湘西南农村集中式供水现况及对策研究

目的 了解湘西南农村集中式供水水质及卫生状况,为政府提供决策依据. 方法 对2008-2012年湘西南农村集中式供水水质监测资料进行统计、分析,用国家标准进行评价. 结果 农村集中式供水以地下水为水源占91.56％,地表水源仅占8.44％.出厂水枯、丰水期水总合格率为28.00％、末梢水枯、丰水期水总合格率为20.67％.细菌总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群枯水期出厂水、末梢水合格率为63.56％、53.93％、77.63％;65.93％、54.07％、81.78％;丰水期出厂水、末梢水合格率为44.00％、33.63％、61.04％;59.41％、48.15％、64.74％.结论 农村集中式供水水源以地下水为主.水质合格率低,主要受微生物指标影响.加强对农村集中式供水水源的保护、改善给水工艺流程及建立严格的工作制度,是提高供水质量的重要措施之一.     

广东省2011年农村饮用水水质监测结果分析

目的 了解2011年广东省农村生活饮用水卫生监测状况,为加强广东省农村饮用水水质监测提供科学依据.方法 以全省94个涉农县(区)为监测点,使用统一的监测方案,按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T5750-2006)中有关规定进行水样的采集和检测.按《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)为评价依据.结果 广东省农村人口6 725.74万人,其中61.17％使用地面水为水源,38.83％以地下水为水源:66.90％饮用集中式供水,33.10％饮用分散式供水.枯水期水样水质合格率为63.90％,丰水期水样水质合格率为59.43％,其中集中式供水水质枯、丰水期水质合格率分别为65.74％和60.57％,分散式供水水质枯、丰水期水质合格率分别为39.84％和45.74％.全省农村水质单项指标合格率较低的前3项分别是:总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群和pH值,其枯、丰水期水质合格率分别为78.93％、85.46％、90.51％和74.28％、80.97％和89.32％.结论 农村饮用水水质合格率偏低,尤其是分散式供水,要加强供水设施的改造和管理,提高集中式供水人口覆盖率.     

2011年大连市农村生活饮用水水质卫生监测结果分析

目的了解农村生活饮用水水质卫生状况,为今后改善农村饮用水卫生状况和保障农村居民生活饮用水安全提供科学依据。方法2011年3—8月随机选择大连市250处农村集中式供水工程进行基本情况调查,对每处出厂水和末梢水进行采样检测。结果本市供水方式以分散式供水为主,农村集中式供水以地下水为主,完全处理的工程占2．09％。抽检1000份水样,在不计算消毒指标的情况下,总合格率为73．80％,枯水期和丰水期水质合格率分别为80．80％和66．80％,出厂水和末梢水水质合格率分别为75．00％和72．60％。微生物和硝酸盐超标较严重,其中总大肠菌群、菌落总数、硝酸盐、耐热大肠菌群合格率分别为93．20％、91．40％、83．70％、75．00％。结论大连农村集中水供水工程水消毒处理设施不完善,水质合格率低,微生物指标和硝酸盐超标率高,饮用水安全存在一定的隐患。     

桂林市农村生活饮用水卫生现状分析

目的了解和掌握桂林市农村生活饮用水卫生现状,为政府有关部门决策提供科学依据。方法对2008年广西农村饮水水质监测网络中桂林市10个县(区)的监测结果进行汇总和分析。在枯水期(3月)和丰水期(7月或8月)进行水样采集和检测,检测指标为水质感官指标、一般化学指标、毒理学指标和细菌学指标,设计统一调查表对农村供水类型、取水方式和水源类型及其覆盖人口进行调查。结果桂林市农村饮用水水源类型以地下水为主,占78.83%,农村集中式供水人口覆盖率为27.81%。桂林市农村生活饮用水水质合格率水平低下,枯水期、丰水期水质综合合格率仅分别为23.80%和20.54%,集中式供水出厂水水质合格率也仅分别为26.20%和21.90%。集中式供水出厂水、末梢水总大肠菌群合格率分别为27.18%和27.85%,耐热大肠菌群合格率则分别为31.85%和33.64%;分散式供水总大肠菌群和耐热大肠菌群合格率分别低至15.70%和18.02%。结论桂林市农村生活饮用水水质受粪便和生活污水污染严重,加强对饮用水水源卫生防护和水质消毒是关键措施。     

2011年北京市怀柔区农村集中式供水微生物指标检测结果分析

目的了解北京市怀柔区农村集中式供水水质卫生状况,为农村改水提供依据,以保障人民群众日常饮水安全。方法在辖区建立59个农村集中式供水水质监测点,对监测点消毒情况及水源类型进行调查,并在枯、丰水期采集出厂水、末梢水各1件,全年共检测水样236件。结果 2011年农村集中式供水236件水样合格率71.6%。枯水期与丰水期比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=25.53,P0.01)。总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群和菌落总数超标率分别为24.6%、21.2%和19.9%。结论怀柔区农村集中式供水微生物指标超标现象严重,今后应加强集中式供水管网配套设施的安装,针对不合格指标提出具体的改进措施,改善农村集中式供水水质卫生状况,以保障人们身体健康。     

贵州省镇宁县2011年农村生活饮用水监测结果分析

目的 了解镇宁县农村饮用水卫生现状.方法 依据《2011年贵州省农村饮用水水质卫生监测技术方案》监测点情况和水质结果报告中的内容进行基本情况调查并采样检测,对结果进行分析.结果 总体来讲,镇宁县地下水水质较地面水水质好,差异有统计学意义(x2=14.49,P＜ 0.01).枯、丰水期水质合格率分别为39.3％和38.4％,其中,枯水期出厂水和末梢水合格率均为39.3％.丰水期出厂水和末梢水合格率分别为37.5％和39.3％.微生物指标、肉眼可见物是影响镇宁县农村饮用水水质的主要因素.结论 镇宁县的农村改水工作应进一步完善,农村饮用水消毒工艺必不可少.应加大饮水卫生宣传力度及监督监测频率,保证镇宁县农村饮水的卫生和安全.     

2008年聊城市农村饮用水水质检测结果分析

[目的]了解聊城市农村集中式供水工程的饮用水水质情况,为实施农村饮水安全工程提供依据。[方法]2008年,在聊城市所辖8个县(市、区)随机抽取113个供水监测点进行感官指标和一般化学指标、毒理学指标、微生物学指标检测。113处监测点均为地下水,水源为深井水的占83.18%,均未进行消毒处理。[结果]枯水期、丰水期各检测出厂水、末梢水113份,水样合格率枯水期为22.12%,丰水期为20.35%(P0.05)。检测项目中,总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和细菌总数合格率,出厂水、末梢水均为枯水期高于丰水期(P0.05);氟化物合格率浅井水高于深井水(P0.05)。[结论]聊城市农村生活饮用水水质较差,微生物指标超标是影响水质的主要原因。     

2012年—2014年某市农村集中式供水水质探讨

目的掌握和分析某市农村集中式供水水质卫生安全情况及其动态变化,为政府在农村改水工程的决策提供科学依据。方法从中国疾病预防控制信息系统导出2012年—2014年某市农村饮用水水质卫生监测数据。农村集中式供水信息通过查阅资料、现场调查方式收集。水样采集、保存、运输、检测按《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750-2006)执行;评价按《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)执行。结果某市2012年—2014年监测农村集中式供水工程666处,以地下水为水源占65.62%(437/666)。供水工程常规处理占23.57%(157/666),无水质处理占54.65%。2012年—2014年某市农村集中式供水水质总体合格率44.13%。出厂水、末梢水合格率呈逐年下降趋势(线性和线性组合χ~2=9.597,P<0.05);以地下水为水源的出厂水、末梢水合格率高于地表水为水源的合格率;枯水期水质总体优于丰水期;常规处理的出厂水、末梢水合格率为82.80%、80.95%;无水质处理的出厂水、末梢水合格率为19.78%和13.65%;总大肠菌群合格率46.79%;耐热大肠菌群合格率52.30%。结论某市农村集中式供水工程中水质净化、消毒设施缺乏,出厂水、末梢水合格率逐年下降,微生物超标是水质不合格的主要原因,传播介水传染病的风险较高。     

2012年黔东南州农村集中式供水水质卫生状况调查

目的了解黔东南州农村集中式供水卫生现状。方法随机抽取350个农村集中式供水点作为监测点,每个监测点枯水期、丰水期各采集1次水样,每次采集出厂水、末梢水各1份,按照《生活饮用水标准检测方法》对样本进行处理和检测,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》对检测结果进行评价。结果 2012年共检测农村集中式供水水样1 400份,合格321份,水样合格率为22.93%;丰水期与枯水期(χ2=2.138,P0.05)、出厂水与末梢水(χ2=2.526,P0.05)的水样合格率间差异无统计学意义。总大肠菌群和耐热大肠菌群的合格率分别为30.14%和41.86%。结论微生物指标超标是水质不合格的主要原因,农村集中式供水卫生存在隐患,加强消毒和卫生管理是今后工作的重点。     

农村不同供水方式的水质比较

[目的]农村饮水卫生安全的核心问题是农村饮用水源保护问题,通过开展农村饮用水的监测评价,发现农村饮用水在水源选择、水处理工艺以及卫生管理等方面的问题,提出农村改水工程的目标和要求。[方法]根据江苏省农村饮用水监测点要求设监测点25个,每一监测点含出厂水和与其对应的末梢水,枯、丰水期各采集出厂水、末梢水样品50份,全年共采样100份。[结果]对两个不同水源和不同供水方式的农村饮用水100件样品枯、丰水期的检测发现,实现城乡一体化区域供水的农村饮用水水质样品合格率达100%,而小型集中式供水水质合格率仅为59.02%。[结论]实现区域供水是提高农村饮用水供水质量的有效措施和农村改水的发展方向。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.