穿刺治疗.结果 46例患者采用小骨窗开颅联合脑室外引流治疗,出现术后并发症25例,死亡5例;50例患者采用单纯脑室外引流,出现术后并发症28例,死亡6例.术后3个月随访日常生活能力(ADL)分级:Ⅰ12例;Ⅱ17例;Ⅲ 24例;Ⅳ19例;Ⅴ13例;Ⅵ 11例.结论 脑内血肿超过30ml时,适宜选择小骨窗开颅联合脑室外引流术,而脑内血肿小于30ml时,适于选用单纯脑室外引流术,根据病人情况及出血量来选择手术方式,可以更好的减少术后并发症及降低患者的病残率,提高患者的生存质量.     

丘脑出血微创穿刺与开颅手术的疗效比较分析

目的分析比较丘脑出血患者微创穿刺治疗与外科开颅手术治疗的疗效。方法对1997～2009年住院经颅脑CT确诊的丘脑出血患者42例（观察组）,应用YL-1型微创穿刺治疗,生存病例于治疗后半年随访,按生活能力分级进行预后评估;选2005～2009年经外科开颅手术治疗的丘脑出血患者45例（对照组）,电话通知生存者来院随访,进行生活能力分级。对两组病例的评估结果进行对比分析。结果观察组的病死率为7．1％,对照组的病死率为11．1％,P〉0．05。观察组的生活能力在日常生活能力表（ADL）评估为I～Ⅲ级者为81％,对照组为60．0％,特别日常生活能力表（ADL）评估为I级者观察组为33．3％,对照组为13．3％,P〈0．05。结论微创穿刺治疗与开颅手术相比对丘脑出血患者的病死率无显著差异,但患者生存质量明显优于外科开颅手术治疗。     

开颅减压结合脑室外引流术对高血压脑出血破入脑室 感染及预后的影响

目的 探究开颅减压结合脑室外引流术对高血压脑出血破入脑室感染及预后的影响。方法 选取2016年1月~2018年10月我院收治的高血压脑出血破入脑室患者46例为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和研究组,每组23例。对照组行脑室外引流术,研究组行开颅减压结合脑室外引流术,比较两组治疗效果、感染发生率以及总体预后效果。结果 研究组术后出血率、术后感染率低于对照组[（4.35% vs 26.09%）、（26.09% vs 56.52%）],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。研究组预后良好率为69.57%,高于对照组的43.48%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 开颅减压结合脑室外引流术能有效清除脑部积血,减少术后再出血和并发症,有效提高了预后效果,具有较高的临床价值。     

高血压脑出血继续出血88例临床分析

目的探讨高血压脑出血继续出血的临床、CT特点及预测因素。方法对88例高血压脑出血继续出血患者的临床及CT资料进行回顾分析。结果显示下列情况容易引起继续出血：既往长期饮酒者、肝肾功能不全、止凝血功能异常、有糖尿病、长期服阿司匹林者、入院前超急性期用甘露醇及扩血管药、入院24h内（每小时测一次血压）平均收缩压〉24kPa（180mmHg）及舒张压〉14.7kPa（110mmHg）者、168h内意识障碍逐渐加重及肌力进行性下降者、首次CT示血肿形状不规则者。继续出血确诊距发病时间在7d以内,多在24h以内。出血部位可在丘脑、壳核、脑叶、脑干,但以丘脑为多。结论高血压脑出血继续出血主要与止凝血功能异常、入院前超急性期用甘露醇者、血压水平、血肿形态、出血部位等有关。选择适当的治疗方法,包括镇静、调整血压、止血、降颅压等保守治疗或手术清除血肿治疗。     

颅内血肿微创穿刺术治疗高血压脑出血的临床研究

目的观察颅内血肿微创穿刺术治疗高血压脑出血的疗效。方法对63例高血压脑出血患者采用颅内血肿微创穿刺术治疗。应用日常生活能力（ADL）评定患者恢复情况。结果63例中死亡4例（6．3％）;术后半年随访,ADL分级Ⅰ级19例（30．2％）,Ⅱ级28例（44．4％）,Ⅲ级6例（9．5％）,Ⅳ级5例（7．9％）,植物生存（Ⅴ级）1例（1．6％）。结论颅内血肿微创穿刺术是治疗高血压脑出血的有效手术方式,能减轻神经损伤,促进神经功能的恢复。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.