经皮肾穿刺活检的组织病理学实验研究--附2160例资料分析

目的研究经皮肾活检的病理类型与病变发展的关系.为临床治疗提供可靠的实验依据.方法参照WHO(1982年及1995年)肾小球疾病组织分型方案,结合临床、实验室检测结果,通过光镜、免疫病理及部分超微结构,作出病变分型诊断.结果2160例患者实验表明:①在性别比中,男性占原发性肾小球病变为53.73%,继发性肾小球病变为38.72%,遗传性肾病为66.67%,肾小管间质性病变为56.0%,终末期肾病为60.78%、少见及罕见肾脏疾病为63.64%.②新月体性肾炎、狼疮性肾炎、紫癜性肾炎、局灶节段肾小球硬化症以女性为主,分别占69.23%、84.27%、55.56%、53.67%.③原发性肾小球疾病以IgA肾病(31.98%)和系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(28.25%)居多.最常见的继发性肾病为LA(43.53%)、HSPN(31.76%)和乙肝病毒相关性肾炎(22.35%).结论实验结果显示,肾组织活检病理学分型是诊断肾脏疾病最可靠的方法,它能为不同类型肾脏疾病的临床治疗及判断预后提供可靠的形态学依据.     

狼疮性肾炎病理分析

目的分析肾活检中狼疮性肾炎的病理与病变发展关系,为临床治疗提供可靠的实验依据。方法参照WHO(1982年及1995年)肾小球疾病组织分型方法及补充修订方案,按临床表现、实验室诊断及病理特征分型。结果本组肾活检继发性肾病321例,确诊为狼疮性肾炎81例,占继发性肾病的39.63%。结论实验结果显示,肾组织活检病理学是诊断狼疮性肾炎最可靠的方法,它能为不同类型狼疮性肾炎患者提供临床治疗及判断预后提供可靠的形态学依据。     

328例肾脏疾病患者的肾脏病理分析

目的：了解近年经皮肾活检肾脏疾病患者的病理类型分布及其与临床症状的关系。方法：回顾分析2004年6月～2005年6月间因肾脏疾病住院行肾活检的患者的临床病理特点。结果：328例肾脏疾病中，原发性肾小球疾病257例（78．4％）、小管间质疾病16例（4．9％）、继发性肾脏病55例（16．8％）。原发性肾小球疾病中IgA肾病137例，占53．3％；继发性肾小球肾炎中狼疮肾炎、紫癜性肾炎和高血压肾损害较多，分别占32．7％、27．3％和18．2%；小管间质疾病以急性间质性肾炎为多，占68．8％。IgA肾病主要表现为蛋白尿并血尿；膜性肾病、高血压肾病主要表现为单纯性蛋白尿。单纯血尿主要病理类型是IgA肾病；单纯蛋白尿主要病理类型是IgA肾病和轻微病变。蛋白尿并血尿主要病理类型是IgA肾病、轻微病变和狼疮性肾炎；大量蛋白尿主要病理类型是轻微病变、IgA肾病和膜性肾病。结论：本组资料显示原发性肾小球疾病仍为我国最常见的肾脏疾病，其中以IgA肾病最常见；小管间质疾病发病率有增高，继发性肾脏病以狼疮肾炎最常见，其它特殊肾脏病有增加。     

123例老年肾脏病患者的肾病理和临床特征分析

目的：探讨老年人原发性肾小球疾病及继发性肾脏疾病肾活检病理类型及临床特点。方法：回顾分析2003年—2005年123例年龄≥65岁,资料完整,并经临床和肾活检确诊为原发性肾小球疾病或继发性肾脏疾病患者的肾脏活组织病理和临床资料,并与同期367例中青年患者的肾脏活组织检查和临床资料进行对比。结果：①老年患者原发性肾小球疾病中膜性肾病最为常见,占原发肾脏疾病的31.46%,其次为IgA肾病（25.84%）。中青年患者原发肾脏疾病中以IgA肾病最为常见,占39.49%,其次为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎,占22.88%。②老年IgA肾病患者病理以局灶节段性肾小球硬化（FSGS）为主,占21.74%,而中青年患者以弥漫系膜增生为主,占30.95%。③糖尿病肾病是老年人最常见的继发性肾脏疾病,占32.35%,狼疮性肾炎是中青年患者最常见的继发性肾脏疾病,占58.33%。④老年肾脏疾病患者尿蛋白定量（3.60±0.78g.24h^-1）显著高于中青年组（2.19±0.68g.24h^-1）,P〈0.05。高血压的发生率显著增高（73.98%比30.51%,P〈0.01）。结论：老年患者肾脏病理类型与中青年患者不一致,老年原发性肾小球疾病以膜性肾病为主,IgA肾病的病理类型以FSGS为主;中青年患者原发性肾小球疾病以IgA肾病为主,IgA肾病的病理类型以弥漫系膜增生为主。老年患者继发性肾脏疾病的发生率高,以糖尿病肾病最为常见。肾脏病理类型的不同,是老年肾脏病患者临床表现中尿蛋白多和高血压的发生率增高的原因之一。     

肾活检患者805例肾小球疾病流行病学分析

目的:探讨805例已接受肾病理活检的患者肾小球疾病流行病学特点及病理类型与临床表现间的联系。方法:对805例肾活检病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果:肾小球疾病患者行肾活检时的平均年龄(31.2±17.6)岁。接受肾病理活检患者构成比是原发性肾小球疾病占80.1%,继发性肾小球疾病占18.8%,小管间质性疾病占1.1%。原发性肾小球疾病男女比例为1.16∶1,继发性肾小球疾病男女比例为0.37∶1,两组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。肾脏病患者的高发年龄段为15～34岁。本组原发性肾小球疾病最常见的病理类型为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎和IgA肾病;继发性肾小球疾病中狼疮性肾炎占首位,乙肝病毒相关性肾炎占第二位。肾小球疾病患者最常见的临床表现为肾病综合征,其次为尿检异常型。肾病综合征患者最常见的病理类型为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎,其次为局灶性节段性肾小球硬化症。结论:805例接受肾病理活检患者以原发性肾小球疾病为最常见的肾脏疾病,青年男性多发;狼疮性肾炎是最常见的继发性肾脏疾病,青年女性多发。肾病综合征是最常见的临床表现。     

江苏省泰州地区334例经皮肾穿刺活检临床病理分析

目的探讨泰州地区肾活检患者的临床及病理特点,以及2者之间的关系。方法回顾性分析江苏省泰州地区近4年因肾脏疾病行经皮肾穿刺组织活检患者的年龄、病因、临床特点和病理类型,并探讨其临床特点和病理类型之间的关系。结果本组患者中,男性占53.3%,女性占46.7%;平均年龄:男(39.1±18.1)岁、女(40.8±13.3)岁。原发性肾小球肾炎(PGD)主要临床表现为慢性肾小球肾炎占62.7%。PGD常见病理类型依次为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(MsPGN)36.4%I、gA肾病29.8%、FSGS11.0%。继发性肾小球肾炎最常见的病理类型是狼疮性肾炎37.7%。结论本地区肾活检患者青壮年多见,以原发性肾脏疾病最常见,常见的病理类型依次为MsPGN、IgA肾病、FSGS。继发性肾小球疾病以狼疮性肾炎、紫癜性肾炎和高血压肾病居前3位。     

2444例肾活检临床病理分析

目的：分析近5年2 444例肾活检患者肾脏疾病构成比及不同年龄段肾脏疾病构成比变化的特点。方法：回顾分析2005年1月—2009年12月2 444例肾活检患者肾脏疾病的构成比及每年肾脏疾病构成比的变化,并根据年龄分为4个年龄段,分析每个年龄段患者肾脏疾病构成比的特点。结果：原发性肾小球疾病仍为目前最主要的肾脏疾病（占79.58%）,其每年所占比例无明显改变。IgA肾病是最常见的原发性肾小球疾病,占47.97%。局灶节段增生性肾炎每年所占的比例不一（P〈0.01）,系膜增生性肾炎比例逐年减少（P〈0.001）,膜性肾病比例有升高趋势,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。继发性肾脏疾病中,糖尿病肾病、高血压肾损害逐年增高（P均〈0.01）。不同年龄段患者无论是原发性肾小球疾病还是继发性肾脏疾病的构成比都有显著差异（P=0.000）。97.0%的IgA肾病患者年龄位于18~45岁,微小病变好发于18岁以下,而65岁以上患者最常见膜性肾病（33.59%）。18岁以下患者最常见的继发性肾脏疾病为紫癜性肾炎（64.29%）,中青年患者最常见的继发性肾脏疾病是狼疮性肾炎（65.42%）。结论：肾脏疾病构成比逐年变化,不同年龄患者肾脏疾病构成比各有特点。     

70例肾小球疾病肾穿刺活检结果分析

目的分析70例肾小球疾病肾穿刺活检结果,了解肾小球疾病病理类型。方法将2018年1月至2019年4月我院进行肾穿刺活检的70例肾小球疾病患者作为研究对象,所取标本均进行光镜检查、免疫荧光检查和电镜检查,结合其临床资料、实验室和病理检查结果,分析肾小球疾病临床及病理类型。结果 70例肾小球疾病患者中,原发性肾小球疾病53例(75.71%),继发性肾小球疾病17例(24.29%),无遗传性肾小球疾病。原发性肾小球疾病病理分型中IgA肾病占比最高(41.51%),其次为膜性肾病(30.19%)。原发性肾小球疾病临床分型不同,其病理分型也存在差异。继发性肾小球疾病中结缔组织疾病肾损害和血管性疾病肾损害占比最高(均为35.29%),其中狼疮性肾病发生率最高(35.29%),其次为过敏性紫癜性肾炎(23.53%)。原发性肾小球疾病患者性别与继发性肾小球疾病患者存在差异(P0.05),年龄分布与继发性肾小球疾病患者无显著差异(P0.05)。结论肾穿刺活检结果显示肾小球疾病以原发性为主,原发性肾小球疾病男性较为多见,其病理分型包括IgA肾病、膜性肾病等,而继发性肾小球疾病女性较为多见,其病理类型以狼疮性肾病、过敏性紫癜性肾炎为主。     

老年肾脏病的临床与病理特点——附121例报告

目的:总结老年肾脏病患者的临床与病理类型分布特点.方法:总结121例的肾穿刺活组织检查(活检)病理资料,分析不同临床表现[包括尿常规检查异常(有蛋白尿、血尿或管型细胞,但达不到肾病综合征诊断标准,亦无肾功能不全)、肾病综合征、肾功能不全]患者的病理类型.结果:121例的肾脏疾病病理分布以原发性肾小球病为主,其中前3位分别是系膜增生性肾炎、微小病变性肾小球肾炎、膜性肾小球肾炎.继发性肾小球疾病的主要病理类型为狼疮肾炎,其次是显微镜下多血管炎、肾淀粉样变.尿常规异常21例,肾病综合征61例,肾功能不全53例.尿常规检查异常患者以原发性肾小球疾病为主,占76%,病理类型前3位分别为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎、微小病变性肾小球肾炎,IgA肾病.老年肾病综合征以原发性为主,占84%,病理类型前3位为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎、膜性肾小球肾炎、微小病变性肾小球肾炎.急性肾功能不全患者以微小病变性肾小球肾炎为主(7例).慢性肾功能不全以原发性肾小球疾病为主,前3位依次为硬化性肾炎、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎和IgA肾病.结论:老年患者的肾小球疾病以原发性多见,病理类型以系膜增生性肾炎、微小病变性肾小球肾炎、膜性肾小球肾炎为主;在继发性肾小球疾病中则以狼疮肾炎为主,显微镜下血管炎次之.     

不同病理类型的肾穿刺活检患者临床分析

目的探讨超声引导下肾组织活检在肾脏疾病诊治中的价值。方法对78例具有肾脏穿刺适应证的肾病患者行超声引导下肾组织活检,并作病理学检查,结合临床特点进行分析。结果78例患者中原发性肾小球肾炎(PGN)55例,占70.5%,病理类型以IgA肾病(IgAN)居多(29.1%),临床表现以肾病综合征(NS)多见(43.6%);继发性肾小球肾炎(SGN)中以狼疮性肾炎(LN)多见(46.7%)。结论超声引导下肾活检对肾脏疾病的诊断、治疗及研究具有非常重要的作用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.