Massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage in penetrating keratoplasty

We studied the frequency of massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage during and after penetrating keratoplasty. Nine cases of intraoperative or immediately postoperative massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage were identified in 830 consecutive patients (1.08%) undergoing penetrating keratoplasties at the Manhattan Eye, Ear, and Throat Hospital over a 2 1/2-year period. Six of the nine patients had atherosclerotic disease or hypertension, six of nine patients had glaucoma, and eight of nine patients had undergone previous intraocular surgery. Surgery was performed under general anesthesia in 714 patients, and four of these patients (0.56%) suffered hemorrhages. Five of 116 (4.3%) local anesthesia patients experienced expulsive choroidal hemorrhage. The increased resistance to venous outflow associated with retrobulbar anesthetic injection may significantly contribute to the risk of massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage.     

Complications of surgery in glaucoma. Suprachoroidal expulsive hemorrhage in glaucoma patients undergoing intraocular surgery

A retrospective study of suprachoroidal expulsive hemorrhage in 1638 consecutive cases of intraocular surgery in patients with glaucoma identified 12 cases. A brief summary of each is presented. The pathogenesis of suprachoroidal expulsive hemorrhage is discussed, emphasizing the increased risk of this surgical complication in patients with glaucoma.     

Expulsive hemorrhage in cataract extraction

This article reports on six cases of massive expulsive hemorrhage during intracapsular cataract extraction (incidence = 0.17%). Some of the known risk factors are old age, hypertony, glaucoma, and an insufficient decrease in intraocular pressure following oculopression prior to surgery. Drainage of the suprachoroidal hemorrhage, closure of the wound and reformation of the anterior chamber are necessary surgical interventions. In one case the treated eye was saved and a visual acuity of 0.1 achieved.     

The evaluation of incidence of massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage n the material of the Department of Ophthalmology,Medical Academy in Bialystok from 1990 to 2000

PURPOSE: Massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage is a well-known, possibly serious complication of many surgical procedures, including cataract extraction, glaucoma-filtering procedures, penetrating keratoplasty, retinal detachment surgery and pars plana vitrectomy. The aim of our study is evaluation of the incidence of massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage among patients operated in Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy in Bia?ystok from 1990 to 2000. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 1990 to 2000, 6225 intraocular operations, including 5541 cataract extractions, 195 glaucoma-filtering surgeries, 438 retinal detachment surgeries and 51 multiprocedure surgeries were performed. The criteria for diagnosis were the intraoperative signs of suprachoroidal hemorrhage (shallowing of the anterior chamber, increasing of the intraocular pressure, iris prolapse, expulsion of the lens and vitreous, retinal and choroidal elevation and loss of the red reflex) and postoperative ultrasonic examination. RESULTS: 18 eyes were identified with massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage, including 16 eyes during cataract extraction and 2 eyes during filtering procedures. The incidence of suprachoroidal hemorrhage for all intraoperative surgeries was 0.29%. It occurred in 0.28% of cataract surgeries and 1.02% of glaucoma filtering procedures. There were no incidence of suprachoroidal hemorrhage during retinal detachment surgeries. CONCLUSION: A massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage is a relatively rare complication of intraocular operations. Most frequently it is associated with glaucoma filtering surgery.     

Favorable outcome after choroidal drainage for postoperative kissing suprachoroidal hemorrhage following trabeculectomy in a high myopic vitrectomised eye

A 39-year-old lady with past history of vitreoretinal surgery for retinal detachment and cataract surgery with Intraocular lens implantation was diagnosed as uncontrolled glaucoma. She had high myopia. She underwent Trabeculectomy and following which she presented with massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage in the first postoperative day with severe loss of vision. This case depicts the risk of suprachoroidal hemorrhage in a high myopic vitrectomised eye following glaucoma filtration surgery. It also demonstrates a favorable outcome following intervention for postoperative Suprachoroidal hemorrhage. At present, there is no evidence in literature of such event in a high myopic Vitrectomised eye following Trabeculectomy.     

Use of perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene in the management of suprachoroidal hemorrhages.

BACKGROUND: Suprachoroidal hemorrhage may cause the expulsion of intraocular contents. Generally, cases of nonexpulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhage have a better outcome than their expulsive counterparts. Those cases with massive nonexpulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhage do better with treatment than without. Treatment modalities have included suprachoroidal hemorrhage drainage with or without intraocular volume reformation, and vitrectomy. METHODS: The authors used the liquid perfluorocarbon perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene in the treatment of three patients with nonexpulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhage. The perfluorocarbon was injected into the vitreous cavity while the suprachoroidal blood was drained through anterior sclerotomies. RESULTS: With 5 months of follow-up, complete resolution of the suprachoroidal blood was noted in all patients. All three patients had attached retinas, and postoperative visual acuities were improved over preoperative visual acuities. CONCLUSION: Perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene and other perfluorocarbon liquids may be beneficial in the treatment of certain cases of nonexpulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhages.     

白内障摘出术中脉络膜下爆发性出血的临床分析

目的探讨白内障摘出术中发生脉络膜下爆发性出血的原因及其处理及预防方法。方法对我院2540例（2810跟）白内障摘出术中发生脉络膜下爆发性出血的3例（3眼）：术中给予关闭切口,降低眼压、血压及镇静处理,必要时及时切开巩膜放血,术后给予止血、消炎、镇静及甘露醇静脉滴注,并进一步控制患者的眼压、血压。结果1例（1眼）由于术后视网膜脱离,而无光感。1例（1眼）经术中及时发现和果断处理而阻止了脉络膜下爆发性出血,从而获得了较好的术后视力,为0．3。最后1例（1眼）成功引流脉络膜下积血,也保留了部分视力,为0．1。结论眼球切开后,眼压迅速降低至零,脉络膜血管显著扩张后出现破裂是白内障手术中出现脉络膜下爆发性出血的直接原因,其相关因素有高度近视、高血压、高眼压、高血糖,咳嗽,哮喘及患者精神过度紧张等,在经过上述及时果断处理后大部分患者可治愈并保存一定的视力。     

青光眼术后迟发性脉络膜上腔出血9例的临床观察

目的:分析青光眼术后迟发性脉络膜上腔出血的危险因素及其预后。方法:对我院自2003-04/2009-12行抗青光眼手术后发生迟发型脉络膜上腔出血的9例患者的临床资料进行整理分析。结果:患者9例9眼术后发生的迟发性脉络膜上腔出血,其中高度近视眼2例,婴幼儿青光眼3例,2例复杂青光眼联合前房人工晶状体取出术,1例无玻璃体眼,另外1例老年患者伴有全身血管性疾病。均于小梁切除术后1~7d发生。早期均药物治疗,1例于出血后11d采用手术处理,成功引流脉络膜上腔积血,余8例出血自行吸收。经平均14mo随访,无眼球萎缩,其中1例视力1.0,3例婴幼儿患者不能配合检查,其余患者术前术后视力无明显变化。4例于1~12mo出现眼压再次升高。结论:术前长时间高眼压、术中眼内压突然下降和持续低眼压、无玻璃体眼、高度近视、复杂青光眼及婴幼儿青光眼等可能为发生迟发性脉络膜上腔出血的危险因素。发生迟发性脉络膜上腔出血后可先给予药物治疗观察,若出血不能吸收,可考虑手术引流脉络膜上腔积血改善预后。     

Risk factors of massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage during extracapsular cataract extraction surgery

PURPOSE: To estimate retrospectively the incidence, predisposing factors, and possible mechanisms precipitating massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage (MSCH) development during cataract extraction surgery. METHODS: The study was conducted on 6639 consecutive cataract extractions performed between 1994 and 2002. All of the procedures were carried out using traditional nucleus expression methods. The study cases comprised 19 patients who developed intraoperative MSCH. The remaining 6620 patients served as the control group. Baseline systemic and ocular characteristics, as well as intraoperative factors, were analyzed. Categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test and the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: The incidence of MSCH during cataract surgery was 0.28%. Highly significant risk factors included high myopia, glaucoma, and diabetes (p<0.01). Atherosclerotic vascular diseases and/or hypertension were less significantly related to the condition (p<0.05). There was no significant relationship between MSCH formation and age, sex, side of the cataract, history of ocular trauma, or inflammation. The incidence of MSCH did not differ between patients operated on with extracapsular or intracapsular cataract extraction. CONCLUSIONS: Attention to multiple preoperative and intraoperative ocular and systemic variables may allow the identification of, and prophylaxis for, patients at greater risk for MSCH.     

Delayed suprachoroidal hemorrhage after glaucoma filtration procedures

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of, risk factors for, and outcomes of delayed suprachoroidal hemorrhage (DSCH) after glaucoma filtration surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. PARTICIPANTS: All patients undergoing glaucoma filtration procedures between 1986 and 2000 at Indiana University who were diagnosed postoperatively with suprachoroidal hemorrhage. A total of 66 patients with DSCH were identified. These were compared with a randomly selected group of patients who underwent similar procedures but did not have suprachoroidal hemorrhage. METHODS: Total cases of DSCH were initially compared with the total number of glaucoma surgeries to determine the overall incidence and the incidence in the different procedures. Subsequently, a case-control study was performed comparing the group with hemorrhage to the control group to identify risk factors. Finally, outcomes and prognostic factors were determined by comparing vision preoperatively and postoperatively and parameters of patients with good and poor outcomes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of DSCH, risk factors associated with its occurrence, visual outcomes, and factors important for prognosis. RESULTS: Of a total of 2285 glaucoma filtration procedures, 66 (2.9%) cases of DSCH were identified. It developed in 9 of 615 (1.5%) trabeculectomies without antimetabolite, 30 of 1248 (2.4%) trabeculectomies with antimetabolite, 2 of 72 (2.8%) valved tube shunt implantations, and 25 of 350 (7.1%) nonvalved tube shunt implantations. The increased incidence of DSCH after tube shunts compared with trabeculectomy-associated DSCH was significant (P < 0.0001) with an odds ratio of 3.2. The risk factors for DSCH after glaucoma surgery include white race (P = 0.012), anticoagulation (P = 0.034), severe postoperative hypotony (P = 0.033), and aphakia/anterior chamber intraocular lens (P = 0.002). The visual outcomes of patients with hemorrhage were poor, with a decrease in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity from 0.72 to 1.36, which was statistically significant compared with the controls (P < 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Delayed suprachoroidal hemorrhage occurs more frequently after tube shunt implantation than after trabeculectomy. Caution should be exercised when operating on patients with known risk factors, because the visual outcomes after DSCH are poor.     

Ocular findings in Sturge-Weber syndrome

PURPOSE: We reviewed the rare ocular findings of Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) and the results of implantation of the Ahmed valve in cases associated with glaucoma. METHODS: Seven patients (range 18 to 52 years) diagnosed as SWS were reviewed as clinical findings over two years. An anterior chamber maintainer was placed in patients with glaucoma to maintain stable intraocular pressure and minimize the risk of intraocular hemorrhage due to sudden pressure changes during surgery, when an Ahmed valve is implanted. RESULTS: Episcleral venous vessels were prominent in all cases. Diffuse choroidal hemangiomas were seen in three cases. Nevus of Ota was observed in only one case. Three cases had juvenile glaucoma. One also had buphthalmos. No intraocular hemorrhage or choroidal effusion was observed intraoperatively in valve-implant patients. The surgical treatment of the patients with glaucoma gave favorable outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Rare ocular findings such as choroidal hemangioma and nevus of Ota are sometimes seen in SWS. Drainage valve implantation, with an anterior chamber maintainer, is a good choice for treatment when surgery is done in cases with glaucoma. This method may reduce the risk of intraoperative suprachoroidal effusion and expulsive hemorrhage by stabilizing intraocular pressure within normal limits during the surgery.     

Hemorragia supracoroidea diferida después de queratoplastia endotelial automatizada con pelado de la membrana de Descemet (DSAEK)

This study, a case series of 2 patients and a literature review, aims to describe the second and third known cases of delayed suprachoroidal hemorrhage after Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK). The suprachoroidal hemorrhage is defined as the presence of blood in the suprachoroidal space; final visual acuity is rarely greater than 0.1 (decimal scale). Both cases presented had known risk factors: high myopia, previous ocular surgeries, arterial hypertension, and being under anticoagulant therapy. The diagnosis of delayed suprachoroidal hemorrhage was made at the 24-hour follow-up visit, as they recalled a sudden and tremendous acute pain hours after surgery. Both cases were drained through a scleral approach.Delayed suprachoroidal hemorrhage is a rare but devastating consequence that can occur after DSAEK. Awareness of the most critical risk factors allows for early identification, which is of paramount importance for the prognosis of these patients.     

Massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage during cataract surgery: case report

A massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage is defined as a hemorrhage in the suprachoroidal space of sufficient volume either to cause extrusion of intraocular contents outside of the eye or to force the inner retinal surfaces into apposition ('kissing'). This is a very rare but one of the most serious complications of the intraocular surgeries. The authors describe a case of 84-year-old woman, who developed a massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage during cataract surgery. In our case, the main reason of expulsive hemorrhage development was a Valsalva effect, caused by unexpected cough during surgery. In a Valsalva maneuver, a sudden increase in venous pressure may lead to vessel-wall rupture, by an apparently excessive pressure gradient across the vessel wall. We present clinical and echographical study of this patient.     

Delayed massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage after retinal detachment surgery: case report

Massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage may occur at surgery, early postoperatively or may be delayed. The authors describe a case of 79-year-old woman, who developed a massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage in 72 hours after retinal detachment surgery. In our case, the main reason of suprachoroidal hemorrhage development was postoperative hypotony and occurrence of a lot of factors such hypertension, diabetes, high myopia, pseudophakia, which predispose to hemorrhage. This case is very rare but interesting because of its multifocal pathogenetical mechanism.     

Expulsive hemorrhage in perforating keratoplasty--incidence and risk factors]

BACKGROUND: Expulsive hemorrhage is a severe complication of intraocular surgery. In a retrospective study we looked up surgical records of all penetrating keratoplasties (PK) performed in our department between 1989 and 1998. In all patients suffering from expulsive or preexpulsive choroidal hemorrhage we intended to find out possible risk factors and to report on the final outcome of these eyes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1989 and November 1998 a total of 2421 PKs were performed. Nine preexpulsive and three expulsive hemorrhages occurred. The group of patients with preexpulsive hemorrhage consists of four females and five males (mean age 57 +/- 6.5 years). Three patients (one female, 2 males; mean age 67 +/- 8.5 years) suffered from expulsive hemorrhage. RESULTS: Incidence of expulsive hemorrhage was 0.1% (preexpulsive hemorrhage 0.4%). All twelve operations were performed under general anesthesia. Risk factors for preexpulsive hemorrhage were: previous ocular surgery (three patients), ocular trauma (2 patients) and internal diseases (five patients): arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes. Preoperative visual acuity was light perception to 4/20, visual acuity at the last postoperative examination after a mean follow-up of 41.0 +/- 22.6 months ranged from light perception to 12/20. Risk-factors for expulsive hemorrhage were: previous ocular surgery (two patients), primary open angle glaucoma (two patients), coronary heart disease (one patient) und asthma bronchiale (one patient). One of the patients awoke from general anesthesia during the "open-sky" situation. Preoperative visual acuity was light perception to 2/400, visual acuity at the last postoperative examination (mean follow-up 14.0 +/- 1.0 months) was light perception in all eyes. CONCLUSION: The incidence of an expulsive hemorrhage was 0.1% in 2412 Pks. Risk factors are ocular and internal predispositions which can hardly be controlled, although arterial blood pressure was not significantly elevated during opening of the globe.     

Spontaneous expulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhage.

PURPOSE: To present a 90-year-old patient with spontaneous expulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SESCH). This unique case suggests a mechanism of SESCH, which is still under debate. METHODS: The patient, who had corneal inflammatory disease and diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and glaucoma, presented with active ocular bleeding and expulsion of intraocular tissues. Almost the entire cornea was absent, except for several small and irregular areas in its periphery. Histopathologic evaluation of the eviscerated contents was performed. RESULTS: Clinicopathologic evaluation revealed acute inflammation of the corneal remains as well as intraocular inflammation. Inflammatory necrosis of choroidal vessels was evident. CONCLUSION: The findings point to the assumption that choroidal bleeding, secondary to vascular inflammatory necrosis, was the initial event in this case of spontaneous expulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhage. Presumedly, the intraocular pressure level was very high owing to continuous bleeding, which could result in a very large, rather than localized, tearing of the peripherally inflamed cornea.     

Acute intraoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage in extracapsular cataract surgery

The incidence of acute intraoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage (AISH) was studied in 2,839 consecutive extracapsular cataract extraction cases operated by nucleus expression and phacoemulsification. Twenty-five eyes (0.9%) were identified with this complication. Acute intraoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage was defined as the acute accumulation of fluid in the suprachoroidal space which resulted from a presumed suprachoroidal hemorrhage at the time of surgery. Preoperative risk factors for the development of this complication included advanced age and the presence of glaucoma. Sex, controlled hypertension, long axial length, and method of cataract removal could not be identified as significant risk factors. Recognition of the early signs of AISH and initiation of rapid wound closure followed by the completion of secondary operations performed the next day helped to meet the surgical objective and to provide excellent visual results, with 21 eyes (84%) having a visual acuity of 20/30 or better.     

Suprachoroidal hemorrhage during pars plana vitrectomy

Suprachoroidal hemorrhage is an uncommon but serious complication of pars plana vitrectomy that can be associated with a guarded visual prognosis. Risk factors for development of suprachoroidal hemorrhage during pars plana vitrectomy include high myopia, history of previous retinal detachment surgery, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, use of cryotherapy, scleral buckling at the time of pars plana vitrectomy, external drainage of the subretinal fluid, intraoperative systemic hypertension, and bucking during general anesthesia. In eyes with suprachoroidal hemorrhage during pars plana vitrectomy, the final visual and anatomic outcomes may be compromised by persistent retinal detachment, secondary glaucoma, and ocular hypotony. In most cases, intraoperative drainage of suprachoroidal hemorrhage is not associated with a better outcome. The prognosis is more favorable if the suprachoroidal hemorrhage is localized and does not extend in to the posterior pole.     

Suprachoroidal hemorrhage as a complication of vitrectomy

OBJECTIVE: To study the risk factors, management, and end results of suprachoroidal hemorrhage that occur during or after vitrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study involves patients suffering from this complication either during the curing process or immediately after vitrectomy. Preoperative risk factors, operative management, postoperative picture, and end results are reported. RESULTS: During the study period, surgery was performed on 3342 patients with primary vitrectomy. Complications were experienced by 4 patients: 2 occurred near the end of vitrectomy, and 2 in the first postoperative day. The 4 patients were myopic more than 7 diopters, 2 were pseudophakic and 2 were aphakic. Cryopexy was used to treat the retinal breaks in the operative cases. Perfluorophenanthrene was used as a postoperative tamponade in one operative case. Reoperation was done in the 4 patients 3 to 8 weeks after surgery. Silicone oil was used as a prolonged tamponade in all cases. Hypotony persisted in operative cases. All the patients had vision more than 20/400 at the end of follow-up (6 to 24 months). CONCLUSION: The risk factors for suprachoroidal hemorrhage were old age, high myopia, aphakia or pseudophakia, retinal detachment, and scleral buckle. Postoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage has a better prognosis than the operative type. Perfluorophenanthrene "vitreon" as an operative and postoperative tamponade has a beneficial effect in keeping the retina attached and in preventing pooling of blood under the macula.     

原发性开角型青光眼进展的危险因素研究概况

原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)进展的危险因素包括全身性及眼部因素,眼部因素包括眼压及非眼压因素.在以往的多中心研究中,眼压对于由高眼压症发展为POAG及其在POAG进展中的作用已经明确,而目前降低眼压也是临床惟一有效地延缓、控制青光眼视神经损害进展的主要因素.制定目标眼压,进行降眼压治疗尤其是控制昼夜眼压波动对于阻止青光眼进展非常重要.非眼压危险因素包括高龄、中央角膜厚度增厚、视乳头出血、晶状体囊膜剥脱征、初始的青光眼严重程度及双眼罹患青光眼等.其他因素包括近视、青光眼家族史、眼部低灌注压、低血压、心血管疾病、高血压、高血脂等血管或血液性因素.POAG进展的危险因素研究在一定程度上揭示了POAG的发病机制及临床发病规律,对于指导临床医师决定随诊频率、选择治疗方案及提高治疗效率意义重大.