原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的外科治疗

目的:总结原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的外科治疗经验。方法:分析3年间收治的9例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的临床资料。9例中术前有骨关节疼痛4例, 骨折1例, 泌尿系结石症状3例，有肾病表现1例。所有患者术前血钙均升高，平均3 145 mmol/L，术前PTH平均186 ng/L， 全组病例经术前影像学定位后均行手术治疗。 结果:术后血钙明显下降, 平均血钙为1 775 mmol/L。术中切除甲状旁腺肿物15 min后测血PTH分别下降66％。9例术中均暴露喉返神经，术后无1例出现声嘶。术后8例均随访1个月至3年, 术后临床表现缓解, 骨质疏松改善。结论:甲状旁腺切除术是治疗原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的有效方法，经术前影像学定位后，术中PTH检测，行小范围、小创伤的甲状旁腺切除术是可行的。暴露喉返神经行甲状旁腺切除术更安全。     

136例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的诊治体会

目的分析原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的临床特点、诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析四川大学华西医院2004年1月至2012年12月期间初次手术治疗且资料完整的原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者的临床资料。结果136例甲状旁腺功能亢进患者中骨型52例（38,23％）,肾型17例（12．50％）,骨。肾型7例（5．15％）,生化型24例（17．65％）,合并其他临床表现者36例（26．47％）。术前甲状旁腺激素（parathyroid hormone,PTH）值为（106．20±88．88）pmol／L（6．91～390pmol／L）,血钙值为（3．12±0．66）mmol／L（2．15～5．77mmol／L）。甲状腺及颈部淋巴结彩超和锝．甲氧基异丁基异腈放射性核素双时相显像（99Tcm-MIBI）定位诊断与手术发现符合率分别为75．00％及85．29％,联合CT检查三者符合率为86．76％。术后病理诊断：良性病变129例（94．85％）,甲状旁腺癌7例（5．15％）。良性病变中甲状旁腺腺瘤119例（92．25％）,其中单发114例（95．80％）,多发腺瘤或甲状旁腺瘤合并甲状旁腺增生5例（4．20％）;甲状旁腺增生10例（7．75％）,其中8例为甲状旁腺不典型增生或增生活跃。124例（91．18％）患者术后3d内PTH降至正常上限以下。124例（91．18％）获随访,随访时间6～112个月,中位随访时间49个月;12例（8．82％）失访。术后6个月有2例（1．47％）甲状旁腺癌患者肿瘤复发,其余病例无复发。3例（2．21％）甲状旁腺癌患者分别于术后18,19及23个月死亡,其中2例死于甲状旁腺癌全身转移,1例死于心血管意外。结论原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床表现多样,手术是治疗原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的有效手段。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症临床分析（附138例报告）

目的 总结原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的诊治体会。方法 回顾性分析本院普通外科2015年1月至2017年11月经手术治疗的138例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症病人的临床资料。结果 138例病人,男30例,女108例,均行手术治疗,其中甲状旁腺危象5例,1例行急诊手术治疗。切除病变甲状旁腺150枚。术后病理检查显示：123枚（82.0%）为甲状旁腺腺瘤,9枚（6.0%）为甲状旁腺增生,4枚（2.7%）为甲状旁腺癌,10枚（6.6%）为甲状旁腺囊肿,4枚（2.7%）为甲状旁腺非典型腺瘤。术后第1天甲状旁腺素（parathyroid hormone, PTH）均降至正常,血钙下降。其中48例术后出现低血钙症状,经补充活性维生素D和葡萄糖酸钙,恢复正常。无喉返神经损伤等并发症发生。结论 血钙和PTH可作为原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的初步诊断方法。甲状旁腺切除术是有效治疗手段。术前准确定位有助于缩小探查范围。对于甲状旁腺危象,给予水化利尿及双膦酸盐降钙治疗、及时早期行甲状旁腺切除术,可取得良好治疗效果。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(primary hyperparathyroidism，PHPT)的诊治方法。方法 回顾性分析90例PHPT的临床资料。结果 血钙大于2．65mmol／L，伴血PTH同步升高为定性诊断PHPT的主要依据。B超定位甲状旁腺腺瘤的特异性为95％，而^99mTc-MIBI的敏感性为100％。经双侧甲状旁腺探查发现下旁腺较上旁腺更易受累。良性病变1次手术成功率99％。结论 PHPT的定性诊断依据血钙和PTH的同步升高，结合颈部B超和MIBI能取得较为准确的术前定位。双侧颈部探查并切除甲状旁腺肿瘤安全有效。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的外科诊治

目的： 探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（PHPT）的外科诊治经验。 方法：回顾性分析2002—2012年间收治的86例PHPT患者的临床资料。 结果：首发症状表现为骨骼系统病变45例,泌尿系统症状21例,消化道症状14例;无症状者6例。术前86例患者平均血钙浓度（3.13±0.46）mmol/L,甲状旁腺素（PTH）中位浓度864.6 pmol/mL。B超检出率90.3%,99mTc-MIBI检出率95.0%,CT检出率78.6%。58例单纯单发甲状旁腺瘤（其中包括异位甲状旁腺腺瘤5例）行单侧颈部探查术;11例双侧甲状旁腺腺瘤,15例单发甲状旁腺腺瘤合并双侧结节性甲状腺肿,2例甲状旁腺增生行双侧颈部探查术。术后成功随访80例,时间3个月至6年,所有患者均无复发。 结论：血钙、血PTH是PHPT定性诊断的主要依据,B超、99mTc-MIBI是PHPT主要定位手段。手术治疗是最有效的方法,单侧颈部探查术是常用术式。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的诊断与治疗

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（primaryhyperpa-rathyroidism,PHPT）是由于病变的甲状旁腺组织合成和分泌过多的甲状旁腺激素（PTH）引起高血钙、低血磷及高尿钙的一种多系统疾病。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的外科治疗

目的　总结原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的外科治疗经验。方法　回顾性分析 1985～2 0 0 2年在我科行外科手术治疗的 5 5例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的临床资料。全组病例均行甲状旁腺切除术。结果　 5 5例患者中无症状者 8例 ,骨、关节病变 2 4例 ,泌尿系结石病变 10例 ,骨和泌尿系结石病变 13例 ,病理性骨折 16例。全组血钙均升高 ,在 2 7～ 3 9mmol/L之间 ,平均 (3 1± 0 4 )mmol/L。 5 0例患者术前测定甲状旁腺激素升高在 10 2～ 2 0 0 0pg/ml之间 ,平均 (489 2±6 9 2 ) pg/ml。联合B超、CT、核素扫描术前定位诊断率达 90 9%。术后全组均随访 6个月～ 2年 ,术后临床表现缓解 ,骨质疏松改善 ,骨折愈合 ,有 39例患者出现短期低血钙 ,37例出现面部、手足麻木 ,10例出现手足抽搐。术后有 15例患者血钙正常 ,1例略高于正常值 ,低血钙者经骨化三醇和钙剂治疗 1～ 3周均可改善 ,血钙恢复正常。术后 4 7例患者甲状旁腺激素均在 2个月内恢复到正常 ,3例略高于正常值。结论　甲状旁腺切除术是治疗原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的有效方法。经术前影像学定位后行小范围、小创伤的甲状旁腺切除术是可行的手术方法。及时将原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者转入内分泌外科治疗可达到早期治疗、减少骨关节和泌     

关注甲状旁腺功能增强和正常血钙型原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的防治

随着血钙及甲状旁腺素（PTH）等各种实验室检查技术的发展,大量无症状或正常血钙型原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（primary hyperparathyroidism,PHPT）得以早期诊断。PHPT已成为影响人类健康的第三大常见内分泌系统疾病。目前部分PHPT,尤其是多数正常血钙型PHPT,并非原发,可能是长期钙摄入不足和...     

73例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的诊治分析

目的总结原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的诊治体会。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2010年12月期间笔者所在医院施行手术治疗的73例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的临床资料。结果 73例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者中,腺体增生1例（1.4%）,腺瘤67例（91.8%）,腺癌5例（6.8%）。临床表现包括骨和关节疼痛63例（86.3%）、病理性骨折17例（23.3%）、骨质疏松59例（80.8%）、乏力28例（38.4%）、腹痛4例（5.5%）、泌尿系统结石17例（23.3%）、恶性高血压1例（1.4%,为多发性内分泌腺瘤病Ⅱa型）等。术前所有患者的全段甲状旁腺激素水平均升高,有80.8%（59/73）的患者血钙水平升高,有84.9%（62/73）的患者碱性磷酸酶水平升高。病灶检出率彩超为82.8%（53/64）,CT检查为83.3%（20/24）,99Tcm-司他比锝（MIBI）核素扫描为90.2%（46/51）,三者联合检查为91.8%（67/73）,余6例病灶术前未能明确定位。所有病例均行患侧甲状旁腺切除术,5例腺癌病例加行颈淋巴结清扫术。术后发生手足抽搐16例,声音嘶哑2例,急性胰腺炎1例,急性左心功能衰竭1例。术后69例患者获访,随访时间3～72个月,平均17.3个月。随访期间,大部分病例于术后1个月内其骨痛（43例）和乏力（18例）症状改善,但甲状旁腺激素和血钙水平的恢复则相对缓慢。1例腺瘤病例术后复发,1例腺癌病例术后发生肺转移,1例腺癌病例于术后37个月因肺和骨转移死亡,其余患者（1例腺癌病例由腺瘤恶变而来,行再次手术）至随访结束时均存活,无复发及转移。结论应深入理解和认识原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的临床特点,甲状旁腺功能和血钙水平的筛查有助于该病的检出。甲状旁腺切除术是该病的有效治疗手段,术前准确定位有助于缩小探查范围。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的诊断和外科治疗

目的 总结原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的诊治经验.方法 回顾性分析1992年11月-2008年12月我院收治的91例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(primary hyperparathyroidism,PHPT)的临床资料.结果 91例患者中甲状旁腺腺瘤88例(96.7%),腺癌3例(3.3%).血清钙和甲状旁腺素(PTH)均升高.主要表现为骨痛和泌尿系结石.术前B超、CT和ECT99mTc-MIBI定位准确率分别为83.5%(76/91)、60.9%(14/23)、98.6%(69/70).全部病例均行甲状旁腺腺瘤切除术,1例腺癌另行甲状腺腺叶切除加中央区淋巴结清扫.一次手术成功率97.8%(89/91).90例术后随访8个月至14年,87例腺瘤患者获得临床治愈,3例腺癌患者中2例复发,其中1例死亡.结论 原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的诊断并不困难,患有慢性骨病、反复发作泌尿系结石、消化性溃疡的患者应作为此病疑诊对象,血钙检查应作为常规;术前影像学检查首选B超和ECT~(99m)Tc-MIBI;定位准确的甲状旁腺瘤采用腺瘤切除术是可行的.     

Two cases of primary hyperparathyroidism

Two cases of primary hyperparathyroidism with urolithiasis are reported. These cases were preoperatively localized by CT-scan and 201T1-chloride scintiscan. Primary hyperparathyroidism is one of the most significant pathogenesis of urolithiasis and determination of serum Ca level is valuable in screening for primary hyperparathyroidism. CT-scan, ultrasonogram and scintiscan with 201T1-chloride are useful and are non-invasive studies to detect preoperative localization of parathyroid tumors.     

Pitfalls in parathyroid evaluation in patients with calcium urolithiasis

Summary Primary hyperparathyroidism is a major cause of calcium urolithiasis and is easily recognised when it is classically manifested. However, subtle presentations of primary hyperparathyroidism may cause confusion with other causes of calcium stone disease or cause diagnostic difficulty. Several pitfalls of parathyroid evaluation and treatment are illustrated by four cases of calcium urolithiasis. Cases 1 and 2 represent ineffective or useless parathyroid surgery rendered for renal hypercalciuria and absorptive hypercalciuria, respectively. Cases 3 and 4 had mild or intermittent hypercalcaemia. The correct diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was made in Case 3 by parathyroid venous sampling and bone densitometry. In Case 4, the thiazide provocative test was used to establish the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism.This work was supported by grants from the USPHS 1-RO1-AM-16061 and 5-MO1-RR00633.     

Familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type I: the urologist is first on the scene

OBJECTIVE: To study the urological manifestations of familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 26 adults (median age 38.5 years, range 18-80) from two unrelated MEN-1 pedigrees. In 15 of the patients the diagnosis was confirmed by genetic analysis, while in the rest the diagnosis was based on clinical criteria combined with genealogy data. RESULTS: Urolithiasis associated with primary hyperparathyroidism was present in 65% of MEN-1 patients and in 77% of those who were symptomatic. In 68% of patients complications of urolithiasis (renal/ureteric colic, urinary tract infection) were the presenting clinical manifestations of MEN-1, whereas in 50% they constituted the only clinical manifestation of the syndrome. The mean time from the onset of symptoms of urolithiasis to the diagnosis of the polyendocrinopathy was 17.2 years. Initial failure to recognize the presence of MEN-1 in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism led to conservative parathyroid surgery, with subsequent relapse of the hyperparathyroidism, requiring re-operation. Serious renal morbidity included one case of pyonephrosis necessitating nephrectomy. While urolithiasis was a cardinal clinical manifestation of MEN-1, there was otherwise considerable phenotypic polymorphism, even among patients bearing the same MEN1 gene mutation. CONCLUSION: In patients with familial MEN-1 the complications of urolithiasis are the commonest presenting clinical manifestations and the cause of significant morbidity. In the presence of a family history of renal stones, appropriate investigations may lead to the timely diagnosis of this important, albeit rare, disorder.     

A clinical study of primary hyperparathyroidism

Eight cases of primary hyperparathyroidism (P-HPT) confirmed pathohistologically, between April, 1974 and January, 1986 at our department, were reviewed. The patients consisted of three males and five females, ranging in age from 38 to 62 years old with an average of 50.3 years. All the cases belonged to the urolithiasis type and seven patients were recurrent or/and multiple stone-formers. Positive rates of the laboratory values studied in relation with P-HPT were 100% in serum Ca, C terminal parathyroid hormone, and % TRP, 87.5% in urine Ca, 75% in serum Cl/P ratio, alkaliphosphatase, 50% in serum Cl, 37.5% in serum P and 0% in urine P. Seven cases had clinically apparent hypercalcemia, while one was a so-called borderline P-HPT with intermittent hypercalcemia. The correct diagnosis of the localization was obtained preoperatively in two cases by angiography and one by C.T and Tl-Tc subtraction scintigraphy. Histological findings of the tumors extirpated by the cervical operation were parathyroid adenomas in six cases and hyperplasia in two. During the course of the postoperative follow up, hypercalcemia and urolithiasis did not recur in any case including two of hyperplasia.     

Mild metabolic hyperoxaluria and its response to pyridoxine

Three cases of mild metabolic hyperoxaluria (with glycollaturia) are described. They showed different types of response to pyridoxine. One responded to low dose, one responded at first to low dose but became resistant, and the third showed temporary response to high dose. One case also had primary hyperparathyroidism and one had medullary sponge kidneys and hypercalciuria. It is important to measure urinary oxalate (and glycollate) in all cases of calcium oxalate urolithiasis.     

Relation between parathyroid hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone in primary hyperparathyroidism

Parathyroid hormone is concerned with urolithiasis, and regulated by serum ionized calcium concentration. We thought that parathyroid hormone might also be regulated by a hormone. 1 mg of ACTH injection was given intramuscularly to 6 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, 6 patients with urolithiasis, and 5 control subjects. Serum calcium significantly increased 2 h after ACTH injection in primary hyperparathyroidism. However in the other two groups, an increase of serum calcium was not observed. Parathyroid hormone increased after ACTH injection in most subjects of all three groups. Calcium concentration in a culture medium of parathyroidectomy increased in 4 cases, and the parathyroid hormone concentration in the culture medium increased in 3 cases after ACTH addition. From these data, we believe that ACTH directly influences the parathyroid glands, and that calcium is released from the parathyroid cells. Therefore, the decrease in calcium concentration in the parathyroid cells activates the excretion of parathyroid hormone. The fact that serum parathyroid hormone increases in most subjects in all groups supports our hypothesis, namely that ACTH acts directly on the parathyroid gland.     

Primary hyperparathyroidism: problems on surgical indication and procedure]

Between 1959 and Oct. 1990, 307 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) were operated on in our hospital. Among them, 23 cases (7.5%) were asymptomatic chemical type of PHPT, and the incidence of this type has been increasing these days. Various symptoms or signs including urolithiasis, bone disease, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disease, diabetes mellitus and others were associated with PHPT. Especially, as a lethal factor, malignant tumors developed in 14 cases (4.6%); 9 cases of non-medullary thyroid cancer and tumors of other organs. In consideration of these associated disorders, the chemical type of PHPT should be operated prophylactically. In order to reduce operative complications, unilateral exploration is available for the cases of single normally localized adenoma; 85.7% of our 307 cases. Moreover, the positive rate of preoperative localized test by CT and ultrasonography for such adenomas is 78% in the recent 5 years. The predictive values of successful operation by unilateral exploration are 89% in the cases of normally localized single adenoma and 76% in all PHPT.     

Outcome study of psychological distress and nonspecific symptoms in patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism

BACKGROUND: Primary hyperparathyroidism is a common endocrinopathy. The appropriate management of its mild form, however, remains controversial. HYPOTHESIS: Mild primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with psychological distress and other nonspecific symptoms that improve following parathyroidectomy. DESIGN: Two-year prospective before-after study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty-six consecutive patients with mild hypercalcemia (<12 mg/dL [<3 mmol/L]) due to primary hyperparathyroidism, without osteitis fibrosa cystica or urolithiasis were enrolled from January 11, 1997, through April 21, 1998. INTERVENTION: Parathyroidectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome was psychological distress as measured by the 28-item version of the General Health Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes included body weight, joint pain, and occurrences of bowel movements and urination. RESULTS: Before surgery, 15 patients (58%; 95% confidence interval, 37%-77%) showed psychological distress (case group) while 11 patients did not (noncase group). A clinically and statistically significant reduction in the General Health Questionnaire score was detected at 3 months in the case group (-6.1; 95% confidence interval, -11.0 to -1.2), but the reduction was smaller (-1.9; 95% confidence interval, -6.9 to 3.0) at 24 months after surgery. No significant change in the General Health Questionnaire score was observed in the noncase group during the follow-up. No significant change was noted in any of the secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological distress was associated with mild primary hyperparathyroidism and was ameliorated after surgery. The improvement, however, was limited in extent and duration.     

Clinical study on 32 patients who underwent parathyroidectomy at Osaka City University Hospital

We retrospectively reviewed 32 patients who underwent parathyroidectomy at our hospital for the last fourteen years. 1) Clinical appearance of primary hyperparathyroidism was in younger age in women. 2) In previous history or at the time of PTX, 9 patients had malignant tumors including 6 thyroid cancers, 36% of the patients with out bone related symptoms had a remarkable decrease in bone mineral content. 3) After PTX, none of patients had recurrent urolithiasis and bone mineral content of all patients was significantly increased in a short time. In addition, upper GI complaints were improved, or hypertension was partially normalized. However, renal insufficiency remained unchanged. 4) In preoperative localization study, Ultrasound sonography (US) demonstrated the best accuracy rate of 88% when only one gland was involved. US was able to detect multiple gland involvement only in 20% of 5 cases. 5) Hypercalciuria was recognized as one of the risk factors of stone formation in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.     

Immediate and medium-term results of intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring during video-assisted parathyroidectomy

HYPOTHESIS: Using an intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) assay during video-assisted parathyroidectomy by lateral approach is useful in patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism, and the medium-term results of surgery are excellent. DESIGN: Retrospective study of patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism following video-assisted parathyroidectomy by lateral approach with IOPTH measurement. PATIENTS: Of 394 patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism, 200 (67%) were eligible for video-assisted parathyroidectomy by lateral approach: patients in whom a single enlarged gland was clearly localized by ultrasonography, sestamibi scintigraphy, or both. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: An IOPTH assay was used in 198 patients. Intraoperative parathyroid hormone was measured at induction, skin incision, ablation, and 5 and 15 minutes after ablation. RESULTS: The immediate results of the IOPTH assay were true positive in 187 cases (94.4%), true negative in 8 cases (4%), false negative in 2 cases (1%), and false positive in 1 case (0.5%). The overall accuracy of the IOPTH assay was 98.5%. All patients were normocalcemic postoperatively. The median follow-up was 20.5 months in 150 reviewed: 149 patients (99.4%) were normocalcemic, 17 patients (11.3%) had an elevated PTH level with normocalcemia, and 1 patient (0.6%) had recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, IOPTH monitoring during video-assisted parathyroidectomy by lateral approach is useful in detecting multiple gland disease not suspected by preoperative localization studies. Overall, IOPTH monitoring predicts medium-term normocalcemia with a success rate of 98.5% in patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism.