以突聋为首发症状的脑梗死患者临床特点

目的探讨以突聋为首发症状的脑梗死患者的临床特点,提高对该类情况的认识,尽早做出正确诊断。方法报道我院2014年收治的2例以突聋为首发症状的脑梗死病例,均完善头颅MRI、HR-MRI、DSA、颈动脉超声、TCD检查,结合文献复习,总结临床特点。结果该2例患者首发症状表现为突聋合并头晕,DSA均发现基底动脉近段狭窄。病例1头颅MRI示双侧桥脑及左侧小脑新发梗死灶,予急诊动脉溶栓治疗,后续双联抗血小板聚集及他汀治疗,听力好转。病例2头颅MRI示右侧桥脑新发梗死灶,予双联抗血小板聚集及他汀治疗,遗留听力下降。结论以突聋为首发症状的脑梗死并不罕见,突聋患者应尽快完善脑血管检查,突聋患者具有以下临床特点时需要高度警惕脑梗死:伴随头晕症状、合并多种动脉粥样硬化危险因素、基底动脉狭窄。     

CTA对症状性颈动脉狭窄脑梗死复发预后的评估

目的 分析多排螺旋CT血管造影（SCTA）对症状性颈动脉狭窄脑梗死复发的预后评价方法及意义。方法 回顾性分析黄河中心医院2019-01—2021-12收治的50例症状性颈动脉狭窄患者复发脑梗死病例资料,统计责任血管的狭窄率及位置分布情况,评估多排螺旋CT血管造影在症状性颈动脉狭窄患者脑梗死复发预后评价的应用效能。结果 脑梗死复发患者前循环责任血管及后循环责任血管左右两侧血管狭窄分布情况无明显差异（P>0.05）,双侧动脉均发生狭窄的情况更常见,单侧与双侧狭窄的差异有统计学意义;脑梗死复发患者责任血管多为颈总动脉和颈内动脉,单侧责任血管重度狭窄或闭塞时复发脑梗死的风险较高;复发梗死灶责任血管的影像学原始图像均显示责任血管的后端对比剂染色范围和浓度明显小于前端正常区域,提示管腔内血流量减少,责任血管支配区的脑组织局部脑供血不足,且该供血不足区域与再发梗死灶区域部分重合或完全重合。结论 症状性颈动脉狭窄患者的头颈部联合CTA检查结果应更多关注双侧动脉多发性狭窄,尤其是单侧颈总动脉和颈内动脉的重度狭窄或闭塞,此类患者复发脑梗死的风险相对较高。     

表现为眩晕的后循环脑梗死病灶分布与血管异常分析

表现为眩晕的后循环脑梗死是中老年人的常见病和多发病,其发病突然,迅速出现局灶性神经功能缺损,严重者可危及生命或遗留严重后遗症[1-2].我们对我院近年来以眩晕症状首发住院并经MRI证实的后循环脑梗死的患者行数字减影血管造影(DSA)或CT血管造影(CTA)检查,分析其临床特征、病灶分布、血管形态特点及其相互之间的关系.     

以皮质盲为主要症状的烟雾病一例

烟雾病( moyamoya disease,MMD)又称脑底异常血管网病,是双侧颈内动脉末端及大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉起始部严重狭窄或闭塞,软脑膜动脉、穿通动脉等小血管代偿增生形成脑底异常血管网为特征的一种脑血管病。烟雾病患者多在以上相应的血管供血区出现缺血性卒中,而后循环梗死多发生在已出现前循环症状后的疾病晚期。因此在烟雾病患者中,以后循环梗死为首发症状的较为少见。现报道1例烟雾病患者,以左侧偏盲为首发症状,1年后出现了双目失明。     

[3]反复发作偏盲、痴呆、双耳听力下降伴抽搐(下)——线粒体脑肌病MELAS型

会诊讨论会郭玉璞 教授 :本例临床特点为 :反复发作偏盲、逐渐痴呆、双耳听力逐渐下降和癫 ;体征以视野缺损皮质盲 ,智能障碍 ,双侧听力障碍 ,双掌颌反射 ( )为主。结合脑电图广泛中度异常和MR的改变 ,定位 :病变以颞顶枕为主的广泛皮层损害。定性上考虑 :①线粒体脑肌病MELAS型 :患者反复的脑缺血性卒中发作 ,痴呆 ,听力下降 ,癫等。CT及MR示双侧颞顶枕梗塞 ,但MRA没有中动脉或基底动脉和大脑后动脉等血管闭塞证据 ,而且这些缺血病变的分布不符合典型的血管分布特点 ,这些提示以细小血管的广泛损害为主的可能 ,并在MR(特别是T1像 )…     

多灶性后循环缺血患者的病灶分布与血管形态异常及近期预后分析

目的 观察多灶性后循环缺血患者的病灶分布和血管形态异常的特点,评估患者出院时的近期预后及其与病灶分布和血管形态的关系.方法 对34例经过MR/所证实的多灶性后循环缺血患者行主动脉弓及全脑血管DSA,全面分析病灶分布及血管形态异常的特点;同时对患者出院时的近期预后用改良Rankin分级(MRS)评分表进行评估,分析病灶分布及血管形态异常与近期预后的关系.结果 多灶性后循环缺血患者最常被累及的部位是脑桥(22例),最常被累及的区段是中段+远段(12例);34例患者中有26例(76.5%)DSA显示出血管形态异常,最常被累及的动脉是椎动脉起始段(14例)和颅内段(13例)及基底动脉(7例);出院时7例患者(20.6%)存在预后不良,其中6例(17.6%)为重度残疾,1例(2.9%)死亡.近中远段同时受累和基底动脉受累的患者表现出预后不良.结论 血管形态异常是多灶性后循环缺血的重要病理基础和致病因素,病灶区段的分布和数目及血管受累部位是决定预后的关键因素.     

MRI表现酷似颅内感染的多灶性脑梗死1例报告

目的:报道1例头颅MRI表现酷似颅内感染的多灶性脑梗死。方法:患者行头颅MRI检查,脑脊液等检测,脑标本行多部位病理检查。结果:MRI:两侧额叶及胼胝体膝部、体部多发片状异常信号,T1WI稍低信号,T2WI稍高信号,FLAIR高信号,DWI稍高信号,增强后病灶环形强化。病理诊断:脑动脉重度粥样硬化伴大脑顶叶、基底节、胼胝体及脑桥多发梗死伴出血灶形成。结论:多灶性脑梗死头颅MRI增强亦可出现酷似颅内感染的多灶性环型增强。     

以眩晕为首发症状脑梗死19例临床分析

目的探讨以眩晕为首发症状脑梗死的临床及影像学特点。方法收集2011年1月至2012年10月我院神经内科收治的以眩晕为首发症状脑梗死的临床资料,与同时期无眩晕症状脑梗死对照,前者称眩晕组,后者为对照组,比较两组人口统计学、血管危险因素、临床和影像学特征。结果眩晕组脑梗死患者年龄、性别、血管危险因素与无眩晕组脑梗死差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。眩晕组脑梗死部位多位于后循环,常伴随多种神经受损的症状和体征(P<0.05)。结论以眩晕颅首发症状的脑梗死多为后循环脑梗死,常伴随多种神经受损的症状和体征,单纯眩晕患者应早期完善头颅MRI或DSA检查。     

子癇患者的脑部磁共振改变

目的：探讨子癇患者的脑部MRI改变。方法：回顾性分析16例子患者的脑部MRI资料,总结其特点。结果：16例患者均表现为大脑半球皮质、皮质下白质多发病灶,T1WI低信号、T2WI、Flair高信号,DWI等或高信号、表观弥散系数（ADC）图高信号,大部分呈对称分布。其中2例ADC图显示在高信号范围内夹杂局限性低信号改变;2例患者在病灶中央区合并局灶性T1WI稍低信号,T2WI、Flair低信号改变。受累部位以双侧枕、顶叶最常见,其次为基底节、额叶、颞叶,少数累及小脑半球、脑干。部分患者短期内复查MRI完全恢复正常。结论：血管源性脑水肿是子癇患者主要的影像学改变;少数患者可合并细胞毒性脑水肿或脑出血;病变最常见累及后循环,多呈可逆性。     

动脉粥样硬化性大脑中动脉区域TIA功能磁共振成像分析

目的利用弥散加权成像(DWI)、磁共振血管成像(MRA)对大脑中动脉(MCA)区域TIA进行解剖性定位,评价磁共振对临床实践的指导意义。方法对32例TIA患者,在发作1.5h~7d内行头部MRI、DWI、MRA检查,对DWI图像上的高信号与T2WI像、MRA、临床症状、体征进行对照研究。结果2例DWI正常,但MRA颅内大脑中动脉闭塞,病变血管与临床症状相一致。12例DWI正常,MRA仅轻度狭窄或正常。3例DWI有高信号,T2WI无相应病灶为超早期脑梗死,其中MRA1例动脉硬化样改变,2例大脑中动脉闭塞,病灶与体征相符。15例DWI有高信号、T2WI有相应病灶,2例为早期脑梗死、13例为腔隙性脑梗死,其中MRA8例颅内大血管轻到中度狭窄,2例严重狭窄。MRI显示20例(62.5%)存在多发陈旧腔隙性梗死灶。对于TIA患者发作时MRA相应病变进行χ2四格表精确检验,DWI异常组与正常组比较P<0.05,MRA大血管病变是TIA预后形成梗死的独立危险因素。结论对TIA患者行MRI、DWI、MRA检查,能及时发现超早期脑梗死,还能对新发腔隙性脑梗死准确定位,科学指导临床早期干预治疗。MRA可提供1.2级大血管的供血状态,指导后续的2级预防。     

以视功能障碍为首发症状的脑血管病15例临床特征分析

目的 总结归纳以视力下降、视野缺损为首发症状的脑血管病临床特征。方法 对2008年1月至2009年12月间北京同仁医院神经内科收治的以视力下降、视野缺损为首发症状的脑血管病15例患者进行回顾性分析。结果 患者平均年龄为55±14岁;前循环与后循环病变的平均年龄分别为41±8岁（32～52岁）与60±13岁（42～81岁）。患者主诉包括双眼先后视力下降、单眼视力下降、双眼同时视物不见、双眼偏侧视物不见。诊断烟雾病2例、颈动脉闭塞1例、前循环脑梗死1例、脑血管畸形1例、后循环脑梗死10例。单眼视功能障碍的3例患者均为前循环病变。后循环病变中单或双侧枕、颞叶梗死7例;基底动脉尖综合征1例;脑干梗死2例。结论 以视功能障碍为首发症状的脑血管病可以是前循环病变,也可以是后循环病变;单眼症状为前循环病变,是颈内动脉缺血、闭塞导致的眼征。双眼同时起病及偏盲多是后循环疾病累及枕颞叶所致。     

DWI及MRA在大面积脑梗塞早期诊断中的价值

目的:评价弥散加权磁共振成像DWI和磁共振血管成像MRA对早期大面积脑梗塞的诊断价值。方法:对24例早期大面积脑梗塞的临床和磁共振资料进行分析,全部患者均行DWI及MRA检查。结果:24例早期大面积脑梗塞中,13例急性期CT扫描未检测出确切病灶,DWI扫描全部出现大片异常高信号,病灶检出率为100％。而在常规T2WI检查中,7例为阴性,病灶检出率为69％。MRA发现血管异常24例,表现为供血动脉闭塞,狭窄、硬化。结论: DWI有助于明确早期大面积脑梗塞病变范围,且能区别新旧病灶。MRA能直接显示大面积脑梗塞闭塞的供血脑血管,联合使用DWI和MRA对早期大面积脑梗塞诊断有重要的临床价值,也有利于早期合理的治疗方案制定及预后判断。     

Pure homonymous hemianopia due to anterior choroidal artery territory infarction

The most consistently observed neurological deficits in the anterior choroidal artery (AChA) territory infarction are pure motor or sensorimotor syndromes. Visual field defects and higher cortical dysfunction are occasionally accompanied, but pure homonymous hemianopia without motor and sensory symptom has never been reported yet. We present 2 patients with pure homonymous hemianopia, whose MRI disclosed cerebral infarction in the well-known territory of the AChA. In most patients with ischemic stroke, pure homonymous hemianopia indicates infarction in the posterior circulation, particularly in the posterior cerebral artery territory. However, the present cases provide evidence that it can also be caused by infarction in the anterior circulation, i.e. the AChA.     

Fetal posterior cerebral artery in pediatric and adult moyamoya disease: A single-center experience of 480 patients

PurposeIn past pediatric and adult cohort studies of moyamoya disease, the fetal posterior cerebral artery has received less attention. Its relationship with the clinical manifestations and collateral circulation of moyamoya disease or ipsilateral cerebral hemispheres remains unclear.MethodWe summarize the clinical features of patients with and without fetal posterior cerebral artery moyamoya disease from consecutive cases.We explored the relationship between fetal posterior cerebral arteries and collateral circulation in the ipsilateral cerebral hemispheres, as well as differences among different subgroups of patients.According to the morphology, the fetal posterior cerebral artery is divided into complete fetal posterior cerebral artery and partial fetal posterior cerebral artery. Clinical features were classified as: infarction,hemorrhage,and non-stroke in unilateral/bilateral cerebral hemispheres. Collateral circulation is divided into extracranial vascular compensation and leptomeningeal collateral circulation. Digital subtraction angiography and CT/MR were used to evaluate the blood flow status and clinical characteristics of patients with moyamoya disease.ResultA total of 960 cerebral hemispheres from 142 pediatric patients and 338 adult patients were included in the study. A total of 273 (56.9%) patients had 399 cerebral hemispheres (41.6%) with fetal posterior cerebral arteries. Adults with fetal posterior cerebral arteries had lower rates of infarction (24.6%vs37.3%, P =0.005) and were less likely to have bilateral stroke (8.4%vs11.5%, P =0.038). Cerebral hemispheres with fetal posterior cerebral artery were more likely to have anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery stenosis and less likely to have occlusion (P =0.002, 0.001), and less likely to involve the posterior circulation (P < 0.001). The cerebral hemispheres of the fetal posterior cerebral artery had higher leptomeningeal collateral circulation scores. There are significant differences in extracranial vascular compensation between cerebral hemispheres with and without fetal posterior cerebral artery. Adult patients with fetal posterior cerebral artery were more advanced in Suzuki stage (P =0.017).ConclusionsOur results suggest that fetal posterior cerebral artery is associated with infarct manifestations in pediatric and adult moyamoya disease. In the cerebral hemispheres, the fetal posterior cerebral artery is associated with ipsilateral hemispheric anterior and posterior circulation artery injury, extracranial vascular compensation, leptomeningeal collateral circulation compensation, and infarction. Adult patients with fetal posterior cerebral artery were more advanced in Suzuki stage.     

后循环梗死患者的眼动及前庭功能评价

目的   评价眼动及前庭功能检查对后循环梗死（posterior circulation Infarction,PCI）患者的诊断价值。 方法  纳入22例PCI患者,收集其临床基线资料,包括性别、年龄、首发症状、高血压、糖尿病、吸烟、饮酒史及入院体征等相关指标。患者均行眼动检查：包括凝视试验（gaze test,GT）、扫视试验（saccade test,ST）、平滑跟踪试验（smooth pursuit test,SPT）、视动眼震检查（optokinetic nystagmus test,OPK）;前庭功能检查：包括自发眼震（spontaneous nystagmus,SN）、摇头试验（head shaking test,HST）、固视抑制检查,上述检查均应用眼震视图仪（videonystagmograph,VNG）进行记录。 结果  共纳入22例PCI患者,首发症状：15例（68.2%）为头晕/眩晕,7例（31.8%）为肢体无力麻木。眼动检查提示：异常19例（86.4%）,其中GT异常4例（18.2%）,ST异常11例（50.0%）,SPT异常15例（68.2%）,OPK异常12例（54.5%）。前庭功能检查提示：22例完成SN检查,其中SN阳性8例（36.4%）,包括小脑梗死4例,脑桥梗死3例,左侧延髓背外侧、双侧小脑半球及蚓部梗死1例;17例完成HST检查,其中HST阳性6例（35.3%）,包括小脑梗死2例,脑桥梗死2例,小脑及脑桥梗死1例,右侧小脑及延髓上段梗死1例;19例完成固视抑制检查,其中固视抑制失败8例（42.1%）,包括双侧小脑梗死1例,脑桥梗死4例,左侧延髓梗死1例,右侧小脑及延髓上段梗死1例,左侧延髓背外侧、双侧小脑半球及蚓部梗死1例。以头晕/眩晕为首发症状的患者与以肢体无力、麻木为首发症状的患者相比,眼动及固视抑制检查阳性率高（P分别为0.023和0.045）。 结论  小脑、延髓梗死的患者常以头晕/眩晕起病;眼动检查有助于筛查PCI患者;小脑梗死患者的病灶侧别常与自发、摇头眼震的水平成分一致;脑桥梗死患者HST后可诱发下跳眼震;脑桥、延髓梗死患者常固视抑制失败。     

A case of bilateral cerebellar infarction in the distribution of the bilateral superior cerebellar artery]

We reported a case of bilateral cerebellar hemorrhagic infarction in the distribution of the bilateral superior cerebellar artery. A 58-year-old man suddenly developed dizziness and transient loss of consciousness. The neurological examination revealed left hearing disturbance, left sensory disturbance involving face, dysarthria and bilateral ataxia. This patient was considered to be classic clinical syndrome of right superior cerebellar artery. CT and MRI revealed hemorrhagic infarction corresponding to the full territory of the bilateral superior cerebellar artery. The right posterior cerebral artery was filling through the right posterior communicating artery on the right carotid angiography taken 2 hours after the onset. Bilateral vertebral angiography on the 18th day demonstrated no occlusions in the basilar artery and the bilateral superior cerebellar artery. Hemorrhagic infarction corresponding to the full territory of the bilateral superior cerebellar artery, sparing other territories as the present case, is extremely rare. In this case, cerebral embolism (top of the basilar syndrome) was suggested because of existence of atrial fibrillation and sudden onset.     

脑穿支动脉病变梗死类型和神经影像学研究进展

大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉及后循环血管的穿支动脉,如豆纹动脉、脉络膜前动脉（anterior choroidal artery,AChA）和髓质动脉等,阻塞会导致脑深部缺血性病变。不同穿支动脉梗死类型不 同：豆纹动脉供血区域的梗死类型为腔隙性梗死、穿支动脉粥样硬化病型梗死和纹状体内囊梗死; AChA病变可导致AChA综合征;髓质分支梗死会导致半卵圆中心、放射冠部位的边界区梗死。7T二维 相位对比MRI、三维时间飞跃法MRA和三维快速自旋回波T1WI序列等神经影像学新技术有助于确定穿 支动脉早期病变,并可早期发现疾病的发生发展。     

Recent Advances in Cerebellar Ischemic Stroke Syndromes Causing Vertigo and Hearing Loss

Cerebellar ischemic stroke is one of the common causes of vascular vertigo. It usually accompanies other neurological symptoms or signs, but a small infarct in the cerebellum can present with vertigo without other localizing symptoms. Approximately 11 % of the patients with isolated cerebellar infarction simulated acute peripheral vestibulopathy, and most patients had an infarct in the territory of the medial branch of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). A head impulse test can differentiate acute isolated vertigo associated with PICA territory cerebellar infarction from more benign disorders involving the inner ear. Acute hearing loss (AHL) of a vascular cause is mostly associated with cerebellar infarction in the territory of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), but PICA territory cerebellar infarction rarely causes AHL. To date, at least eight subgroups of AICA territory infarction have been identified according to the pattern of neurotological presentations, among which the most common pattern of audiovestibular dysfunction is the combined loss of auditory and vestibular functions. Sometimes acute isolated audiovestibular loss can be the initial symptom of impending posterior circulation ischemic stroke (particularly within the territory of the AICA). Audiovestibular loss from cerebellar infarction has a good long-term outcome than previously thought. Approximately half of patients with superior cerebellar artery territory (SCA) cerebellar infarction experienced true vertigo, suggesting that the vertigo and nystagmus in the SCA territory cerebellar infarctions are more common than previously thought. In this article, recent findings on clinical features of vertigo and hearing loss from cerebellar ischemic stroke syndrome are summarized.