消溃灵对乙酸性胃溃疡大鼠一氧化氮和内皮素的影响

目的：探讨消费灵对消化性溃疡愈合的影响及其胃粘膜保护作用的机制,方法：采用大鼠乙酸性胃溃疡模型,分别以消溃灵灌胃和左旋精氨酸＊（L－Arg),亚硝基左旋精氨酸（L－NNA）腹腔内注射治疗7d 和 14d后,测定溃疡指数,溃疡抑制率,检测血清一氧化氮（NO）及血浆内皮素（ET－1）含量,结果：消溃灵组溃疡指数,血浆ET－1含量明显 降低,而溃疡抑制率,血清NO含量显著升高,与模型组和L＿NNA组比较差异有显著性意义（P＜0．01）,与L－Arg组比较无统计学意义（P＜0．05）,L－NNA组溃疡指数,血浆ET－1水平显著高于模型组（P＜0．01）,而血清NO含量则明显低于模型组（P＜0．01）,结论：消溃灵促进溃疡愈合,保护胃粘膜的作用可能与其诱导,促进NO合成,反馈性地抑制ET－1释放,维持NO和ET的动态平衡密切相关。     

老龄大鼠脑缺血再灌注一氧化氮和肿瘤坏死因子的变化及其意义

目的：根据一氧化氮（NO）和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）的变化研究老龄大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的机制,为揭示脑梗塞的病理生理提供依据。方法：青年（5月龄）和老龄（20月龄以上）大鼠均分为模型组和正常对照组,[观察大鼠全脑缺血30min再灌注60min后血NO和脑组织中NO,一氧化氮合成酶（NOS）,TNF的水平。结果：老龄模型组血清中NO水平低于老龄对照组＊P＜0．05）,脑组织中NO水平青年对照组高于青年模型组（P＜0．05）,低于老龄对照组（P＜0．05）,老龄模型组高于青年模型组（P＜0．01）,青年模型组脑组织中NOS水平高于青年对照组和 老龄模型组（P＜0．05）,青年模型组脑中TNF水平高于青年对照组（P＜0．05）,老龄模型组高于青年模型组＊P＜0．05）和老龄对照组（P＜0．01）,结论：青年大鼠和老龄大鼠脑缺血再灌注脑组织损伤与NO含量降低和TNF增高有关,由于老龄大鼠的增龄变化,使脑缺血再灌注后这些病理改变较青年大鼠更为严重。     

复方仙灵脾注射液对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤作用的实验研究

目的：探讨复方仙灵脾注射液（FFXLPI）对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法：采用大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤模型，观察脑缺血前后血浆NO、ET和脑组织钙及含水量的变化。结果：脑缺血再灌注期血浆NO、ET和脑组织钙及含水量显著升高（P＜0．05－0．01），使用复方仙灵脾注射液后，血浆NO、ET和脑组织钙及含水量明显降低。结论：FFXLPI对脑缺血再灌注损伤确有保护作用。     

肌肽在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中的神经保护作用

目的：探讨肌肽对实验性脑缺血再灌注的神经保护作用。方法：按Pulsinelli法律立大鼠四血管结扎全脑不完全缺血模型,实验选用同种系雄性大鼠,随机分为三组,假手术组,对照组和治疗组,使用电子自旋共振波谱法,硫代巴比妥酸显色和海马CA1区细胞计数观察了肌肽对缺血再灌注损伤后脑组织氧自由基含量,脂质过氧化物生成量和细胞丢失的作用。结果．显示使用肌肽的治疗组的氧自由基和脂质过氧化物的生成量均显著代于对照组（P＜0．01）,而假手术组和使用肌肽的治疗组的海马CA1区锥体细胞数明显高于盐水对照组（P＜0．001）。结论：本实验证明肌肽对脑缺血再灌注有明显的神经保护作用。     

辛伐他汀对大鼠局灶性脑缺血的线粒体保护作用

目的：探讨辛伐他汀对局部脑缺血损伤大鼠的保护作用及其线粒体机制。方法：96只大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组和辛伐他汀处理组，每组32只。建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）模型，观察大鼠神经功能、梗死体积、脑组织线粒体超微结构的改变；检测线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶（COX）、琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）活性，Ca^2＋含量，以及血清降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）含量。结果：与假手术组相比较，缺血再灌注组各项指标均有显著改变；与缺血再灌注组比较，辛伐他汀能明显提高脑缺血大鼠的神经功能评分（P〈0．01），缩小梗死体积（P〈0．01），改善脑组织线粒体结构，并提高脑组织线粒体SDH活性（P〈0．05），提高COX活性（P〈0．01），降低脑组织线粒体Ca^2＋的含量（P〈0．01），提高血清CGRP水平（P〈0．05）。结论：辛伐他汀可能通过其抗氧化效应，提高脑组织线粒体SDH、COX活性及血清CGRP水平，减轻钙超载，缩小梗死体积，改善神经功能，从而对大鼠局灶性脑缺血起保护作用。     

红景天甙对脑缺血再灌注脑组织NO代谢的影响

为探讨红景天甙在大鼠急性脑缺血及缺血再灌注阶段对一氧化氮（NO）代谢的影响,为临床应用提供依据,于大鼠4血管结扎的急性脑缺血再灌注模型实验不同阶段给予红景天甙,观察血清和脑皮质中NO、自由基变化及脑组织含水量等指标。结果显示缺血组和再灌注各组大鼠脑组织含水量比对照组明显增多;脑内及血清LPO、NO等显著升高,与对照组比较差异显著（P＜0．01）;SOD水平降低。用药后各组上述指标均有改善。认为红景天甙可通过抗自由基功能影响NO代谢并保护神经细胞。     

一氧化氮和内皮素在高血压左室肥厚形成中的作用

目的 探讨一氧化氮（NO）和内皮素（ET）在高血压左室肥厚（LVH）形成中的作用。方法 采用放射免疫分析法（RIA）和硝酸还原酶法检测30例单纯原发性高血压（EH，观察Ⅰ组）、30名健康体检者（对照组）及20例EH伴LVH（观察Ⅱ组）患者降压治疗前后血清ET、NO水平。并对结果进行相关分析。结果 观察Ⅰ组血清ET明显高于对照组、NO明显低于对照组（P均〈0．01）；观察Ⅱ组血清ET明显高于观察Ⅰ组、NO明显低于观察Ⅰ组（P均〈0．01），且ET与NO水平呈负相关（r=0．586，P〈0．01）；左心室重量指数（LVMI）与ET呈正相关（r=0．427，P〈0．05）、与NO呈负相关（r=0．653，P〈0．01）。观察Ⅱ组治疗后，血清ET水平明显低于治疗前、NO水平明显高于治疗前（p均〈0．01）。结论 ET和NO两者失衡可能参与了EH及LVH形成的病理生理过程。     

缺血后处理对大鼠缺血／再灌注心肌髓过氧化物酶及细胞间粘附分子的影响

目的：研究缺血后处理对大鼠缺血／再灌注心肌髓过氧化物酶（MPO）及可溶性细胞间粘附分子（sICAM）的影响。方法：选择健康SD大鼠48只,随机分为3组：假手术组、缺血再灌注组（对照组）和缺血后处理组。每组16只。制备大鼠心肌缺血再灌注模型。缺血再灌注组．收紧结扎线缺血40min,放松结扎线再灌注240min;缺血后处理组．缺血40min后．再灌注10S．缺血108,连续3个循环,然后再灌注240min;假手术组,开胸后穿线做套环,但不收紧结扎线。再灌注结束后检测血清肌酸激酶（CK）活性、sICAM含量及心肌MPO活性。结果：①血清CK活性：试验后缺血后处理组和缺血再灌注组（对照组）的CK活性明显高于假手术组[分别为（736．28±21．72）,（987．62±28．58）,（256．34±19．34）U／L,P〈0．01],缺血后处理组的明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）。②心肌MPO活性：缺血后处理组和对照组的均显著高于假手术组（P〈0．01）。缺血后处理组的较对照组显著降低[（0．86±0．08）U／G：（1．28±0．26）U／G。P〈0．01]。③血清sICAM含量：缺血后处理组和对照组血清的sICAM含量均显著高于假手术组（P〈0．01）。缺血后处理组的较对照组显著降低[（54．28±11．69）ng／ml：（76．62土13．45）ng／ml．P〈0．01]。结论：缺血后处理可减轻缺血再灌注损伤,其机制可能与减轻氧化损伤、抑制白细胞的粘附有关。     

乙型肝炎患者血清IL-10和IFN-γ水平检测及其意义

目的：检测急、慢性乙型肝炎患者血清IL－10和IFN－γ水平,探讨乙型肝炎慢性化的机理。方法：用双抗夹心ELISA法定量检测25例急性乙肝。35例慢性乙肝和30例正常人血清IL－10和IFN－γ水平。结果：慢性乙肝患者血清IL－10浓度明显高于急性乙肝患者（P＜0．01）,且高于正常对照组（P＜0．01）。而慢性乙肝组患者血清IFN－γ浓度明显低于急性乙肝组（P＜0．01）,两组的血清IFN－γ浓度均明显高于正常对照 组（P＜0．01）。慢性乙肝患者血清IFN－γ浓度与ALT有相关性。结论：慢性乙肝患者IL－10水平增高,限制了IFN－γ合成,削弱了其对HBV清除作用,可能是乙型肝炎慢性化机理之一;慢性乙肝患者血清IFN－γ浓度与ALT有相关性。     

老年大鼠脑缺血再灌注神经肽的变化及其意义

目的 从内皮素（ET）、降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）、神经肽Y（NPY）、神经降压素（NT）的变化方面研究老年大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的机制。方法 青年（5月龄）和老年（20月龄以上）大鼠均分为模型组和正常对照组，观察大鼠全脑缺血30min再灌注60min后血浆和脑组织中ET、CGRP、NPY、NT含量。结果 老年对照组和青年模型组血浆CGRP低于青年对照组（P＜0．01），老年模型组血浆ET含量高于老年对照组和青年模型组。与青年对照组和老年模型组比较，老年对照组脑组织CGRP含量增高而ET和NPY含量降低。青年对照组血浆中NT高于老年对照组和青年模型组。结论 脑缺血再灌注损伤与CGRP－ET和NPY－NT的平衡失调有关。老年大鼠脑缺血再灌注病理改变血浆中以ET占优势，脑组织中以NPY和ET占优势。     

Glucose and insulin concentration in amniotic fluid and in maternal blood in early and in late pregnancy

Glucose concentration in the amniotic fluid decreases towards the end of gestation, whereas the insulin concentration increases. The ratio between fetal (amniotic fluid) glucose to maternal glucose is reduced by about 50% at the end of pregnancy, whereas the ratio of C peptide is increased four times. The higher glucose concentration in amniotic fluid in early pregnancy could be explained by a lower fetal metabolic rate in the early stage of development and a low insulin activity of the fetus.     

Differentiation pathways in carcinogenesis and in chemo- and radioresistance

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) share many features with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) such as the ability for self-renewal and differentiation. Signaling pathways that are involved in these processes are also involved in chemo- and radioresistance (e.g. Wnt, Notch and Hedgehog pathways). This review is focused on the influence of three important differentiation pathways on carcinogenesis and on chemo- and radioresistance in ESCs and CSCs.     

Nitrite and thiocyanate in the fasting and secreting stomach and in saliva.

The concentrations of nitrite and thiocyanate in fasting and pentagastrin stimulated gastric juice and in saliva have been examined. Nitrite was found in all of 17 samples of fasting gastric juice, mean 4-9 +/- 1-1 muM. Stimulation of gastric secretion with pentagastrin caused no significant change in nitrite concentration. Thiocyanate was detected in all of 21 samples of fasting gastric juice and the difference in concentration between smokers and non-smokers probably reflects similar differences in saliva. In contrast to the nitrite data there was a significant drop in thiocyanate concentration of gastric juice after pentagastrin from 0-9 +/- 0-1 mM to 0-3 +/- 0-04 mM, suggesting a salivary origin for the thiocyanate in gastric juice. Thiocyanate is a powerful catalyst of nitrosation, which, together with small amounts of nitrite and naturally occurring amines could lead to the intragastric formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines and in certain circumstances be a factor in the aetiology of gastric cancer.     

Osteoporosis in celiac disease and in endocrine and reproductive disorders

As the increase in lifespan brings to light diseases that were previously not clinically detectable, osteoporosis has become an issue of worldwide significance. The disease is marked by a loss of bone mass; the bones become less dense, fragile and more prone to fracturing. Because it is regulated by endocrine and environmental factors, osteoporosis presents a multifactorial etiopathogenesis, with the genetic component accounting for 70% of an individual variation in bone mass density （BMD）, the principal determinant, with age, of fracture risk. Pathological conditions such as celiac disease （CD） exacerbate the process of bone loss, so that the occurrence of osteoporosis in celiac subjects is of particular note： indeed, the screening of osteoporosis patients for this disease is advisable, since it may be the only sign of undiagnosed CD. An increase in interleukin IL-1β, of the IL-1 system, in the relatives of celiac patients confirms the genetic predisposition to osteoporosis and its presence is evidence of an association between the two conditions. The direct effect on the bones of CD is secondary to poor absorption of calcium and vitamin D. In women osteoporosis is indirectly associated with early menopause and amenorrhea, and it may follow prolonged breast-feeding and frequent pregnancies, while in men it is associated with hypogonadism and GH deficit. These endocrine and non-endocrine factors exert their effects on bones by modulating the RANK/RANK-L/OPG system. An appropriate lifestyle from adolescence onwards, together with early diagnosis of and treatment for CD and primaryand secondary endocrine pathologies are important for the prevention of damage to the bones.     

Salmonellosis in children in developing and developed countries and populations

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present review addresses recent developments that relate to the clinical management and prevention of childhood salmonellosis in developed and developing countries. RECENT FINDINGS: Invasive disease due to serovar Typhi as well as nontyphoidal salmonellae (NTS) is common in children younger than 5 years old in developing countries, and multidrug resistance is an increasingly difficult problem to manage. A new conjugate vaccine was found to be very effective in preventing typhoid fever in young Vietnamese children and was well tolerated, showing great promise for the future. Antibiotic use in the food animal industry is an important source of disease with multidrug resistant NTS strains in the developed world. Efforts for prevention are aimed at immunization of animals, control of antibiotic use in the food animal industry and careful monitoring of food-borne outbreaks. On the other hand, although the burden of NTS disease in children is far greater in developing countries, especially in tropical Africa, knowledge of even basic epidemiology is lacking. Importantly, it may be that, as spp. acquire increasing resistance, they also acquire increasing virulence that will lead to even greater morbidity and mortality. SUMMARY: Recent developments include a better knowledge of clinical aspects of invasive salmonellosis, an increasing response to the problem of multiple antibiotic resistance (including quinolones), and excellent results from the use of a recently developed conjugate vaccine for typhoid fever in children as young as 2 years old.