人工髋关节翻修术的临床分析（附32例报告）

目的探讨人工髋关节翻修术的翻修原因、临床特点及手术方法。方法对32例人工髋关节翻修术的临床资料进行回顾性分析。取髋关节后侧入路,取出松动的股骨侧及髋臼侧假体,根据缺损情况植骨,然后按技术要求换置假体。结果2例术中出现股骨骨折,行内固定术,愈合良好。1例髋臼行植骨、骨水泥假体固定,术后1年出现髋臼假体松动。行二期翻修术。Harris评分术前平均41．3分,术后平均83．5分。结论①无菌性松动和医源性错误是人工髋关节翻修的最常见原因;②髋臼翻修首选非骨水泥假体生物型固定,对于包容性髋臼骨质缺损,应行颗粒打压植骨＋非骨水泥臼固定;（蓼翻修术中股骨柄取出困难可行股骨大粗隆延长截骨;④术后功能锻炼至关重要。     

大转子延长截骨在全髋关节翻修术中应用的临床评价

目的 回顾性研究采用大转子延长截骨(extended troehanteric osteotomy,ETO)行全髋关节翻修术后股骨柄的位置变化,评价ETO在股骨假体稳定件髋关节翻修术中的作用.方法 1998年1月至2007年6月,采用ETO对股骨柄或骨水泥壳固定稳定性全髋关节33例33髋进行翻修.翻修术后采用Harris评分和MOMAC评分评估髋关节功能,摄动态X线片观察截骨块愈合、假体位置改变及股骨柄与股骨髓腔匹配等情况.结果 25例随访12～103个月,平均63个月.Harris评分由术前平均38.4分,提高到末次随访时88.7分;WOMAC评分由术前平均56.2分,降至末次随访时42.8分.大转子截骨块均在术后4～10个月骨性愈合.3例发生股骨柄下沉.平均3.4mm.股骨柄假体出现外翻、内翻各1例.无术中或术后骨折、钢丝断裂、感染、假体周围骨溶解以及异位骨化发生.术后关节脱位1例.结论 对假体固定稳定性股骨柄进行翻修,采用ETO有利于假体的安全取出,术后截骨块愈合率高,延长截骨不影响假体稳定性.股骨柄下沉、位置改变、截骨块骨折等并发症发生率低.     

大转子延长截骨在股骨柄翻修术中的应用

目的 报道大转子延长截骨在股骨柄翻修术中的应用及其疗效。方法 从 1998年 1月～ 2000年 1月,采用大转子延长截骨术取出股骨柄、骨水泥,行翻修术 11例。男 7例,女 4例。年龄 53～ 69岁,平均 65.4岁。翻修原因 :股骨柄断裂 2例,人工股骨头置换术后髋臼骨关节炎 8例,假体位置异常 1例。结果 11例患者术后第 2 d均在助行器辅助下下床行走,术后 3个月大转子延长截骨处临床愈合后,改扶单拐行走, 6个月后弃拐行走。术后随访 6～ 30个月,大转子延长截骨处骨性愈合, Harris评分平均为 89.6分。结论 大转子延长截骨术多用于翻修术中取出固定牢固的骨水泥或非骨水泥假体柄。其适应证包括 :(1)股骨柄近端断裂,远端仍牢固固定者; (2)人工股骨头置换术后发生髋臼骨关节炎伴髋关节强直,股骨柄固定牢固,需行全髋翻修者; (3)股骨柄安放位置错误,但骨水泥固定良好者; (4)不伴有假体松动的早期严重感染需行翻修者。该方法显露充分,术后恢复快,是一种较好的股骨柄固定牢固的翻修方法。主要并发症有截骨处不愈合、移位及截骨片骨折。     

股骨皮质骨开窗技术在髋关节翻修术中的应用

目的 探讨股骨前外侧皮质骨开窗技术在髋关节翻修术中取出股骨远端稳定固定骨水泥的价值.方法 2005年5月至2009年6月,共14例(14髋)因各种原因致髋关节置换术后失败患者接受全髋关节翻修手术.其中男性10例,女性4例,年龄54～75岁,平均66岁.翻修原因为股骨头置换术后髋臼磨损5例、全髋关节置换术后假体周围骨溶解并松动6例、骨水泥柄股骨近端骨溶解柄断裂1例、髋臼骨溶解假体松动翻修同时行股骨柄翻修1例,感染后二期翻修时远端骨水泥取出困难1例.14例(14髋)股骨柄均为骨水泥同定.术中按术前计划开窗部位、开窗范围于股骨皮质骨开一长方形骨窗.通过骨窗直视下彻底清除髓腔内稳定固定的骨水泥,修整股骨髓腔.植入翻修柄后将皮质骨开窗骨瓣原位回植,双股钢丝捆绑固定.术后定期随访拍摄x线片.观察皮质骨开窗骨瓣与周围骨愈合情况、骨瓣有无移位、股骨柄有无下沉以及有无捆绑钢丝断裂等.结果 10例患者术后获得随访,平均随访时间24.6个月.股骨皮质骨开窗长度2.5～6.0 cm,平均3.4 cm,宽度0.8～1.4 cm,平均1.2 cm.股骨开窗远端以远部分发生纵形劈裂骨折1例.无术中皮质骨穿孔及股骨干骨折.向远段扩大开窗1例,扩大长度1.5 cm.开窗部位皮质骨骨瓣原位回植选择2～3道双股钢丝固定,平均2.3道.随访期间2例发牛假体柄下沉(平均2.5 mm),无皮质骨瓣移位以及捆绑钢丝断裂,术后3～5个月皮质骨瓣已于周围骨纤维愈合.随访期间无一例因各种原因致再次翻修.结论 股骨皮质骨开窗技术在髋关节翻修术中有助于直视下彻底取出股骨髓腔远端稳定固定的骨水泥,同时不会造成股骨骨丢失、不影响翻修柄植入后的稳定固定.     

人工全髋关节置换翻修术术前假体松动的回顾性研究

目的通过对48例人工全髋关节置换翻修术术前资料的系统回顾性研究,评价采取不同固定方法的假体的临床疗效。方法笔者对行髋关节置换的48例实行了全髋翻修术,并对全部病例进行了术前X线评价及术中假体松动情况调查,并做χ2检验,判断不同假体固定方式对假体寿命的影响。结果早、中期假体松动主要为非骨水泥型假体。骨水泥固定的假体与非骨水泥固定的假体远期均存在很高的松动下沉率,以骨水泥臼的松动为多数。髋臼侧骨溶解发生率以Ⅰ区为高,股骨柄侧骨溶解发生率以股骨近端为最高。结论人工全髋关节置换术中生物性固定初期并不十分牢固。人工全髋关节置换术中骨水泥固定假体松动主要发生在远期,并且以髋臼侧骨水泥松动为主。     

延伸的转子截骨在一期复杂全髋置换术中的应用

延伸的转子截骨在全髋翻修术中广泛应用 ,而且非常有效。然而在一期复杂全髋置换术中的应用尚未得到广泛研究。这种方法在全髋翻修术中的优点包括 :广泛暴露以利于取出内植物和骨水泥 ;矫正畸形 ;直视下置入股骨干内假体 ;而且此较大的截骨面比标准的转子截骨更有利于骨愈合。因此我们认为 ,这种截骨术的指征为严重的股骨畸形及需取出股骨内植物。本组 6例复杂一期全髋置换术采用了这种截骨术。包括 2例因股骨畸形而导致假体柄插入困难 ,2例需取出股骨内植物 ,2例股骨畸形且需取出内植物及 1例髋关节发育不良。全部采用表面有孔股骨假体重建…     

大块异体骨和混合颗粒骨移植在严重骨缺损股骨柄翻修术中的应用

目的探讨采用大块异体骨和混合颗粒骨移植对人工全髋关节置换术后股骨严重骨缺损翻修重建的疗效。方法 1999年7月至2006年6月,采用大块异体骨和混合颗粒骨移植翻修股骨严重骨缺损为主的重建人工全髋关节稳定11例11髋。男7例,女4例,翻修时平均年龄58岁（48～81岁）。11例中10例为骨水泥固定型全髋关节假体,1例为非骨水泥固定假体。累及股骨严重骨吸收MalloryⅢC型11例,臼骨吸收5例中PaproskyⅠ或ⅡC型。辐照冻存的大块异体骨覆盖严重股骨缺损节段和混合颗粒骨填充股骨腔内缺损11例。混合颗粒异体骨打压植骨翻修骨水泥杯2例,非骨水泥杯3例。11例患者进行有规则的临床和影像学随访,行Harris评价,对假体和异体骨的移位、松动和并发症进行观察。结果 平均随访8年11个月（6～11年）。术后Harris评价：其中有9例患者由术前41～49分提高到81～89分,有2例提高到90～95分。术后疼痛（VAS）评分：平均提高至13.1分（11～20分）,比翻修前41.7分（39～44分）明显改善。并发症：术后3个月发现股骨柄旋转移位,有1例出现前倾角缩小3°,到最后随访时再无移位;1例出现术后切口溢液,21d后自愈。所有11例患者的大块异体骨和混合颗粒骨在X线中均显示整合血管化良好,骨小梁通过宿主骨。结论 大块异体骨和混合颗粒骨移植是翻修严重股骨缺损的有效方法,并能充分整合成周围的宿主骨。     

保留金属臼杯的全髋关节翻修术

目的探讨对于全髋关节翻修术中髋臼臼杯稳定并难以取出的患者,行保留金属臼杯的全髋关节翻修术的疗效。方法行全髋关节翻修术9例,术中测试髋臼臼杯稳定并难以取出,使用骨水泥将聚乙烯内衬固定在金属臼杯中。结果 9例术后随访平均3年8个月,复查X线片均未见髋臼及股骨侧松动发生。结论严格把握手术适应证,行保留金属臼杯的全髋关节翻修术早期随访结果满意。     

股骨大转子延长截骨在假体稳定股骨柄翻修中的应用

目的 评估大转子延长截骨在股骨假体固定稳定型全髋关节翻修术中应用的中期临床效果.方法 1998年1月至2005年6月对27例患者(27髋)采用大转子延长截骨对股骨柄和(或)骨水泥壳固定稳定的全髋关节翻修.临床随访评估包括Harris评分和WOMAC评分,术前Harris评分平均42.7分,WOMAC评分平均55.6分;影像学评估包括术后拍摄X线片,对比观察截骨块愈合时间、是否存在截骨延迟愈合或不愈合,截骨块是否发生移位以及假体是否下沉等.结果 共19例患者(19髋)获得随访,平均随访时间5.3年.无一例发生术中或术后骨折.术后Harris评分平均87.3分,WOMAC评分平均46.3分.所有患者大转子截骨块均于术后6个月内愈合.无股骨大转子截骨块向近端移位,3例发生股骨柄下沉,平均下沉3.4 mm,无钢丝断裂.结论 对于假体固定稳定型股骨柄翻修,采用股骨大转子延长截骨有利于手术操作和翻修假体的植入和固定,有利于截骨块的愈合,降低术中、术后并发症发生率,中期疗效显著.     

大粗隆延长截骨结合记忆合金内固定在股骨柄翻修术中的应用

目的探讨大粗隆延长截骨结合记忆合金卡环或环抱器在股骨假体固定稳定型髋关节翻修手术中的应用及疗效。方法 对2004年1月至2010年3月,35例（35髋）接受髋关节股骨假体翻修手术中进行大粗隆延长截骨结合记忆合金卡环及环抱器固定的患者,平均年龄（68.2±9.6）岁,进行了平均（36.8±13.2）个月的随访,对手术时间、出血量、截骨长度、内固定方式、截骨愈合时间及术后髋关节功能进行评价。结果 手术时间平均为（95.4±23.6）min,术中出血量平均（852.5±228.3）ml,截骨长度平均为（13.5±3.5）cm,术中内固定采用记忆合金卡环2～3枚或记忆合金环抱器1枚。术后截骨愈合时间平均（4.8±1.2）个月,患者Harris评分由术前平均（39.5±13.6）分提高到术后平均（82.2±17.8）分。结论 大粗隆延长截骨在股骨柄固定牢固的髋关节翻修术中可以充分显露术野,有利于取出固定良好的骨水泥和非骨水泥股骨柄;结合记忆合金卡环或环抱器固定操作简便、固定牢靠,有利于截骨块的愈合,术后功能恢复良好。     

Extended trochanteric osteotomy: current concepts review

Background

Revision total hip arthroplasty is a technically demanding procedure which has gained importance for more than two decades. It was a nightmare for revision surgeons during its initial years of inception before the advent of extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO). This technique gains access to the femoral medullary canal without compromising the bone stock and aids removal of primary implant and cement mantle without further damaging the parent bone. Like any other surgery, ETO does have certain limitations and complications as reported by various authors. Though it has been routinely used by revision surgeons, thorough knowledge of technical details of ETO is still lacking. So this review article is aimed at addressing the indications, surgical procedure, fixation technique, implant selection and complication of ETO which has been presented over a period of years by various authors.

Methods

We searched in the most commonly used portals like MEDLINE (PubMed) and Google scholar using appropriate terminologies for the literature regarding the various preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative clinical scenarios in which revision surgeons utilized ETO.

Results and conclusion

ETO is an important tool in the revision surgeon’s armamentarium and can be used in variety of clinical scenarios and for various intraoperative needs and goals. Awareness about biomechanics of ETO, indications, implants selection, fixation techniques and complications is paramount for good intraoperative and postoperative outcome. ETO by posterior approach continues to be a work horse approach for most revision surgeons all over the world.

     

术中自制抗生素骨水泥占位器在治疗髋关节置换术后感染的并发症研究

目的:研究术中自制抗生素骨水泥占位器在治疗髋关节置换术后感染的控制率及其并发症。方法 :对2006年1月至2016年7月解放军总医院骨关节科髋关节置换术后感染行占位器植入患者265例(266髋)进行回顾性研究,其中男143例(144髋),女122例(122髋)。占位器均利用自行设计的压模器术中制作,全部占位器均加入万古霉素,同时根据细菌药敏结果加入另外一种抗生素。记录是否行大粗隆延长截骨术(ETO)取出感染假体、占位器并发症(断裂和脱位)的发生率、Harris评分和感染的控制率。结果:占位器植入时患者的平均年龄(57.4±14.2)岁。39例(14.7%)行ETO取出感染假体。38例(14.3%)出现了占位器的并发症,其中28例(10.5%)出现了占位器断裂,10例(3.8%)出现了占位器脱位。平均随访时间(83.4±14.6)个月。Harris评分从术前的47.56±14.23上升到末次随访的86.43±12.84(P0.05)。256例(96.6%)植入占位器术后感染得到了有效控制。Ⅱ期翻修术后到末次随访,4例患者再次出现感染,并再次行Ⅱ期翻修,感染得到控制。感染总的控制率为95.1%(252/265)。结论:术中自制抗生素骨水泥占位器控制髋关节置换术后感染具有显著效果,占位器并发症发生率较低,占位器结合钢丝、钛缆、捆绑带、异体骨板及螺钉不影响感染的控制。     

Outcomes and Risk Factors of Extended Trochanteric Osteotomy in Aseptic Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review

BackgroundAlthough extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO) is an effective technique for femoral stem removal and for the concomitant management of proximal femoral deformities, complications including persistent pain, trochanteric nonunion, and painful hardware can occur.MethodsThe US National Library of Medicine (PubMed/MEDLINE) and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were queried for publications utilizing the following keywords: “extended” AND “trochanteric” AND “osteotomy.”ResultsNineteen articles were included in the present study with 1478 ETOs. The mean overall union rate of the ETO was 93.1% (1377 of 1478 cases), while the overall rate of radiographic femoral stem subsidence >5 mm was 7.1% (25 of 350 cases). ETO union rates and femoral stem subsidence rates were similar between patients with periprosthetic fractures treated with total hip arthroplasty (THA) revision and ETO and patients treated with THA revision and ETO for reasons other than fractures. There was limited evidence that prior femoral cementation and older age might negatively influence ETO union rates.ConclusionThere was moderate quality evidence to show that the use of ETO in aseptic patients undergoing single-stage revision THA is safe and effective, with a 7% rate of ETO nonunion and subsidence >5 mm in 7%. ETO can be safely used in cases with periprosthetic fractures in which stem fixation is jeopardized and a reimplantation is required. A well-conducted ETO should be preferred in selective THA revision cases to prevent intraoperative femoral fractures which are associated with deteriorated clinical outcomes. The use of trochanteric plate with cables should be considered as the first choice for ETO fixation.     

Is extended trochanteric osteotomy safe for use in 2-stage revision of periprosthetic hip infection?

To evaluate the safety of using extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO) in a 2-stage revision of periprosthetic hip infection, we performed a retrospective review of 23 patients using ETO in the revision of infected hip arthroplasty and compared them to 46 patients using ETO in the revision of noninfected hip arthroplasty. Harris Hip Score improved from 36 points preoperatively to 82 points postoperatively. Infection was eradicated in 22 patients (96%). ETO healed in all at a mean of 10.6 weeks. No stem was revised for aseptic loosening. Complications included 2 periprosthetic fractures, 1 peroneal nerve palsy, and 1 dislocation. Postoperative Harris Hip Score, ETO union rate, time to healing of ETO, stem stability, and complication rate did not differ between the 2 groups. Our data suggest that ETO can be safely used in treating periprosthetic hip infection.     

Extended Trochanteric Osteotomy Followed by Cemented Impaction Allografting in Revision Hip Arthroplasty

The aim of this study is to present the medium- to long-term results of all cases of femoral impaction allografting revision at our institution that required an extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO) at the time of surgery. Eighteen patients with a mean age of 60 years were evaluated. Indication for revision was aseptic loosening in all cases. The mean follow-up was 123 months (51-170). Charnley-D'Aubigné-Postel scores, stem length, ETO length, ETO healing, and complications were recorded. No patient was lost to follow-up. Signs of clinical healing were noted within the first 6 postoperative months. The difference between the preoperative and postoperative clinical scores was statistically significant. No nonunion of the ETO was observed in any case. These results give support to the combined use of these techniques.     

High Rates of Spacer Fracture in the Setting of Extended Trochanteric Osteotomy With a Specific Thin-Core Articulating Antibiotic Hip Spacer

BackgroundTwo-stage revision remains the standard of care for prosthetic joint infection after total hip arthroplasty. However, there are substantial complications associated with articulating antibiotic hip spacers. Handmade and molded spacers have been shown to have higher rates of spacer fracture than antibiotic-coated prostheses (ACPs). The aim of this study is to review outcomes with an implant that is often categorized as an ACP spacer, the Zimmer-Biomet StageOne Select Femoral Spacer (ZBSO).MethodsA retrospective review was performed of 63 patients who underwent placement of a ZBSO. Patients were compared based on whether or not an extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO) was performed using Fisher’s exact and t-tests.ResultsFive patients were excluded due to lack of follow-up or death shortly after stage 1 surgery, leaving 58 patients. Spacer fracture was noted in 5 of 58 patients (8.6%). Sixteen patients underwent ETO and 25.0% suffered a spacer fracture compared to 2.3% without ETO (odds ratio 13.7, P = .0248). There was no association between patient demographics or ETO length and spacer fracture. Two patients had periprosthetic fractures (3.4%) and 4 had dislocations (6.9%). Forty-nine patients (84.4%) went on to second-stage revision; of those 26.5% failed to clear the infection and required an average of 2.2 additional surgeries.ConclusionThe ZBSO spacer has overall complication rates similar to previously reported spacer series. Although the ZBSO looks like an ACP spacer, in the setting of ETO, it behaves like a molded or handmade spacer with a high rate of spacer fracture (25%) due to the small diameter of the core. This implant should be used with caution in combination with an ETO.     

Stay Short or Go Long? Can a Standard Cemented Femoral Prosthesis Be Used at Second-Stage Total Hip Arthroplasty Revision for Infection Following an Extended Trochanteric Osteotomy?

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to review the results of the use of a cemented, standard length, taper-slip femoral component at second stage following an extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO).MethodsWe reviewed prospectively collected data from the hospital arthroplasty database, identifying and reviewing all patients who had undergone an ETO at first-stage revision for infection, who had subsequently undergone second-stage reimplantation.ResultsOver 17 years, 99 patients underwent 102 2-stage procedures with ETO at first stage, with a mean follow-up of 5.5 years; 70 of 102 patients received a standard prosthesis following ETO union and 32 of 102 patients received a long-stem prosthesis at second stage because of deficiencies in proximal femoral bone stock. There was a significant difference in the Paprosky classification between the 2 groups (P < .0001); 77% of the standard group and 52% of the long-stem group had no complications. A significant complication (infection, fracture, or dislocation) was observed in 12% patients in the standard group and 16% patients in the long-stem group. A number of radiographs were independently reviewed to assess for ETO union and complications and an intraclass correlation of 0.84 (P < .0001) was observed.ConclusionA standard femoral prosthesis can be implanted at second stage following ETO union for Paprosky type I and some type II femora. There is no greater risk of complications, and distal bone stock is preserved for potential revision surgery in the future.     

抗生素骨水泥股骨头临时假体治疗髋关节置换术后感染

目的总结评估Ⅰ期清创后采用自制抗生素骨水泥股骨头假体控制感染,Ⅱ期翻修重建治疗人工髋关节置换术后感染的临床效果。方法自2006年1月至2010年11月共收治11例（12髋）髋关节置换术后感染患者,均采用Ⅱ期翻修。其中男7例8髋,女4例4髋。年龄29～80岁,平均60岁,术前Harris评分17～45分,平均（32±7.63）分。所有患者采用Ⅰ期取出假体,彻底清创,置入自制抗生素骨水泥股骨头假体,间隔4～20个月（平均12个月）,待血沉、C反应蛋白、血白细胞计数正常,伤口局部无感染表现后,行Ⅱ期翻修重建。结果本组患者切口均I期愈合,无伤口并发症发生。所有患者均获得随访,随访时间6～40个月,平均20个月。所有病例在随访时感染均没有复发,感染控制率100%。。患者髋关节疼痛和关节功能均有明显改善。随访时Harris评分65～96分,平均（87±7.72）分,与术前比较有统计学差异（t=38.81,P〈0.01）。结论Ⅰ期清创后用抗生素骨水泥股骨头假体可有效控制髋关节置换术后感染,减少肢体短缩;Ⅱ期翻修重建手术可根据患者的情况选择骨水泥或非骨水泥假体,均可取得良好的临床疗效。     

自制关节型抗生素骨水泥占位器在人工髋关节置换术后感染二期翻修中的应用

目的 总结使用自制压模器制成的关节型抗生素骨水泥占位器在人工髋关节置换术后感染二期翻修中应用的经验与教训,评价其在髋关节置换术后感染二期翻修中的效果和作用.方法 2005年8月至2009年12月采用二期翻修治疗的髋关节置换术后感染的患者中,127例患者在一期彻底清除后,植入了使用自制压模器术中制成的关节型抗生素骨水泥占位器,待感染控制后行二期翻修.其中106例患者107髋获得随访.观察使用这种占位器控制感染的有效率,制作、植入及取出的方便程度和出现的并发症,特殊情况的使用,观察患者的功能和满意程度.结果 106例患者平均随访时间34.3个月(3～55个月),一次感染控制率为96.3%,经过二期翻修末次随访时感染控制率为94.4%.占位器柄断裂4.7%,脱位率为2.8%,二期翻修时占位器取出困难者14.0%.患者满意率为93.5%.结论 使用自制压模器制成的关节型抗生素骨水泥占位器在人工髋关节置换术后感染的二期翻修治疗中,具有制作简单、重复性好、感染控制率高、保留关节功能好、患者满意率高等优点,通过改进方法后可以减少断裂及取出困难问题,结合使用金属内固定或异体骨不会影响感染的控制率.