激光氧液对癫持续状态大鼠海马组织MDA、SOD动态变化的影响及疗程选择

目的观察激光氧液对戊四氮(PTZ)所致癫持续状态(SE)大鼠海马组织丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的影响及激光氧液的疗程选择。方法 28日龄雄性SD大鼠以PTZ建立癫持续状态模型,随机分为PTZ+激光氧液组、PTZ+GS组和NS+激光氧液组、NS+GS组,分别给予激光氧液和5%葡萄糖液(5%GS)尾静脉输入,于模型制作成功后第0、3、7、10、14天采用比色法检测MDA含量和SOD活力。结果 (1)MDA结果:PTZ+GS组大鼠海马组织MDA含量在SE后3d、7d、10d、14d较NS+GS组明显增高(P0.05),PTZ+激光氧液组与之趋势相同,但在各时间点均较PTZ+GS组大鼠降低(P0.05)。(2)SOD结果:PTZ+GS组大鼠海马组织SOD活力在SE后3d、7d较NS+GS组明显降低(P0.05),PTZ+激光氧液组SOD活力与之趋势相同,但在3d、7d、10d三个时间点上较PTZ+GS组大鼠升高(P0.05)。第14天各组大鼠海马内SOD活力均无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 (1)激光氧液能降低SE大鼠MDA含量,升高SOD活力。(2)激光氧液的治疗可选择10d为一疗程。     

激光氧液对癫痫持续状态大鼠海马组织MDA、SOD动态变化的影响及疗程选择

目的观察激光氧液对戊四氮（PTZ）所致癫痢持续状态（SE）大鼠海马组织丙二醛（MDA）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的影响及激光氧液的疗程选择。方法28日龄雄性SD大鼠以PTz建立癫痫持续状态模型,随机分为PTz＋激光氧液组、PTz＋GS组和NS＋激光氧液组、NS＋GS组,分别给予激光氧液和5％葡萄糖液（5％GS）尾静脉输入,于模型制作成功后第0、3、7、10、14天采用比色法检测MDA含量和SOD活力。结果（1）MDA结果：PTZ＋GS组大鼠海马组织MDA含量在SE后3d、7d、10d、14d较Ns＋GS组明显增高（P〈0．05）,PTz＋激光氧液组与之趋势相同,但在各时间点均较PTZ＋GS组大鼠降低（P〈O．05）。（2）SOD结果：PTZ＋GS组大鼠海马组织SOD活力在SE后3d、7d较NS＋GS组明显降低（P〈0．05）,PTZ＋激光氧液组s0D活力与之趋势相同,但在3d、7d、10d三个时间点上较PTZ＋GS组大鼠升高（P％0．05）。第14天各组大鼠海马内SOD活力均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论（1）激光氧液能降低SE大鼠MDA含量,升高SOD活力。（2）激光氧液的治疗可选择10d为一疗程。     

Orexin受体拮抗剂对睡眠剥夺的戊四氮致(癎)大鼠癫(癎)发作及脑组织病理学变化的影响

目的 探讨orexin-1受体(OX1R)和orexin-2受体(OX2R)拮抗剂对睡眠剥夺(SD)的戊四氮(PTZ)致(癎)大鼠癫(癎)发作及脑组织病理学变化的影响.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠48只,随机分为正常对照(NC)组、PTZ组、SD+ PTZ( SD)组、SD+ PTZ+二甲基亚砜(DMSO)组、SD+ PTZ+ OX1R拮抗剂SB334867(SB)组和SD+ PTZ+ OX2R拮抗剂TCS OX229 (TCS)组.采用改良多平台SD法,SD前及SD 48 h分别给予相应组大鼠侧脑室注射DMSO、SB或TCS.SD 72 h给予各组腹腔注射PTZ 50 mg/kg诱导癫(癎)发作;观察各组大鼠癫(癎)发作的潜伏期、发作等级评分、发作持续时间及死亡率;应用常规染色法观察海马的病理学变化,免疫荧光法(BrdU标记)观察神经细胞增殖的变化.结果 (1)与PTZ组比较,SD组及DMSO组(癎)性发作的潜伏期明显缩短,发作等级评分、持续时间及死亡率明显增加(均P ＜0.001),海马CA3区神经元损害加重,海马齿状回门区和颗粒细胞下层BrdU阳性细胞数显著增多(P＜0.001);SD组与DMSO组间差异无统计学意义.(2)与SD组比较,SB组和TCS组大鼠(癎)性发作的潜伏期明显延长,发作等级评分、持续时间及死亡率明显下降(均P＜0.05),海马CA3区神经元损害明显减轻,齿状回门区和颗粒下层BrdU阳性细胞数减少(均P ＜0.05);TCS组的变化较SB组更显著(P＜0.05 ～0.01).结论 Orexin受体拮抗剂尤其是OX2R拮抗剂可通过减轻海马CA3区神经元的损害和抑制齿状回区细胞增殖减轻SD对PTZ诱导癫(癎)发作的不利影响.     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对脑出血大鼠大脑组织、海马SOD和MDA的影响

目的 观察碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对大鼠脑出血后出血灶周围脑组织和出血侧海马超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的影响.方法 采用脑内注射胶原酶建立大鼠脑出血模型,脑出血模型建立成功的动物分为模型组、生理盐水对照组和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子治疗组,每组又分为1、3、7d 3个时间点.碱性成纤维细胞生长因子治疗组按8 μg/kg剂量肌内注射.然后检测各组血肿周围脑组织和出血侧海马中SOD活力和MDA含量.结果 (1)碱性成纤维细胞生长因子治疗组与生理盐水对照组比,3d、7d时血肿周围脑组织SOD活力均明显增高(P＜0.05),而3d和7d时血肿周围脑组织MDA含量均明显下降(P＜0.05).(2)碱性成纤维细胞生长因子治疗组与生理盐水对照组比,7d时出血侧海马SOD活力增高(P＜0.05),而7 d时出血侧海马MDA含量下降(P＜0.05) .结论 碱性成纤维细胞生长因子能提高大鼠脑出血后大脑脑组织和海马SOD活力,降低MDA含量.     

丙戊酸钠对戊四氮致癎大鼠海马Bax和Bcl-2表达的影响

目的探讨丙戊酸钠(VAP)对戊四氮(PTZ)致癎大鼠海马Bax和Bcl-2表达的影响.方法将24只成年Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照(NC)组、PTZ组和VAP组,PTZ组和VAP组大鼠腹腔注射阈下剂量的PTZ 35 mg/(kg·d),直至达到点燃标准.点燃后,VAP组大鼠经腹腔注入VAP 15 mg/(kg·d),PTZ组大鼠经腹腔注入生理盐水,30 min后,再腹腔注射PTZ诱发癫癎发作.应用免疫组化法检测大鼠海马神经元Bax和Bcl-2蛋白的表达.结果大鼠海马神经元Bax阳性细胞数和光密度,PTZ组均明显高于VAP组和NC组(均P<0.01),VAP组明显高于NC组(P<0.05);大鼠海马神经元Bcl-2阳性细胞数和光密度,PTZ组明显高于NC组(P<0.05),VAP组均明显高于PTZ组和NC组(均P<0.01).结论 VAP可以增强癫癎大鼠海马神经元Bcl-2的表达和降低Bax的表达,有对抗癫癎发作导致细胞凋亡的作用.     

抗癫癎药物与大鼠海马CA1区胶质细胞TUNEL阳性表达关系的研究

目的:探讨抗癫癎药物对大鼠海马胶质细胞凋亡的影响。方法:35只60天龄SD大鼠随机分为生理盐水组(NS)、戊四氮(PTZ)组、卡马西平组(CBZ)、丙戊酸钠组(VPA)、苯妥英钠组(PHT)、托吡酯组(TPM)、拉莫三嗪组(LTG)7组,起始体重(200±20)g,戊四氮点燃其中6组制作癫癎模型,再给与抗癫癎药物治疗3周,应用TUNEL法观察大鼠海马胶质细胞的阳性表达率。结果:CA1区胶质细胞TUNEL阳性表达:NS组阳性率4.195%,PTZ组阳性率6.536%,CBZ组阳性率4.321%,VPA组阳性率5.587%,4组之间TUNEL阳性表达率差异无显著性(χ2=1.158,P>0.05);PHT组阳性率24.460%,TPM组阳性率21.605%,LTG组阳性率18.902%,三组之间TUNEL阳性表达率差异无显著性(χ2=1.378,P>0.05)。NS组、PTZ组、CBZ组、VPA组与PHT组、TPM组、LTG组之间TUNEL阳性表达率差异有显著性(χ2=70.227,P<0.005)。结论:大鼠癫癎模型经PTH、TPM、LTG治疗后,海马CA1区存在TUNEL阳性胶质细胞。     

托吡酯对癫痫大鼠海马细胞外液氨基酸和神经元凋亡的影响

目的研究托吡酯对癫癎大鼠海马区细胞外液氨基酸和神经元凋亡的影响.方法采用戊四氮(PTZ)致癎模型,大鼠癫癎发作后连续给予托吡酯(TPM)80 mg·kg-1·d-1和卡马西平40 mg·kg-1·d-1,共14 d.以TUNEL方法标记DNA片段,原位检测海马凋亡的神经细胞.脑内微透析技术采集大鼠海马细胞外液,反相高效液相色谱技术测定氨基酸类神经递质的含量.结果TPM组、卡马西平组与对照组比较,凋亡细胞数存在显著差异(P＜0.001),TPM组与卡马西平组相比无显著差异(P＞0.05).TPM可明显升高海马细胞外液γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)水平,并降低谷氨酸(Glu)浓度.结论TPM可减轻大鼠癫癎发作后的神经元损伤,这种作用可能是氨基酸变化的结果;但在我们的实验中,没有发现TPM对癫癎后脑损伤比卡马西平有更明显的神经保护作用.     

戊四氮点燃癫癎大鼠海马5-羟色胺能神经递质的动态研究

目的：观察戊四氮（PTZ）点燃癫癎形成过程中大鼠海马5-羟色胺（5-HT）能神经递质的变化。方法：用PTZ制作癫癎大鼠模型,将造模成功大鼠分为戊四氮急性发作组（PTZ 1组）和戊四氮慢性点燃组（PTZ 2组）,同时设立对照组（腹腔注射生理盐水）。在体微透析取样,观察大鼠行为、脑电图（EEG）和海马5-HT能神经递质的变化。结果：PTZ 1组癫癎发作时EEG自发放电逐级加重;癫癎发作时海马5-HT水平与对照组、发作前和发作后比较显著升高（P〈0.05）;海马5-羟吲哚乙酸（5-HIAA）水平差异无统计学意义;5-HT转化率（5-HIAA/5-HT）降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。PTZ 2组点燃后大鼠出现自发癫癎发作,EEG在发作间期出现自发放电;5-HT和5-HIAA水平在点燃期、维持点燃期、对照组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：大鼠癫癎发作时海马5-HT水平显著升高,发作后恢复正常;在癫癎形成过程中,早期5-HT水平一过性升高、PTZ点燃后和发作间期海马5-HT水平逐渐降低。     

发育期癫大鼠移植骨髓源性神经干细胞对海马BDNF和bFGF表达的影响

目的将骨髓源性神经干细胞(BMSCs)移植到发育期癫大鼠海马区,观察大鼠海马脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)和碱性成纤维生长因子(bFGF)表达的变化。方法选择21日龄发育期大鼠,分离大鼠骨髓基质细胞,在特定条件下培养使其诱导分化为神经干细胞(NSC)。建立戊四氮(PTZ)点燃癫大鼠模型,将BMSCs经侧脑室注射移植至癫大鼠海马区;侧脑室注射磷酸缓冲液(PBS)作为对照。分为4组(均n=8):对照组(无癫发作),PTZ致组(癫造模,无治疗),假手术组(癫+PBS侧脑室注射),治疗组(癫+NSC侧脑室注射)。于3、7和14 d处理后用免疫组化法检测大鼠海马区BDNF和bFGF表达。结果致组大鼠海马区(齿状回、CA1区)BDNF和bFGF表达较对照组增加(P0.05),治疗组海马区(齿状回、CA1区)BDNF和bFGF表达较假手术组也有所增加(P0.05)。结论 BMSCs移植可以增加PTZ致大鼠海马BDNF和bFGF表达,从而发挥对癫后脑损伤的保护作用。     

绿茶多酚对戊四氮致痫大鼠海马XIAP和Caspase-3表达的影响

目的 探讨绿茶多酚(Green tea polyphenols,GTPs)对癫痫大鼠海马中XIAP、caspase-3表达的影响.方法 将雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NS组)、癫痫组(PTZ组)和绿茶多酚组(GTPs组).依据Racine分级标准观察各组动物行为学表现,用HE染色观察大鼠海马神经元损伤情况,Western Blot方法测定各组大鼠海马组织中XIAP及caspase-3蛋白表达变化.结果 PTZ组:大鼠海马XIAP表达水平(0.23±0.02)较NS组(0.47±0.05)明显降低(P＜0.05);caspase-3蛋白(0.63±0.12)较NS组(0.24±0.07)明显升高(P＜0.05).与PTZ组比较,GTPs组大鼠海马XIAP表达(0.53±0.10)显著升高(P＜0.05);caspase-3表达(0.30±0.09)显著降低(P＜0.05).结论 癫痫可导致海马组织中抗凋亡蛋白XIAP表达下降,凋亡执行蛋白caspase-3表达增加;而GTPs则能够上调XIAP表达,降低caspase-3的表达,推测GTPs可能通过抗凋亡途径来发挥癫痫后的神经保护作用.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Sense of coherence as a predictor of subjective state of health: results of 4 years of follow-up of adults

A number of cross-sectional population studies have shown that a strong sense of coherence (SOC) is associated with various aspects of good perceived health. The association does not seem to be entirely attributable to underlying associations of SOC with other variables, such as age or level of education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study reported here was to determine whether SOC predicted subjective state of health. METHODS: The study was carried out as a two-way panel mail survey of 1976 individuals with 4 years interval for two collections of data. The statistical method used was multivariate cumulative logistic modeling. Age, initial subjective state of health, initial occupational training level, and initial degree of social integration were included as potential explanatory variables. RESULTS: A strong SOC predicted good health in women and men. CONCLUSIONS: SOC can be interpreted as an autonomous internal resource contributing to a favorable development of subjective state of health. SOC data should, however, be regarded as complementary to and not a substitute for information already known to be associated with increased risk of future ill health.